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Contemporary parking policy, practice, and outcomes in three large Australian cities 澳大利亚三大城市的现代停车政策、实践和成果
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2020.100506
Anthony Kimpton , Dorina Pojani , Connor Ryan , Lisha Ouyang , Neil Sipe , Jonathan Corcoran

Together, globalisation and urbanisation are accelerating the densification of cities while disruptive technologies such as micro-mobility and ride-hailing are transforming urban mobility. Amidst this change, urban planning officials and practitioners typically remain constrained to the same urban footprint, left to grapple with earlier car-oriented development, and yet must accommodate a growing population and variety of travel modes operating within the same space. Further, they must operate alongside government officials whose re-election could depend upon appeasing suburban residents that are unable or unwilling to relocate along active transport corridors, near public transit nodes, or forgo the flexibility and comfort of private automobiles. As a result, private automobiles can become necessary for traversing urban forms already enlarged by parking, driveways, roads, highways, and flyovers. Likewise, alternatives such as public and active transport can become impractical and dangerous within urban forms that are fragmented by congestion or fast traffic. Given that urban mobility research typically focuses on keeping our pre-existing modal choices moving rather than the side-effects, daily commutes have remained unchanged for decades, and planners are better equipped to continually accommodate rather than influence our modal choices. This volume of Progress in Planning aims to strengthen the evidence base for influencing modal choice by developing a comparative framework of urban mobility, and by examining how parking policy has influenced modal choice within the three largest Australian cities: Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. In addition, it provides reproducible methods for estimating parking supply using land use audits, parking demand using a population census, and geo-statistical modelling for determining whether and where parking policy can explain more sustainable modal choices. As such, this volume sets a research agenda for metropolitan-scale examination and coordination of transport and land use planning for sustainable rather than temporary urban mobility.

全球化和城市化共同加速了城市的高密度化,而微出行和网约车等颠覆性技术正在改变城市出行方式。在这种变化中,城市规划官员和实践者通常仍然受到相同的城市足迹的限制,留下与早期以汽车为导向的发展作斗争,但必须在同一空间内适应不断增长的人口和各种旅行模式。此外,他们必须与政府官员合作,这些官员的连任可能取决于安抚郊区居民,这些居民不能或不愿沿着活跃的交通走廊、公共交通节点附近搬迁,或者放弃私家车的灵活性和舒适性。因此,私家车在已经被停车场、车道、道路、高速公路和立交桥扩大了的城市形态中变得必不可少。同样,公共交通和主动交通等替代方案在城市形式中可能变得不切实际和危险,因为城市形式被拥堵或快速交通分散。考虑到城市交通研究通常侧重于保持我们已有的交通方式选择的移动,而不是副作用,日常通勤几十年来一直保持不变,规划者有更好的装备来不断适应而不是影响我们的交通方式选择。本卷《规划进展》旨在通过建立城市交通的比较框架,并通过研究停车政策如何影响澳大利亚三大城市布里斯班、悉尼和墨尔本的交通方式选择,来加强影响交通方式选择的证据基础。此外,它还提供了可重复的方法,利用土地使用审计来估计停车供应,利用人口普查来估计停车需求,并通过地理统计模型来确定停车政策是否以及在哪里可以解释更可持续的模式选择。因此,本卷为大都市规模的交通和土地利用规划的可持续而非临时城市流动性的检查和协调设定了研究议程。
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引用次数: 14
The politics of conservation planning: A comparative study of urban heritage making in the Global North and the Global South 保护规划的政治:全球北方和全球南方城市遗产制作的比较研究
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2020.100505
Elisabetta Pietrostefani, Nancy Holman

Urban heritage is the category of heritage that most directly concerns the environment of each and every person. Conservation or the integration of the built historic environment in city planning is typically viewed as a desirable undertaking, and policies to this effect are established as an integral element of planning in many countries. Our paper investigates the complexities at play between conservation planning structures, their applications and how these vary between contexts. It asks: how does conservation compare between planning systems of the North and South and what does this suggest about heritage value? Based on a survey of conservation planning systems in 5 countries, focusing on 5 city case-studies, this paper studies conservation’s position within planning in current urban policy in different contexts. Our paper analyses how different planning systems have adopted and integrated urban heritage definitions and accordingly, how zoning techniques, governance levels and planning constraints have resulted in quite varied conservation planning outcomes not only between the North and South but between European examples alone. In exploring contexts where the desirability of conserving and enhancing the historic environment is overlooked, overturned or simply ignored despite the existence of conservation policies, this paper also explores the limitations regulation has in pinning down heritage values.

城市遗产是最直接关系到每一个人的环境的遗产类别。在城市规划中保护或整合已建成的历史环境通常被视为一项理想的事业,许多国家都将这方面的政策作为规划的一个组成部分。我们的论文研究了保护规划结构之间的复杂性,它们的应用以及它们在不同环境下的变化。它的问题是:如何比较北方和南方的保护规划系统,这对遗产价值意味着什么?本文通过对5个国家保护规划体系的调查,以5个城市为研究对象,研究了不同背景下保护在当前城市政策规划中的地位。我们的论文分析了不同的规划系统是如何采用和整合城市遗产定义的,以及分区技术、治理水平和规划约束是如何导致南北之间,甚至欧洲各国之间的保护规划结果大相径庭的。在探索尽管存在保护政策,但保护和改善历史环境的可取性被忽视、推翻或完全忽视的情况下,本文还探讨了法规在确定遗产价值方面的局限性。
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引用次数: 10
Integrating environmental sustainability and social justice in housing development: two contrasting scenarios 在住房发展中整合环境可持续性和社会正义:两种截然不同的情景
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2020.100504
Silvia Mete, Jin Xue

The article discusses futures in housing development by applying the approaches from ‘future studies’ to design two explorative scenarios reflecting alternative strategies for achieving sustainable and just housing development. The main aim is to develop scenarios that can achieve a specific normative goal: a future housing development that is both environmentally sustainable and socially just. Two scenarios are built – ecological modernisation and degrowth – that reflect different degrees of societal change, ranging from conventional to radical. The scenarios are applied to the two selected cases of the Milan and Oslo regions, drawing on the statistics of the contextual housing system and the document analysis on planning and housing. We further discuss how the specific scenarios can take place and which challenges will be encountered.

本文通过应用“未来研究”的方法来讨论住房发展的未来,设计了两个探索性场景,反映了实现可持续和公正住房发展的替代策略。主要目的是开发能够实现特定规范目标的场景:未来的住房发展既环境可持续又社会公正。本文构建了两种情景——生态现代化和去生长——它们反映了从传统到激进的不同程度的社会变革。这些场景应用于米兰和奥斯陆地区的两个选定案例,借鉴了环境住房系统的统计数据和关于规划和住房的文件分析。我们将进一步讨论具体场景如何发生以及将遇到哪些挑战。
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引用次数: 20
Reurbanisation and suburbia in Northwest Europe: A comparative perspective on spatial trends and policy approaches 西北欧的再城市化和郊区化:空间趋势和政策方法的比较视角
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100462
Sebastian Dembski , Olivier Sykes , Chris Couch , Xavier Desjardins , David Evers , Frank Osterhage , Stefan Siedentop , Karsten Zimmermann

Following decades of urban decline in many European cities, there is now an abundant literature identifying a process of reurbanisation, which has now also reached many secondary cities, including those in post-industrialised regions. Reurbanisation is an umbrella concept involving several related but distinct processes, though has its roots in spatial cycle models that consider reurbanisation to be a specific stage in the development of urban regions. Most of the emerging reurbanisation debate, however, is primarily concerned with processes in and impacts on the urban core while suburbia (the ring) is notably absent from much of this discussion. This is all the more surprising since part and parcel of many definitions of reurbanisation is the relationship between the core and the ring. This paper seeks to fill this gap, looking at four highly developed countries in Northwest Europe from a comparative perspective: England, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Far from being uniform, reurbanisation differs substantially between the countries in terms of temporal and spatial patterns due to differences in policy responses in both the urban core and suburbia.

在许多欧洲城市经历了几十年的城市衰落之后,现在有大量的文献发现了一个再城市化的过程,这一过程现在也到达了许多二线城市,包括那些后工业化地区的城市。再城市化是一个涵盖了几个相关但不同的过程的概念,尽管其根源在于空间循环模型,该模型认为再城市化是城市区域发展的一个特定阶段。然而,大多数新兴的再城市化辩论主要关注的是城市核心的过程和影响,而郊区(环)在这一讨论中明显缺席。这就更令人惊讶了,因为许多关于再城市化的定义的重要组成部分就是核心和环之间的关系。本文试图填补这一空白,从比较的角度考察了西北欧四个高度发达的国家:英国、法国、德国和荷兰。由于城市核心区和郊区的政策反应不同,各国之间的再城市化在时间和空间模式上根本不一样。
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引用次数: 38
The production of informal space: A critical atlas of housing informalities in Italy between public institutions and political strategies 非正规空间的生产:意大利公共机构与政治战略之间住房非正规性的重要图谱
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2020.100495
Francesco Chiodelli , Alessandro Coppola , Emanuele Belotti , Gilda Berruti , Isabella Clough Marinaro , Francesco Curci , Federico Zanfi

The paper analyses the plurality of urban informal practices that characterize contemporary Italy in the sphere of housing, focusing on its complex connections with a variety of public institutions (e.g. laws, regulations, policies and practices). The paper discusses five cases of urban informality in Italy: the squatting of public housing in Milan; Roma camps in Rome; the borgate romane (large unauthorised neighbourhoods in the capital, which were built in the 1960s and 1970s and which have subsequently undergone a long and complex process of regularization); unauthorised construction, by the middle class, of second homes in coastal areas of Southern Italy; illegal subdivision of agricultural land as a standard mechanism for urban expansion in Casal di Principe, Naples.

From these cases emerges a complex picture of hybrid institutions that shape and govern housing informalities. These hybrid institutions are composed of multifaceted networks of actors, policies, practices and rules that exist in tension with each other and contribute to favouring and shaping the production of informal space in different ways (e.g. through their action, inaction and structural features). Against the backdrop of this varied institutional framework, a selective tolerance driven mainly by politically-mediated interests emerges as the distinctive feature of the public approach to housing informality in Italy.

The paper aims to develop an innovative research approach to informal housing in Italy by overcoming traditional boundaries between research ‘objects’ and by looking at political uses and forms of institutionalisation that are deployed across housing informalities. By doing so, it also contributes to the literature which analyses informality through the lenses of state theory. Simultaneously, it represents a call for international research to investigate the similarities in the patterns of housing informality – and their multifaceted politics – in Mediterranean welfare states.

本文分析了当代意大利住房领域的城市非正式实践的多样性,重点关注其与各种公共机构(如法律、法规、政策和实践)的复杂联系。本文讨论了意大利城市非正式性的五个案例:米兰公共住房的非法占用;罗马的罗姆人营地;borgate romane(首都的大型未经许可的社区,建于20世纪60年代和70年代,随后经历了漫长而复杂的正规化过程);中产阶级在意大利南部沿海地区擅自建造第二套住房;在那不勒斯的Casal di Principe,非法划分农业用地作为城市扩张的标准机制。从这些案例中,我们看到了一幅复杂的画面,即塑造和管理住房非正式性的混合机构。这些混合机构由行动者、政策、实践和规则的多方面网络组成,这些网络相互之间存在着紧张关系,并以不同的方式(例如通过它们的行动、不作为和结构特征)促进和塑造非正式空间的生产。在这种不同的制度框架的背景下,主要由政治介导的利益驱动的选择性容忍成为意大利住房非正式性公共方法的鲜明特征。该论文旨在通过克服研究“对象”之间的传统界限,并通过研究在住房非正式性中部署的政治用途和制度化形式,为意大利的非正式住房开发一种创新的研究方法。通过这样做,它也有助于通过国家理论的镜头来分析非正式性的文献。与此同时,它还呼吁进行国际研究,调查地中海福利国家住房非正规模式及其多面政治的相似性。
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引用次数: 37
Biodiversity, road transport and urban planning: A Swedish local authority facing the challenge of establishing a logistics hub adjacent to a Natura 2000 site 生物多样性、道路运输和城市规划:瑞典地方当局面临在Natura 2000站点附近建立物流中心的挑战
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100463
Ulf G. Sandström , Ingemar Elander

The aim of the article is to analyse and reflect upon the process and outcome of a potential clash between urban biodiversity and road transport interests in the Swedish city of Örebro, as a case of planning in the face of conflict. Combining an application of multilevel governance theory with negotiation planning and narrative method, it examines the siting of a huge warehouse and “logistics centre” at the edge of a Natura 2000 site on the outskirts of the city. Despite the city’s ambitious environmental goals and sustainability profile, the local authority decided to offer the company a site adjacent to a wetland area intended for preserving and developing biodiversity. After an intervention by the central state County Administrative Board [länsstyrelsen], the local authority had to implement certain security measures, and also reserve an additional, large natural land area to compensate for the threats to the Natura 2000 site. Before the final decision was made, a series of negotiations occurred between the involved actors, mainly the local authority, the multinational Sonepar Group/Elektroskandia and the County Administrative Board, and the case is a fruitful target for a multifaceted analysis illuminating the tension between the goals of preserving urban biodiversity and promoting road transport and urban growth. It also offers an inside view of the negotiation and planning process. The key issue is how the siting of a potentially hazardous, transport intensive national warehouse in a city renowned for its high environmental-protection profile was possible. Considering Sweden’s high-profile regarding sustainability, the selected case also offers food for reflection on the potentials and barriers of implementing ecological modernization more generally. The lessons learned from an examination of the local authority’s attempt to harmonize such diverse policy priorities as urban biodiversity and intensive road transport for economic growth, on a site adjacent to a Natura 2000 wetlands area, may help enable urban planners and scholars to find creative policy solutions, avoid causing damage to biodiversity, and increase ecosystem values in terms of residents’ and other visitors’ experience and understanding of nature. However, at the end of the article we address the question of whether our empirical conclusion is not “too good to be true”, and raise concerns regarding the intricate relationship between sustainability and resilience; the systemic power exerted by the global Sonepar Group/Elektroskandia; and the potentials and limits of public negotiation planning.

本文的目的是分析和反思瑞典城市Örebro的城市生物多样性和道路交通利益之间潜在冲突的过程和结果,作为面对冲突的规划案例。结合多层治理理论与协商规划和叙事方法的应用,研究了位于城市郊区Natura 2000场地边缘的大型仓库和“物流中心”的选址。尽管该市有雄心勃勃的环境目标和可持续发展概况,但当地政府决定为该公司提供一个毗邻湿地的场地,旨在保护和发展生物多样性。在中央州郡行政委员会介入后[länsstyrelsen],地方当局必须实施某些安全措施,并预留一大片自然土地,以补偿Natura 2000遗址受到的威胁。在作出最后决定之前,有关各方(主要是地方当局、跨国公司Sonepar集团/Elektroskandia和县行政委员会)进行了一系列谈判,该案例是一个富有成效的目标,可以从多方面进行分析,阐明保护城市生物多样性与促进道路运输和城市增长这两个目标之间的紧张关系。它还提供了谈判和规划过程的内部视图。关键问题是,在一个以高度环保著称的城市,如何选址一个有潜在危险的运输密集型国家仓库。考虑到瑞典在可持续发展方面的高调,所选的案例也为更广泛地实施生态现代化的潜力和障碍提供了反思的食物。从地方当局试图协调城市生物多样性和经济增长的密集道路交通等多种政策优先事项的研究中获得的经验教训,可能有助于城市规划者和学者找到创造性的政策解决方案,避免对生物多样性造成损害,并在居民和其他游客的体验和对自然的理解方面增加生态系统的价值。然而,在文章的最后,我们解决了我们的实证结论是否“好得令人难以置信”的问题,并提出了对可持续性和弹性之间复杂关系的担忧;全球Sonepar集团/Elektroskandia施加的系统性权力;以及公共谈判计划的潜力和局限性。
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引用次数: 9
Los Olvidados/The Forgotten: Reconceptualizing Colonias as Viable Communities 被遗忘的人/被遗忘的人:重新将殖民地视为可行的社区
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100450
Deyanira Nevárez Martínez , María G. Rendón , Diego Arroyo

Places of concentrated poverty are typically described in terms of their deficit, not simply in financial terms, but in their social and cultural resources as well. This characterization extends to informal settlements that exist along the U.S.-Mexico border known as colonias, rural and peri-urban communities lacking basic infrastructure like electricity, running water, and paved roads. Drawing on one case study of a colonia in the state of Arizona, we renew attention to these communities showing how the lack of infrastructure and public services complicate everyday tasks for residents, compromising their wellbeing and life prospects. We also call attention to the allure of colonias in a context of rising inequality, highlighting their promise as viable communities where families can raise families and prosper or retire with dignity. By showing how kin and fictive kin ties propel the settlement process and provide the organizational and cultural structure to these communities, we challenge common depictions of colonias lacking a sense of community and social capital. We find social capital in colonias is best represented through “bonding ties” that provide essential forms of social support, the kind of help that allows the poor to “get by” or cope. We distinguish this from social capital that is garnered via “bridging ties,” to individuals with resources or in positions of influence that can create opportunities for social mobility. The tenacity of colonia residents and their practices of mutual support makes these communities resilient, but the absence of “social leverage ties,” those able and willing to broker complex bureaucratic and political processes, sustains ill conditions in colonias. Colonia residents have set root in these communities worthy of public policy concern and ought to be folded into the larger conversation of poverty concentration, segregation and housing needs in the United States. We call on urban planners, other street-level bureaucrats, and policymakers to work with these communities to bridge and broker grass root efforts.

贫困集中的地方通常被描述为其赤字,不仅在财政方面,而且在社会和文化资源方面。这种特征延伸到存在于美墨边境的非正式定居点,即所谓的殖民地,农村和城郊社区,缺乏基本的基础设施,如电力、自来水和铺砌的道路。通过对亚利桑那州一个殖民地的案例研究,我们再次关注这些社区,展示了基础设施和公共服务的缺乏如何使居民的日常工作复杂化,从而影响了他们的福祉和生活前景。我们还呼吁在不平等加剧的背景下,关注殖民地的吸引力,强调它们作为可行社区的希望,在那里,家庭可以养家糊口,繁荣昌盛,或有尊严地退休。通过展示亲属和有效的亲属关系如何推动定居过程,并为这些社区提供组织和文化结构,我们挑战了对殖民地缺乏社区意识和社会资本的常见描述。我们发现,殖民地的社会资本通过提供基本形式的社会支持的“纽带关系”得到了最好的体现,这种帮助使穷人能够“勉强度日”或应对。我们将其与通过“桥接关系”获得的社会资本区分开来,后者是指拥有资源或处于能够创造社会流动机会的影响力地位的个人。殖民地居民的坚韧和他们相互支持的做法使这些社区具有弹性,但缺乏“社会杠杆关系”,即那些能够并愿意协调复杂的官僚和政治程序的人,使殖民地的状况持续恶化。殖民地居民已经在这些值得公共政策关注的社区扎根,应该纳入有关美国贫困集中、种族隔离和住房需求的更大讨论中。我们呼吁城市规划者、其他基层官员和政策制定者与这些社区合作,在基层努力中架起桥梁和中间人。
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引用次数: 3
Government-backed ‘laundering of the grey’ in upgrading urban village properties 政府支持的城中村物业升级“洗灰”
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100436
Bin Li, De Tong, Yaying Wu, Guicai Li

Urban informality and informal settlements, as research concepts rooted in the global south, have the potential to reveal the relationship between property improvement, tenure security, uneven distribution of resources and asymmetric power relations embedded in urban studies. Investigations of urban villages in China are also inspired by these ideas. The present study of the Ningmeng Apartment project in Shuiwei Village, Shenzhen, China, aims to contribute to these exciting research fields by (1) offering a new governmental mechanism – government-backed informal formalizing of informality – that can strengthen perceived tenure security; (2) investigating a new approach to regenerating problematic urban villages; and (3) revealing a new social-psychological effect underlying the operation of urban informality: perceived formal informality. These three dimensions can be interpreted as government-backed methods of laundering the grey, ways in which state actors use informal operations to strengthen the perceived tenure security and upgrade the spatial quality of informal properties to achieve governmental goals. Based on these three academic contributions, interactions between rule-breaking innovations and a pre-innovation environment emerge from the examination of the Ningmeng project. Such interactions may reflect the experience of China during its post-1978 reform and may inspire new policy practices in other developing countries.

城市非正式性和非正式住区作为根植于全球南方的研究概念,有可能揭示城市研究中嵌入的财产改善、权属保障、资源分配不均和不对称权力关系之间的关系。对中国城中村的调查也受到了这些想法的启发。本文对中国深圳水尾村宁梦公寓项目进行了研究,旨在通过以下方式为这些令人兴奋的研究领域做出贡献:(1)提供一种新的政府机制——政府支持的非正式的非正式正规化——可以加强感知的使用权保障;(2)探索问题城中村再生的新途径;(3)揭示了城市非正式性运行背后的一种新的社会心理效应:感知的正式非正式性。这三个维度可以被解释为政府支持的洗灰方法,即国家行为体利用非正式操作来加强感知的使用权安全,提升非正式财产的空间质量以实现政府目标的方式。基于以上三个学术贡献,对宁梦项目的考察揭示了打破常规的创新与创新前环境之间的互动关系。这种互动可能反映了中国在1978年后改革中的经验,并可能启发其他发展中国家新的政策实践。
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引用次数: 40
Fifty years of local growth management in America 美国50年的本地增长管理经验
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100435
John D. Landis

This article looks at the efficacy of a diverse set of local growth management programs undertaken in the United States since the early 1970s. Organized into three sections, it begins with a brief history of growth management milestones, tracing the evolution of growth management programs from Ramapo, New York’s original 1969 ordinance to the emergence of the Smart Growth movement in the mid-1990s. A second part organizes and summarizes the growth management efficacy and adverse effect literatures. A third part takes a fresh look at the success of local growth management programs by comparing population growth, sprawl, and fiscal and housing price outcome measures across eight pairs of communities, one of which (i.e., “case study community”) adopted a growth management program, and the other (i.e., “peer community”) which did not. It concludes with a summary assessment of fifty years of local growth management experiences, along with some lessons for how planners might best deal with forthcoming rounds of suburban growth.

本文着眼于自20世纪70年代初以来在美国开展的一系列不同的地方增长管理项目的效果。本书分为三个部分,首先简要介绍了增长管理里程碑的历史,追溯了增长管理项目的演变,从1969年纽约最初的拉马波条例到20世纪90年代中期智能增长运动的出现。第二部分对生长管理的功效和不良反应文献进行整理和总结。第三部分通过比较八对社区的人口增长、扩张、财政和房价结果措施,对地方增长管理计划的成功进行了新的审视,其中一个(即“案例研究社区”)采用了增长管理计划,另一个(即“同伴社区”)没有。报告最后总结了50年来的地方增长管理经验,并为规划者如何最好地应对即将到来的郊区增长提供了一些经验教训。
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引用次数: 8
Restoring the core? Central city decline and transformation in the South 恢复核心?南方中心城市的衰落与转型
IF 6.4 1区 经济学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progress.2019.100434
Ivan Turok, Leanne Seeliger, Justin Visagie

Central cities are vibrant and productive places because of the dense concentration of people, firms and supporting facilities. Yet their dynamism can be undermined by congestion, social tensions and poor urban management. South Africa’s four major city centres experienced tumultuous changes during the transition from apartheid and the exodus of many property owners, investors and occupiers to the suburbs. Buildings decayed, infrastructure collapsed, public health and safety deteriorated, and governance was disrupted by unauthorised activities. Despite the general neglect, signs of recovery have emerged and gathered momentum in recent years. The revival is fragile, partial and patchy in most cases, and dwarfed by scale of new investment in outlying economic nodes. The paper uses a resilience framework to examine how enterprising organisations have spurred regeneration by identifying opportunities for the adaptive reuse of redundant buildings and public spaces for affordable housing and social amenities. It also compares the extent, character and causes of the rebound across the four cities, demonstrating elements of continuity (bounce-back resilience) and transformation (bounce-forward resilience) in each case. Cape Town is characterised more by continuity and Johannesburg more by decline and transformation, with Pretoria and Durban in between. City centre recovery is attributed to a combination of pioneering private and public sector actions, albeit disjointed and uneven in their effectiveness. The paper concludes that central cities are relatively open incubators of economic and social progress, but also cauldrons of competing interests which create many dilemmas for decision-makers to negotiate, and which require coordinated attention and determination to realise their potential.

由于人口、企业和配套设施的密集集中,中心城市是充满活力和生产力的地方。然而,交通拥堵、社会紧张和城市管理不善可能会削弱它们的活力。在从种族隔离过渡期间,南非的四个主要城市中心经历了动荡的变化,许多财产所有者、投资者和占领者迁往郊区。建筑物腐朽,基础设施倒塌,公共卫生和安全恶化,未经授权的活动扰乱了治理。尽管普遍被忽视,但近年来复苏的迹象已经出现,并积聚了动力。在大多数情况下,这种复苏是脆弱的、局部的、不完整的,与边远经济节点的新投资规模相比,这种复苏显得微不足道。本文使用弹性框架来研究企业组织如何通过确定冗余建筑和公共空间的适应性再利用机会来促进经济适用房和社会设施的再生。它还比较了四个城市经济反弹的程度、特征和原因,展示了每个城市的连续性(反弹弹性)和转型(反弹弹性)的要素。开普敦的特点是持续发展,约翰内斯堡的特点是衰落和转型,比勒陀利亚和德班介于两者之间。市中心的复苏要归功于私营部门和公共部门开创性行动的结合,尽管它们的效果是脱节和不平衡的。本文的结论是,中心城市是相对开放的经济和社会进步的孵化器,但也是利益竞争的大锅,这给决策者带来了许多谈判难题,需要协调关注和决心来实现其潜力。
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引用次数: 14
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Progress in Planning
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