Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2087024
Elisabeth Holmqvist, K. Ilves
ABSTRACT We present geochemical data of soils sampled from two Late Iron Age (a.d. 550–1050) buildings at Bartsgårda on the Åland Islands, Finland. The houses had different constructions and use-patterns, one being an intensively used dwelling house, rich in finds, whereas the other, scarce in finds, had a more specialized character, linked to ceremonial rather than domestic activities. Systematic and targeted feature sampling was carried out to analyze 190 samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) to 1) identify floor/activity levels in the houses based on vertical and horizontal geochemical anomalies; 2) compare the anthropogenic activity signals of the buildings; and, 3) test a rapid and cost-efficient ex situ analytical strategy for geochemical characterization of archaeological soils. Although the long-term use of the site as a livestock paddock introduced some complexities, based on the geochemical and micromorphological data, the houses had several activity levels and markedly different anthropogenic profiles.
{"title":"Social Buildings: Soil Geochemistry and Anthropogenic Patterns from Late Iron Age Finland","authors":"Elisabeth Holmqvist, K. Ilves","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2087024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2087024","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We present geochemical data of soils sampled from two Late Iron Age (a.d. 550–1050) buildings at Bartsgårda on the Åland Islands, Finland. The houses had different constructions and use-patterns, one being an intensively used dwelling house, rich in finds, whereas the other, scarce in finds, had a more specialized character, linked to ceremonial rather than domestic activities. Systematic and targeted feature sampling was carried out to analyze 190 samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) to 1) identify floor/activity levels in the houses based on vertical and horizontal geochemical anomalies; 2) compare the anthropogenic activity signals of the buildings; and, 3) test a rapid and cost-efficient ex situ analytical strategy for geochemical characterization of archaeological soils. Although the long-term use of the site as a livestock paddock introduced some complexities, based on the geochemical and micromorphological data, the houses had several activity levels and markedly different anthropogenic profiles.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"379 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45311267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2085916
S. Reichert, N. Erdene-Ochir, S. Linzen, L. Munkhbayar, J. Bemmann
ABSTRACT Cities in the Eurasian steppes, a core of nomadic empires, are rare. Erecting a city from scratch is even less typical. However, Khar Khul Khaany Balgas, situated north of the Khangai Mountains in central Mongolia, is such an exceptional example, never built over by subsequent settlements. Overlooked until now because researchers dated its latest settlement phase into the 17th century a.d., the first radiocarbon dates and material culture prove its existence during the Mongol empire only. During the past years, we conducted comprehensive geophysical and topographic mapping of the site, as well as a pedestrian survey, including its hinterland, and excavated a kiln. The layout of the city resembles that of the capital, Karakorum. Both cities together reveal that the Mongol Khans had a specific idea about the organization of a city. They were dependent on Chinese craftsmen to erect the buildings but not on Chinese city planning and ideology.
{"title":"Overlooked—Enigmatic—Underrated: The City Khar Khul Khaany Balgas in the Heartland of the Mongol World Empire","authors":"S. Reichert, N. Erdene-Ochir, S. Linzen, L. Munkhbayar, J. Bemmann","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2085916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2085916","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cities in the Eurasian steppes, a core of nomadic empires, are rare. Erecting a city from scratch is even less typical. However, Khar Khul Khaany Balgas, situated north of the Khangai Mountains in central Mongolia, is such an exceptional example, never built over by subsequent settlements. Overlooked until now because researchers dated its latest settlement phase into the 17th century a.d., the first radiocarbon dates and material culture prove its existence during the Mongol empire only. During the past years, we conducted comprehensive geophysical and topographic mapping of the site, as well as a pedestrian survey, including its hinterland, and excavated a kiln. The layout of the city resembles that of the capital, Karakorum. Both cities together reveal that the Mongol Khans had a specific idea about the organization of a city. They were dependent on Chinese craftsmen to erect the buildings but not on Chinese city planning and ideology.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"397 - 420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44059015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2086346
Jesper B. Pedersen, M. E. Poulsen, F. Riede
ABSTRACT The Late Upper Palaeolithic Hamburgian tradition reflects the earliest known human presence in northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. We report here on the open-air site of Jels 3 (Denmark) and its associated stone tool assemblage, which can be unambiguously attributed to this period. Along with only a handful of other sites, Jels 3 represents the northernmost limits of human expansion in Europe at this time. We conduct a technological analysis of the lithic material from Jels 3 and other relevant sites to shed new light on the behavioral processes that likely underwrote this expansion. Given that sites dating to this initial dispersal remain few, are restricted to certain geographic regions, and represent an overall lack of a well-developed settlement hierarchy, we suggest that this dispersal process is most commensurable with the earlier stages of a leap-frogging colonization targeting specific landscape elements and that it was quite possibly very short-lived.
{"title":"Jels 3, a New Late Palaeolithic Open-Air Site in Denmark, Sheds Light on the Pioneer Colonization of Northern Europe","authors":"Jesper B. Pedersen, M. E. Poulsen, F. Riede","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2086346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2086346","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Late Upper Palaeolithic Hamburgian tradition reflects the earliest known human presence in northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. We report here on the open-air site of Jels 3 (Denmark) and its associated stone tool assemblage, which can be unambiguously attributed to this period. Along with only a handful of other sites, Jels 3 represents the northernmost limits of human expansion in Europe at this time. We conduct a technological analysis of the lithic material from Jels 3 and other relevant sites to shed new light on the behavioral processes that likely underwrote this expansion. Given that sites dating to this initial dispersal remain few, are restricted to certain geographic regions, and represent an overall lack of a well-developed settlement hierarchy, we suggest that this dispersal process is most commensurable with the earlier stages of a leap-frogging colonization targeting specific landscape elements and that it was quite possibly very short-lived.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"360 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2087017
Morgan Ritchie, Jesse Morin, Jerram B. Ritchie, N. Waber, Michael Blake, R. McMillan
ABSTRACT A biface workspace dating to ca. cal a.d. 100–400 was identified during recent excavation at the Sts’ailes-Coast Salish village of YāçkEtEl, on the Harrison River on the Northwest Coast of North America. Based on a range of analyses, we suggest that a specialist crafted large bifaces produced as prestigious objects for exchange within a ceremonial interaction sphere and smaller, more functional bifaces for household and local purposes. The workspace was a shed-like structure adjacent to their house, and the toolstone was acquired nearby from previously undocumented quarries within the territory. This is the only documented evidence for the manufacture of large prestigious bifaces in the region and consequently provides insights into the social relations of lithic acquisition, production, exchange, and consumption. In particular, we examine the social and economic roles and contributions of lithic specialists embedded within households.
{"title":"Embedded Household Specialization: The Bifaces from YāçkEtEl on the Northwest Coast","authors":"Morgan Ritchie, Jesse Morin, Jerram B. Ritchie, N. Waber, Michael Blake, R. McMillan","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2087017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2087017","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A biface workspace dating to ca. cal a.d. 100–400 was identified during recent excavation at the Sts’ailes-Coast Salish village of YāçkEtEl, on the Harrison River on the Northwest Coast of North America. Based on a range of analyses, we suggest that a specialist crafted large bifaces produced as prestigious objects for exchange within a ceremonial interaction sphere and smaller, more functional bifaces for household and local purposes. The workspace was a shed-like structure adjacent to their house, and the toolstone was acquired nearby from previously undocumented quarries within the territory. This is the only documented evidence for the manufacture of large prestigious bifaces in the region and consequently provides insights into the social relations of lithic acquisition, production, exchange, and consumption. In particular, we examine the social and economic roles and contributions of lithic specialists embedded within households.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"451 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41964763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2076189
Harun Özdaş, Justin Leidwanger, James Gross, Nilhan Kızıldağ
ABSTRACT This study offers a methodology for field survey and analysis of artifact-rich contexts in near-shore waters. Faced with mixed deposition of fragmentary ceramics and other materials along the tectonically active southern Turkish coast at Kekova Adası, we combined rapid artifact counts, in situ object documentation, large-area photogrammetry, and selective artifact sampling. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of published shipwrecks and anchorages, as well as onshore port assemblages throughout the area, facilitate comparison with these mixed maritime remains at Kekova Adası, allowing signatures to be distinguished among different depositional contexts, from transshipment and anchoring to harbor tasks and local consumption. The approach provides a framework to evaluate more systematically the underwater survey finds from complex and disturbed contexts and to analyze a broader range of often-overlooked archaeological data in the study of the many maritime activities and interactions that marked the coastal waters of the ancient Mediterranean.
{"title":"Toward Systematic Underwater Survey of Mediterranean Maritime Activity along the Southern Turkish Coast","authors":"Harun Özdaş, Justin Leidwanger, James Gross, Nilhan Kızıldağ","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2076189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2076189","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study offers a methodology for field survey and analysis of artifact-rich contexts in near-shore waters. Faced with mixed deposition of fragmentary ceramics and other materials along the tectonically active southern Turkish coast at Kekova Adası, we combined rapid artifact counts, in situ object documentation, large-area photogrammetry, and selective artifact sampling. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of published shipwrecks and anchorages, as well as onshore port assemblages throughout the area, facilitate comparison with these mixed maritime remains at Kekova Adası, allowing signatures to be distinguished among different depositional contexts, from transshipment and anchoring to harbor tasks and local consumption. The approach provides a framework to evaluate more systematically the underwater survey finds from complex and disturbed contexts and to analyze a broader range of often-overlooked archaeological data in the study of the many maritime activities and interactions that marked the coastal waters of the ancient Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"324 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42712141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-20DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2074647
N. Erb-Satullo, Dimitri Jachvliani
ABSTRACT Fortresses are defining features of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age landscape in the South Caucasus, with hundreds of sites recorded in archaeological surveys in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and northeastern Turkey. Yet, research on how these communities functioned is dominated by evidence from the small fraction of these sites that have been excavated, and regional variability remains underexplored. This paper discusses excavations at two such fortresses in the Lesser Caucasus borderlands and contextualizes them within global discussions about fortresses and their associated communities. Analysis of architecture, ceramics, and small finds identified evidence for a diverse range of activities within these compounds, including both craft production and ritual activity. While the size and construction of the two fortresses differ, the evidence for significant occupation at both suggests that these fortresses were durable communities, not temporary refugia. Further work is necessary, however, to assess whether these fortresses were highly ordered institutions centralized under elite rule or heterarchical communities joined by common interest.
{"title":"Fortified Communities in the South Caucasus: Insights from Mtsvane Gora and Dmanisis Gora","authors":"N. Erb-Satullo, Dimitri Jachvliani","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2074647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2074647","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fortresses are defining features of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age landscape in the South Caucasus, with hundreds of sites recorded in archaeological surveys in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and northeastern Turkey. Yet, research on how these communities functioned is dominated by evidence from the small fraction of these sites that have been excavated, and regional variability remains underexplored. This paper discusses excavations at two such fortresses in the Lesser Caucasus borderlands and contextualizes them within global discussions about fortresses and their associated communities. Analysis of architecture, ceramics, and small finds identified evidence for a diverse range of activities within these compounds, including both craft production and ritual activity. While the size and construction of the two fortresses differ, the evidence for significant occupation at both suggests that these fortresses were durable communities, not temporary refugia. Further work is necessary, however, to assess whether these fortresses were highly ordered institutions centralized under elite rule or heterarchical communities joined by common interest.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"305 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42037362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161
S. Baitzel, Martin Polo y La Borda, B. Konecky, Jarunetr Sae-Lim, Arturo F. Rivera Infante
ABSTRACT Statement of Retraction: Pastoral Paleoclimate Palimpsests of the South-Central Andes: High-Altitude Herder Dwellings in the 2nd Millennium a.d. We, the Editor[s] and Publisher of Journal of Field Archaeology , have retracted the following article: Sarah I. Baitzel, Martin Polo y La Borda, Bronwen L. Konecky, Jarunetr Sae-Lim and Arturo F. Rivera Infante; Pastoral Paleoclimate Palimpsests of the South-Central Andes: High-Altitude Herder Dwellings in the 2nd Millennium a.d. Journal of Field Archaeology VOL 47, 2022 pages 341-359 DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161 Since publication, concerns have been raised about the integrity of the data in the article. When approached for an explanation, the authors checked their data and confirmed there are fundamental errors present. Therefore, they have agreed to the retraction of this article. The authors apologise for this oversight. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.
撤回声明:安第斯山脉中南部的田园古气候复写:公元2000年的高海拔牧民住宅。我们，《田野考古学杂志》的编辑和出版人，撤回了以下文章:Sarah I. Baitzel, Martin Polo y La Borda, Bronwen L. Konecky, Jarunetr Sae-Lim和Arturo F. Rivera Infante;安第斯山脉中南部的田园古气候复写:公元第二千年的高海拔牧民住宅。田野考古学杂志VOL 47, 2022页341-359 DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161自出版以来，人们对文章中数据的完整性提出了担忧。当被要求解释时，作者检查了他们的数据，并确认存在根本性的错误。因此，他们同意撤回这篇文章。作者为这一疏忽道歉。我们的出版道德和诚信政策以及COPE关于撤稿的指导方针已经通知了我们的决策。撤回的文章将保留在网上以保持学术记录，但它将在每页上被数字水印标记为“撤回”。
{"title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Pastoral Paleoclimate Palimpsests of the South-Central Andes: High-Altitude Herder Dwellings in the 2nd Millennium a.d.","authors":"S. Baitzel, Martin Polo y La Borda, B. Konecky, Jarunetr Sae-Lim, Arturo F. Rivera Infante","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Statement of Retraction: Pastoral Paleoclimate Palimpsests of the South-Central Andes: High-Altitude Herder Dwellings in the 2nd Millennium a.d. We, the Editor[s] and Publisher of Journal of Field Archaeology , have retracted the following article: Sarah I. Baitzel, Martin Polo y La Borda, Bronwen L. Konecky, Jarunetr Sae-Lim and Arturo F. Rivera Infante; Pastoral Paleoclimate Palimpsests of the South-Central Andes: High-Altitude Herder Dwellings in the 2nd Millennium a.d. Journal of Field Archaeology VOL 47, 2022 pages 341-359 DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2072161 Since publication, concerns have been raised about the integrity of the data in the article. When approached for an explanation, the authors checked their data and confirmed there are fundamental errors present. Therefore, they have agreed to the retraction of this article. The authors apologise for this oversight. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"341 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45651487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2060604
Stephanie Rost, A. Michele
ABSTRACT Archaeological research in Iraq of the past three decades emphasized landscape archaeology with many newly initiated survey projects next to the more traditional excavations of archaeological sites. The utility of survey data, collected in the 1950–1980s, to address specific historical questions has been impaired by the lack of a representative and sufficiently detailed pottery chronology, particularly for southern Mesopotamia. Based on the initial results of the Umma Survey Project, we argue that systematic sampling strategies have the potential to reduce or overcome those limitations and contribute to building a representative pottery typology of the region with a higher chronological resolution. We argue that landscape archaeology’s contribution to the reconstruction of Mesopotamian history can only be fully realized by considerably improving the existing pottery sequences. Furthermore, the systematic mapping of occupation areas on the sites provides important insights into settlement behavior responding to changing environments.
{"title":"Systematic Versus Random Sampling in Approaches to Landscape Archaeology: The Umma Survey Project in Southern Mesopotamia","authors":"Stephanie Rost, A. Michele","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2060604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2060604","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Archaeological research in Iraq of the past three decades emphasized landscape archaeology with many newly initiated survey projects next to the more traditional excavations of archaeological sites. The utility of survey data, collected in the 1950–1980s, to address specific historical questions has been impaired by the lack of a representative and sufficiently detailed pottery chronology, particularly for southern Mesopotamia. Based on the initial results of the Umma Survey Project, we argue that systematic sampling strategies have the potential to reduce or overcome those limitations and contribute to building a representative pottery typology of the region with a higher chronological resolution. We argue that landscape archaeology’s contribution to the reconstruction of Mesopotamian history can only be fully realized by considerably improving the existing pottery sequences. Furthermore, the systematic mapping of occupation areas on the sites provides important insights into settlement behavior responding to changing environments.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"285 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59024237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-28DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2052583
M. Burham
ABSTRACT This article examines ancient Maya urbanization and neighborhood formation during the Preclassic period by focusing on evidence from five minor temple groups at Ceibal, Guatemala. During the Late Preclassic (ca. 350–75 b.c.) and Terminal Preclassic (ca. 75 b.c.–a.d. 300) periods, minor temple complexes were constructed at regular intervals in outlying areas of Ceibal. These complexes were built at different times, and each is distinct in size, shape, and construction materials. Geospatial analyses of settlement based on a lidar survey reveals residential clustering around the temples, and excavations of nearby patios indicate they were occupied contemporaneously with their associated temple. Together, the evidence suggests that local groups of people built their own temple complexes as they began to settle in new areas. Urbanization at Ceibal can be explained as a generative process involving an interplay between top-down influences from the epicenter and organic cooperation among incoming residents.
{"title":"Sacred Sites for Suburbanites: Organic Urban Growth and Neighborhood Formation at Preclassic Ceibal, Guatemala","authors":"M. Burham","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2052583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2052583","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines ancient Maya urbanization and neighborhood formation during the Preclassic period by focusing on evidence from five minor temple groups at Ceibal, Guatemala. During the Late Preclassic (ca. 350–75 b.c.) and Terminal Preclassic (ca. 75 b.c.–a.d. 300) periods, minor temple complexes were constructed at regular intervals in outlying areas of Ceibal. These complexes were built at different times, and each is distinct in size, shape, and construction materials. Geospatial analyses of settlement based on a lidar survey reveals residential clustering around the temples, and excavations of nearby patios indicate they were occupied contemporaneously with their associated temple. Together, the evidence suggests that local groups of people built their own temple complexes as they began to settle in new areas. Urbanization at Ceibal can be explained as a generative process involving an interplay between top-down influences from the epicenter and organic cooperation among incoming residents.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"262 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49584639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-25DOI: 10.1080/00934690.2022.2041279
L. Meskell, Sarah W. Laporte
ABSTRACT This paper tracks a world of instruments and global designs in a new era of archaeology, spearheaded by Froelich Rainey in his role as Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Post-WWII scientific development, industrial-military-academic partnerships, and American adventurism were all brought together through Rainey’s archaeological expeditions. During the 1960s, Penn’s field projects were strategically positioned across the globe, with many trialing a novel technique or different device: Rainey launched a prototype submarine off the Turkish coast, magnetometers and sonic devices across Italy, resistivity in Mexico, and infrared aerial cameras over the Mediterranean. Archaeological innovation was tied to, and developed directly out of, US nuclear ambition and the leveraging of ‘peaceful’ atomic research, and American Cold War collaborations that united science, exploration, and culture for mutual benefit. Here we underscore the connectivities between diverse actors and activities, nuclear science, tech companies, private foundations, and philanthropists, coupled with the military and intelligence community.
{"title":"“Your Mysterious Instruments”: American Devices and Imperial Designs in Cold War Archaeology","authors":"L. Meskell, Sarah W. Laporte","doi":"10.1080/00934690.2022.2041279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2041279","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper tracks a world of instruments and global designs in a new era of archaeology, spearheaded by Froelich Rainey in his role as Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Post-WWII scientific development, industrial-military-academic partnerships, and American adventurism were all brought together through Rainey’s archaeological expeditions. During the 1960s, Penn’s field projects were strategically positioned across the globe, with many trialing a novel technique or different device: Rainey launched a prototype submarine off the Turkish coast, magnetometers and sonic devices across Italy, resistivity in Mexico, and infrared aerial cameras over the Mediterranean. Archaeological innovation was tied to, and developed directly out of, US nuclear ambition and the leveraging of ‘peaceful’ atomic research, and American Cold War collaborations that united science, exploration, and culture for mutual benefit. Here we underscore the connectivities between diverse actors and activities, nuclear science, tech companies, private foundations, and philanthropists, coupled with the military and intelligence community.","PeriodicalId":47452,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY","volume":"47 1","pages":"212 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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