Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice最新文献

英文中文

Exploring Variation in the Strength of Association of a Validated Recidivism Risk Score With Seven Common Measures of Juvenile Recidivism: A Research Note 验证的再犯风险评分与青少年再犯的七种常见测量方法的关联强度的变化:一份研究报告

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221115056

Sonja E. Siennick, Jhon A. Pupo

The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive strength of a previously validated risk score across seven different operationalizations of juvenile recidivism. Drawing on data from the Florida portion of the Measuring Juvenile Reoffending Study, the study examines two research questions. First, do recidivism risk scores significantly predict a variety of measures of juvenile recidivism? And second, do risk scores exert statistically different effects on different measures of juvenile recidivism? The findings revealed that risk score significantly predicted all seven measures of juvenile recidivism. In addition, the only evidence of statistically different associations across measures of recidivism came from marker event (i.e., types of system contact) comparisons. Total risk score was a significantly stronger predictor of referral than of adjudication/conviction and a stronger predictor of adjudication and commitment. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of validating risk assessment scores on multiple different operationalizations of juvenile recidivism.

本研究的目的是比较先前验证的风险评分在七种不同的青少年累犯操作中的预测强度。该研究借鉴了衡量青少年再犯罪研究佛罗里达部分的数据，考察了两个研究问题。首先，累犯风险评分是否能显著预测青少年累犯的各种指标？其次，风险评分对青少年累犯的不同衡量标准是否具有统计学上的不同影响？研究结果显示，风险评分显著预测了青少年累犯的所有七项指标。此外，累犯衡量标准之间统计上不同关联的唯一证据来自标记事件（即系统接触类型）的比较。总风险评分对转诊的预测力明显强于裁决/定罪，对裁决和承诺的预测力更强。总之，我们的研究结果强调了验证青少年累犯多个不同操作的风险评估分数的重要性。

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引用次数: 2

Evidencing the Need to Screen for Social Determinants of Health Among Boys Entering a Juvenile Prison: A Latent Profile Analysis. 证明需要筛选进入少年监狱的男孩健康的社会决定因素:一项潜在特征分析。

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221096359

Rebecca L Fix, Noel Vest, Kelli R Thompson

Social determinants of health influence who ends up in the juvenile legal system and how individuals fare when entering and leaving the system. The present study utilized latent profile analysis to determine the extent to which social determinants of health were present in a sample of incarcerated youth and the patterns in which they appear. The authors then examined their relationships to racial groups, depression, substance misuse, and recidivism risk. Data were from 1288 adolescent boys sentenced to a juvenile prison in one Southeastern state for serious offending (i.e., repeat offenses, offenses involving physical or sexual violence). We ran a latent class analysis to test for patterns with which youth present with various social determinants of health. Profiles with more violence exposure and higher social support were comprised of more Black boys than the referent profile. Property and sexual offenses also differed significantly from the referent profile. Altogether, results from our examination of selected social determinants of health indicated such factors meaningfully contribute to our understanding of experiences of young people in the juvenile legal system and may be targets for mental health and substance use intervention as they may contribute to problem behaviors or negative outcomes.

健康的社会决定因素影响谁最终进入少年法律体系，以及个人在进入和离开该体系时的表现。本研究利用潜在剖面分析来确定健康的社会决定因素在被监禁青年样本中存在的程度及其出现的模式。然后，作者检查了他们与种族群体、抑郁症、药物滥用和再犯风险的关系。数据来自东南部一个州因严重犯罪(即重复犯罪，涉及身体或性暴力的犯罪)而被判入狱的1288名青少年男孩。我们进行了潜在阶级分析，以测试青少年呈现各种健康社会决定因素的模式。与参照侧写相比，有更多暴力接触和更高社会支持的侧写包含更多黑人男孩。财产犯罪和性犯罪也与参考资料有很大不同。总之，我们对选定的健康社会决定因素的研究结果表明，这些因素有助于我们理解青少年在少年法律体系中的经历，并且可能成为心理健康和药物使用干预的目标，因为它们可能导致问题行为或负面结果。

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引用次数: 1

The Dark Figure of Delinquency:New Evidence and Its Underlying Psychopathology 犯罪的黑影:新证据及其潜在的精神病理学

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221111328

Molly Minkler, Taea Bonner, M. Delisi, Pedro Pechorro, M. Vaughn

Although research on the dark figure of delinquency has produced valuable quantitative estimates of its size, prior research is mechanistic and atheoretical about the conceptual underpinnings of the crimes that go undetected by the juvenile justice system. Drawing on data from 253 adjudicated youth in residential placements in the Midwestern United States, the current study found that youth self-reported over 25 delinquent offenses for every one police contact. The dark figure of delinquency has a wide distribution with some youth reporting upwards of 290 delinquent offenses per police contact or arrest. Youth who exhibited more psychopathic features, who displayed temperamental profiles characterized by low effortful control and high negative emotionality, males, and those who were older had larger dark figures of delinquency. Findings provide support for general criminological theories that invoke psychopathy or temperament as important individual-level drivers of delinquent conduct, much of which never results in juvenile justice system intervention and thus never achieves legal resolution.

尽管对犯罪黑影的研究已经产生了对其规模的有价值的定量估计，但之前的研究是机械的和理论的，关于青少年司法系统未发现的犯罪的概念基础。根据美国中西部253名被裁定居住的青少年的数据，目前的研究发现，每与警察联系一次，青少年就会自我报告超过25起违法行为。犯罪的黑影分布很广，一些青少年每次与警察接触或逮捕就报告290起以上的犯罪行为。表现出更多精神病态特征的年轻人，表现出以低努力控制和高消极情绪为特征的气质特征的年轻人，男性，以及那些年龄较大的人有更大的犯罪阴影。这些发现为一般的犯罪学理论提供了支持，这些理论认为精神病或气质是犯罪行为的重要个人驱动因素，其中大部分从未导致少年司法系统干预，因此从未实现法律解决。

引用次数: 1

Cascading Effects of Cumulative Trauma: Callous Traits Among Justice Involved Youth 累积创伤的级联效应:参与正义的青少年的冷酷特质

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221101922

Jamie Yoder, A. Tunstall

Youth involved in the juvenile justice system (JJS) have high rates of trauma relative to youth in the general population. Criminological research has posited that callous traits are some of the most prominent risk factors associated with onset and recidivistic criminal behavior. It stands to reason that research should test intermediary variables explaining the connection between cumulative trauma and risks for criminal behavior to better isolate trauma-driven determinants of callous traits. This study employs a structural equation model to test the connections between cumulative trauma, trauma symptoms, behavioral regulation, and callous traits among a sample of JJS involved youth (N = 336). Results revealed there was not a direct relationship between cumulative trauma and callous traits, but there were mediated effects of the variables in portions of the model; the developmental risks resulting from cumulative trauma, specifically trauma symptoms and behavioral regulation increase the likelihood for callous traits. Implications are discussed.

青少年司法系统(JJS)中涉及的青少年相对于一般人群中的青少年有很高的创伤率。犯罪学研究认为，冷酷特征是与犯罪行为的发生和累犯相关的一些最突出的危险因素。因此，研究应该测试解释累积创伤和犯罪行为风险之间联系的中间变量，以更好地隔离创伤驱动的冷酷特征决定因素。本研究采用结构方程模型检验了JJS青少年累积创伤、创伤症状、行为调节和冷酷特质之间的关系。结果表明，累积创伤与骨痂性状之间不存在直接关系，但在部分模型中存在变量的中介效应;累积性创伤，特别是创伤症状和行为调节导致的发育风险增加了冷酷特征的可能性。讨论了影响。

引用次数: 1

Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Predictive Validity of Protective Factors in a Sample of Justice-Involved Youth 司法参与青年样本中保护因素患病率和预测有效性的性别差异

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-05-15 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221089235

J. Goodwin, Shelley L. Brown, T. Skilling

Research on strengths and violent behavior in justice-involved youth suggests that the prevalence and predictive validity of strength factors vary as a function of gender. Interviews conducted between 2009 and 2012 with 185 justice-involved Canadian youth (N female = 84, N male = 101; 67% violent index offence) were coded retrospectively using two strength measures for violence prediction: the protective domain of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), and the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors-Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Males exhibited more protective factors than females across measures. Both tools were strong predictors of general recidivism in males but not females. The SAVRY protective domain was predictive of violent recidivism in males, but the SAPROF-YV was not; neither was predictive of violent recidivism in females. This study demonstrates gender differences in the prevalence and predictive validity of strengths in justice-involved youth and highlights the need for more female-focused research and measures.

对参与司法的青少年的力量与暴力行为的研究表明，力量因素的流行率和预测效度随性别的变化而变化。2009年至2012年间对185名涉及司法的加拿大青年(N名女性= 84,N名男性= 101;使用暴力预测的两种强度测量方法进行回顾性编码:青少年暴力风险结构化评估的保护域(SAVRY)和保护性因素结构化评估-青少年版(saprofo - yv)。男性比女性表现出更多的保护因素。这两种工具都是男性普遍再犯的有力预测指标，而不是女性。SAVRY保护域对男性暴力再犯有预测作用，saprofo - yv无预测作用;两者都不能预测女性的暴力再犯。这项研究表明，在参与司法的青年中，优势的普遍性和预测有效性存在性别差异，并强调需要开展更多以女性为重点的研究和措施。

引用次数: 2

Do Self-Reported Psychopathic Traits Moderate the Relations Between Delinquent History Predictors and Recidivism Outcomes in Juvenile Delinquents? 青少年犯罪史预测因子与再犯结果之间的关系是否有自我报告的精神病态特征的调节作用?

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221100831

Pedro Pechorro, M. Delisi, J. Marôco, M. Simões

The present study investigates whether self-reported psychopathic traits moderate the relationships between delinquent career features (i.e., age of first detention in a juvenile detention center, crime frequency, crime diversity, crime charges, and Conduct Disorder) and 1-year general delinquency and violent delinquency recidivism outcomes. The sample was composed of male youth (N = 214, M = 16.4 years, SD = 1.3 years) originating from the juvenile detention centers managed by the Ministry of Justice of Portugal. Results mostly suggest that neither the Antisocial Process Screening Device––Self-Report total score nor its Callous-Unemotional, Impulsivity, and Narcissism factor scores moderate the relationships between the delinquent career variables and general and violent delinquency recidivism outcomes. The notable exception was the interaction between crime frequency and callous-unemotional traits in predicting general recidivism. The current findings question the relevance of self-reported psychopathic traits as moderators of recidivism among juveniles despite the general association between psychopathy and conduct problems among youth.

本研究调查了自我报告的精神病特征是否调节了犯罪职业特征（即首次被拘留在青少年拘留中心的年龄、犯罪频率、犯罪多样性、犯罪指控和行为障碍）与1年一般犯罪和暴力犯罪累犯结果之间的关系。样本由来自葡萄牙司法部管理的青少年拘留中心的男性青年（N=214，M=16.4岁，SD=1.3岁）组成。结果大多表明，无论是反社会过程筛查设备——自我报告总分还是其Callous Unmotional、Impulsivity和Narcissis因素得分，都不能调节犯罪职业变量与一般和暴力犯罪累犯结果之间的关系。一个值得注意的例外是，在预测一般累犯时，犯罪频率和冷酷无情的特质之间的相互作用。目前的研究结果质疑了自我报告的精神病特征作为青少年累犯调节因素的相关性，尽管精神病与青少年行为问题之间存在普遍联系。

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引用次数: 0

Developing Criminal Propensity? Modeling Developmental Effects of the Code of the Street and Low Self-Control Over Time 发展犯罪倾向?街道规则与低自我控制随时间的模型发展效应

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-05-08 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221096632

Jacob H. Erickson, Andy Hochstetler, Kyle A. Burgason

The code of the street and low self-control are prominent theories of crime. However, there is no research that examines if these criminogenic dispositions inform each other over time. We utilize the G.R.E.A.T. data to analyze the development of street code adherence and low selfcontrol longitudinally. We find a portion of the stability associated with street code adherence and low self-control to be a product of measurement, as evidenced by correlating error terms across waves. Additionally, we find low self-control to be related to increases in street code adherence especially in later waves and, to a lesser extent, we show effects of street code adherence on subsequent levels of low selfcontrol. We also discuss results from analyses split by race, gender, and neighborhood type. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings and argue for the development and utility of a broad measure of criminal propensity.

街头的规范和低自制力是突出的犯罪理论。然而，没有研究表明这些犯罪倾向是否会随着时间的推移而相互影响。我们利用G.R.E.A.T.数据纵向分析了街道代码遵守和低自我控制的发展。我们发现，与街道代码遵守和低自制力相关的部分稳定性是测量的产物，通过跨波的相关误差项可以证明这一点。此外，我们发现低自控力与遵守街道法规的增加有关，尤其是在随后的浪潮中，并且在较小程度上，我们显示了遵守街道法规对随后低自控力水平的影响。我们还讨论了按种族、性别和社区类型划分的分析结果。我们讨论了我们的研究结果的理论含义，并主张发展和利用犯罪倾向的广泛衡量标准。

引用次数: 3

Evidencing Predictors of Adolescent to Parent Violence Re-Offending Through Linkage of Police and Health Records 通过警察和健康记录的联系来证明青少年对父母暴力再次犯罪的预测因素

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-04-27 DOI: 10.1177/15412040221093009

Allison Peck, M. Hutchinson, Steve Provost

Current knowledge about the characteristics of adolescents involved in recidivist adolescent to parent violence offending remains limited. This study employed more than 50,000 linked administrative police (from birth) and health (from age five) data events to examine predictors of adolescent to parent violence recidivism in a geographically-distinct case series of 775 Australian adolescents. The predictive association between adverse childhood experiences, health and police involvement related characteristics and frequency of recidivism was found to vary by sex and level of exposure to parental intimate partner violence. Events occurring before an adolescent’s first offence, including sustained exposure to adverse childhood events and IPV exposure combined with sexual offence victimization, amplified the frequency of re-offending. Developmental life-course trajectories involving family violence verbal arguments, and other antisocial behaviors in mid to late adolescence, had a stronger predictive association with the frequency of re-offending. These results highlighted several key intervention points with adolescents and families across the life course.

目前关于青少年对父母暴力犯罪累犯的特点的认识仍然有限。本研究采用了超过50,000个相关的行政警察(从出生开始)和健康(从5岁开始)数据事件，在775名澳大利亚青少年的地理位置不同的案例系列中检查青少年对父母暴力再犯的预测因素。研究发现，不良童年经历、健康和警察介入相关特征与再犯频率之间的预测关联因性别和接触父母亲密伴侣暴力的程度而异。在青少年第一次犯罪之前发生的事件，包括持续暴露于不利的童年事件和IPV暴露与性犯罪受害相结合，增加了再次犯罪的频率。在青春期中后期，包括家庭暴力、言语争吵和其他反社会行为在内的生命发展轨迹与再次犯罪的频率有着更强的预测关联。这些结果突出了青少年和家庭在整个生命过程中的几个关键干预点。

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引用次数: 0

Families, Mental Health, and Delinquency: Testing Sexual Crime Typologies of Youth Who Sexually Harm 家庭、心理健康和犯罪:性侵害青少年的性犯罪类型测试

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.1177/15412040211073060

Adam Brown, Erin S. Gardner

Researchers have made great strides in identifying risk factors associated with the commission of sexual harm by youth. However, many of the risk factors associated with youth who sexually harm (YSH) are also associated with nonsexual delinquency, making it hard to create typologies of YSH to target prevention and treatment. To eliminate an overlap with nonsexually offending general delinquents, Brown (2019) used latent class analysis to identify four unique classes of youth based only on their sexual crime characteristics. A research implication of Brown's findings was to explore the relationship of the classes to characteristics associated with sexual crime by youth to identify targeted treatment implications and opportunities to prevent sexual crime. In this study, the authors used chi-square analyses and logistic regression to test the relationships of mental health, family factors, concurrent delinquency with the classes identified in Brown's (2019) study using the same sample (N = 573) used by Brown. Findings highlight the potential differing etiology and treatment needs of YSH according to their offense characteristics. Treatment implications and directions for future research are offered.

研究人员在识别与青少年性伤害相关的风险因素方面取得了很大进展。然而，许多与青少年性伤害(YSH)相关的风险因素也与非性犯罪有关，这使得很难建立YSH的类型来针对预防和治疗。为了消除与非性犯罪的一般违法者的重叠，Brown(2019)使用潜在阶级分析，仅根据他们的性犯罪特征来确定四种独特的青年阶级。布朗的研究结果的一个研究意义是探索阶级与青少年性犯罪相关特征的关系，以确定有针对性的治疗建议和预防性犯罪的机会。在这项研究中，作者使用卡方分析和逻辑回归来测试心理健康、家庭因素、同时犯罪与Brown(2019)研究中确定的类别之间的关系，使用Brown使用的相同样本(N = 573)。研究结果强调了YSH的潜在不同病因和治疗需求。提出了今后的研究方向和治疗意义。

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引用次数: 1

Child Delinquency, ACEs, and the Juvenile Justice System: Does Exposure to ACEs Affect Justice System Experiences for Children? 儿童犯罪，王牌和少年司法系统:接触王牌会影响儿童的司法系统经历吗?

IF 3.8 1区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice

Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.1177/15412040211063129

Abigail Novak, Vitoria De Francisco Lopes

Thousands of children ages 12 and under are referred to juvenile justice systems each year, and little is known about how their experiences may differ from those of older youth. The purpose of this study was to compare risk factors associated with juvenile justice referral between children and adolescents and examine differences in adjudication and disposition of referred children and adolescents. The moderating role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) was also examined. Using data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, results suggest children referred to the juvenile justice system are more likely to have experienced greater numbers of ACEs, have family and school problems, and be referred by schools. Results also indicate children and adolescents differ in their experiences within the juvenile justice system, and that experiences vary according to exposure to ACEs. Results suggest juvenile justice system officials should consider the unique needs of children referred to the system and be cognizant of the influence of non-legal factors in decision-making for this population.

每年都有数千名12岁及以下的儿童被移交给少年司法系统，人们对他们的经历与年长青年的经历有何不同知之甚少。本研究的目的是比较儿童和青少年之间与青少年司法转介相关的风险因素，并检查转介儿童和青少年在裁决和处置方面的差异。还研究了不良儿童经历（ACE）的调节作用。利用佛罗里达州少年司法部的数据，结果表明，被移交给少年司法系统的儿童更有可能经历更多的ACE，有家庭和学校问题，并被学校移交。结果还表明，儿童和青少年在少年司法系统中的经历各不相同，而且经历因接触ACE而不同。结果表明，少年司法系统的官员应该考虑到被移交给该系统的儿童的独特需求，并认识到非法律因素对这一群体决策的影响。

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引用次数: 3

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