Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.1177/1541204020984214
M. Delisi, Pedro Pechorro, R. Gonçalves, J. Marôco
Psychopathy and trauma exposure are robustly associated with youth conduct problems, but the interrelation of these constructs is unclear. The objective of the present study is to examine psychopathy mediation effects related to trauma events and trauma reactions and juvenile delinquency, conduct disorder, crime seriousness, and proactive overt aggression outcomes. The sample consisted of N =388 (M = 16.01 years, SD = 1.03 years, age range = 13–18 years) male youths from Portugal. Path analysis procedures revealed that psychopathy partially mediates the relation between trauma events and the juvenile delinquency, conduct disorder, crime seriousness outcomes, and fully mediates the relation between trauma events and the proactive overt aggression outcome. Trauma reactions have no direct significant effect on psychopathy, and psychopathy does not mediate the relation between trauma reactions and the examined outcomes. Research on trauma and adverse childhood experiences should encompass both events and reactions to those events as they have differential associations with psychopathy and externalizing outcomes. Trauma-informed service, supervision, and treatment is essential for understanding antisocial development and psychological maladjustment among youth.
{"title":"Trauma, Psychopathy, and Antisocial Outcomes Among Community Youth: Distinguishing Trauma Events From Trauma Reactions","authors":"M. Delisi, Pedro Pechorro, R. Gonçalves, J. Marôco","doi":"10.1177/1541204020984214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020984214","url":null,"abstract":"Psychopathy and trauma exposure are robustly associated with youth conduct problems, but the interrelation of these constructs is unclear. The objective of the present study is to examine psychopathy mediation effects related to trauma events and trauma reactions and juvenile delinquency, conduct disorder, crime seriousness, and proactive overt aggression outcomes. The sample consisted of N =388 (M = 16.01 years, SD = 1.03 years, age range = 13–18 years) male youths from Portugal. Path analysis procedures revealed that psychopathy partially mediates the relation between trauma events and the juvenile delinquency, conduct disorder, crime seriousness outcomes, and fully mediates the relation between trauma events and the proactive overt aggression outcome. Trauma reactions have no direct significant effect on psychopathy, and psychopathy does not mediate the relation between trauma reactions and the examined outcomes. Research on trauma and adverse childhood experiences should encompass both events and reactions to those events as they have differential associations with psychopathy and externalizing outcomes. Trauma-informed service, supervision, and treatment is essential for understanding antisocial development and psychological maladjustment among youth.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020984214","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45393472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.1177/1541204020976769
B. Young
The consequences of incarceration for juveniles are vast and well-documented. There is some evidence, though, that youth can experience positive transformations, including improvements in dynamic risk during confinement. What we do not yet know is who is the most likely to make such transformations. Using a sample of 7,269 youth housed in residential placement facilities in Florida, this paper examines whether visitation is associated with improvements in dynamic risk during confinement. The results indicate that youth who receive visits and receive them more consistently make greater improvements across nearly all measures of dynamic risk compared to those who do not. Further, there is some evidence that change in dynamic risk mediates the relationship between visitation and recidivism for this group. These findings underscore the importance of continued availability of visitation programs within residential facilities.
{"title":"Change in the Context of Relationships: The Effect of Visitation on Dynamic Risk Change Among Incarcerated Youth","authors":"B. Young","doi":"10.1177/1541204020976769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020976769","url":null,"abstract":"The consequences of incarceration for juveniles are vast and well-documented. There is some evidence, though, that youth can experience positive transformations, including improvements in dynamic risk during confinement. What we do not yet know is who is the most likely to make such transformations. Using a sample of 7,269 youth housed in residential placement facilities in Florida, this paper examines whether visitation is associated with improvements in dynamic risk during confinement. The results indicate that youth who receive visits and receive them more consistently make greater improvements across nearly all measures of dynamic risk compared to those who do not. Further, there is some evidence that change in dynamic risk mediates the relationship between visitation and recidivism for this group. These findings underscore the importance of continued availability of visitation programs within residential facilities.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020976769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45485127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-11DOI: 10.1177/1541204020972487
Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff
The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective factors that effectively serve to mitigate offending among ACE-exposed youth. The current study examines whether cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are themselves associated with a reduction in recidivism among juvenile justice-involved adolescents, and the ability of cumulative PCE to moderate the ACE-recidivism relationship. Results demonstrate, among over 28,000 juvenile offenders, high ACE scores were associated with increased reoffending, and high PCE scores were associated with decreased recidivism, as measured by both rearrest and reconviction. Further, among juveniles with four or more ACEs who have six or more PCEs, reconviction was 23% lower and rearrest 22% lower when compared to those youth with four or more ACEs and less than six PCEs, controlling for a host of demographic and criminal history measures. Findings indicate that among youth with high PCE scores the positive association between ACEs and recidivism is no longer significant. Implications for juvenile justice practice and policy are discussed.
{"title":"Positive Childhood Experiences (PCE): Cumulative Resiliency in the Face of Adverse Childhood Experiences","authors":"Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff","doi":"10.1177/1541204020972487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020972487","url":null,"abstract":"The maltreatment-offending relationship has been well elucidated. Less examined are protective factors that effectively serve to mitigate offending among ACE-exposed youth. The current study examines whether cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are themselves associated with a reduction in recidivism among juvenile justice-involved adolescents, and the ability of cumulative PCE to moderate the ACE-recidivism relationship. Results demonstrate, among over 28,000 juvenile offenders, high ACE scores were associated with increased reoffending, and high PCE scores were associated with decreased recidivism, as measured by both rearrest and reconviction. Further, among juveniles with four or more ACEs who have six or more PCEs, reconviction was 23% lower and rearrest 22% lower when compared to those youth with four or more ACEs and less than six PCEs, controlling for a host of demographic and criminal history measures. Findings indicate that among youth with high PCE scores the positive association between ACEs and recidivism is no longer significant. Implications for juvenile justice practice and policy are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020972487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47787275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1177/1541204020962163
S. Zane
The present study examines whether racial and ethnic disparities in juvenile justice declined significantly in a state that has made substantial reform efforts in compliance with the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) mandate. Using a sample of all referrals in Connecticut with final disposition in 2000 (N = 18,458) or 2010 (N = 12,265), the study employed multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions to assess whether disparities changed over time for five outcomes: detention, petition, adjudication, commitment, and waiver to criminal court. Findings indicated that Black-White disparities in detention decreased over time, while Black-White disparities increased for petition, adjudication, and waiver. Findings also indicated that Hispanic-White disparities increased for adjudication (while not changing for other outcomes). The limited success of the DMC mandate may be explained by implementation failure or theory failure. Adjudicating between these alternative explanations is needed to guide future reform efforts. Several implications for research and policy are discussed, including whether reform efforts should focus on overall harm reduction rather than proportional representation.
{"title":"Have Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice Declined Over Time? An Empirical Assessment of the DMC Mandate","authors":"S. Zane","doi":"10.1177/1541204020962163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020962163","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examines whether racial and ethnic disparities in juvenile justice declined significantly in a state that has made substantial reform efforts in compliance with the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) mandate. Using a sample of all referrals in Connecticut with final disposition in 2000 (N = 18,458) or 2010 (N = 12,265), the study employed multilevel modeling with cross-level interactions to assess whether disparities changed over time for five outcomes: detention, petition, adjudication, commitment, and waiver to criminal court. Findings indicated that Black-White disparities in detention decreased over time, while Black-White disparities increased for petition, adjudication, and waiver. Findings also indicated that Hispanic-White disparities increased for adjudication (while not changing for other outcomes). The limited success of the DMC mandate may be explained by implementation failure or theory failure. Adjudicating between these alternative explanations is needed to guide future reform efforts. Several implications for research and policy are discussed, including whether reform efforts should focus on overall harm reduction rather than proportional representation.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020962163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47614150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.1177/1541204020954264
Carla G. Munoz, Rachael T Perrault, G. Vincent
Various groups have expressed considerable concern about the potential for actuarial risk assessments to exacerbate racial disparities in justice settings. This study examined that potential when using a different approach to risk assessment, structured professional judgment (SPJ), by comparing risk decisions made by evaluators when the examinee’s race was different versus the same as theirs. A large sample of youth (N = 1,308) evaluated on the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) by 137 juvenile probation officers (JPOs) in five states indicated the only moderation effect for the match or mismatch between JPOs’ and youths’ race/ethnicity was in the weight JPOs placed on five (out of 24) risk factors in their overall risk opinions. The match between JPOs' and youths' race had no bearing on JPOs’ final determination of youths’ risk levels. This study lends support for investigating the use of SPJ instruments as a method for minimizing racial bias.
{"title":"Probation Officer Assessments of Risk when the Youth Look Different: Contributions of Structured Professional Judgment to Concerns About Racial Bias","authors":"Carla G. Munoz, Rachael T Perrault, G. Vincent","doi":"10.1177/1541204020954264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020954264","url":null,"abstract":"Various groups have expressed considerable concern about the potential for actuarial risk assessments to exacerbate racial disparities in justice settings. This study examined that potential when using a different approach to risk assessment, structured professional judgment (SPJ), by comparing risk decisions made by evaluators when the examinee’s race was different versus the same as theirs. A large sample of youth (N = 1,308) evaluated on the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) by 137 juvenile probation officers (JPOs) in five states indicated the only moderation effect for the match or mismatch between JPOs’ and youths’ race/ethnicity was in the weight JPOs placed on five (out of 24) risk factors in their overall risk opinions. The match between JPOs' and youths' race had no bearing on JPOs’ final determination of youths’ risk levels. This study lends support for investigating the use of SPJ instruments as a method for minimizing racial bias.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020954264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48900548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-16DOI: 10.1177/1541204020958465
Ashlin Oglesby-Neal, Bryce E. Peterson
Racial inequalities pervade U.S. justice systems and are the focus of a growing body of research. However, there are fewer studies on racial disparities in juvenile justice settings, particularly on decisions points at the “deep end” of the system after youth have been adjudicated delinquent. The current study examines racial disparities in length of stay, institutional misconduct, and community program placement for youth admitted to the Virginia juvenile justice system from 2012–2017. We find that black youth have significantly longer lengths of stay and more serious institutional misconduct than white youth. Controlling for legal and extralegal factors eliminates the disparity for length of stay, but it remains significant for serious institutional misconduct. In recent years, youth of all races are placed into community programs rather than traditional correctional centers at similar rates. Disparities for Hispanic youth and other races are difficult to distinguish because few are admitted to the system.
{"title":"Influence of Race in the Deep End of the Juvenile Justice System","authors":"Ashlin Oglesby-Neal, Bryce E. Peterson","doi":"10.1177/1541204020958465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020958465","url":null,"abstract":"Racial inequalities pervade U.S. justice systems and are the focus of a growing body of research. However, there are fewer studies on racial disparities in juvenile justice settings, particularly on decisions points at the “deep end” of the system after youth have been adjudicated delinquent. The current study examines racial disparities in length of stay, institutional misconduct, and community program placement for youth admitted to the Virginia juvenile justice system from 2012–2017. We find that black youth have significantly longer lengths of stay and more serious institutional misconduct than white youth. Controlling for legal and extralegal factors eliminates the disparity for length of stay, but it remains significant for serious institutional misconduct. In recent years, youth of all races are placed into community programs rather than traditional correctional centers at similar rates. Disparities for Hispanic youth and other races are difficult to distinguish because few are admitted to the system.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020958465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44742715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-13DOI: 10.1177/1541204020939645
H. Zettler
Research has demonstrated a relationship between childhood trauma, violence, and justice involvement. As juvenile justice systems have become more attune to the needs of traumatized youth, a number of trauma-informed treatment programs have been developed to mitigate the effects of trauma. Evaluations of trauma-informed treatment demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing trauma-related symptoms. Further, prior research has found that trauma-informed treatment can reduce behavioral infractions and institutional violence. While there is indirect evidence that trauma-informed treatment reduces juvenile violence and recidivism, no research to date has assessed trauma-informed treatment on behavioral outcomes outside of residential facilities. This systematic review provides an overview of the use trauma-informed treatment in juvenile justice settings and provides recommendations for practice and future research.
{"title":"Much to Do About Trauma: A Systematic Review of Existing Trauma-Informed Treatments on Youth Violence and Recidivism","authors":"H. Zettler","doi":"10.1177/1541204020939645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939645","url":null,"abstract":"Research has demonstrated a relationship between childhood trauma, violence, and justice involvement. As juvenile justice systems have become more attune to the needs of traumatized youth, a number of trauma-informed treatment programs have been developed to mitigate the effects of trauma. Evaluations of trauma-informed treatment demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing trauma-related symptoms. Further, prior research has found that trauma-informed treatment can reduce behavioral infractions and institutional violence. While there is indirect evidence that trauma-informed treatment reduces juvenile violence and recidivism, no research to date has assessed trauma-informed treatment on behavioral outcomes outside of residential facilities. This systematic review provides an overview of the use trauma-informed treatment in juvenile justice settings and provides recommendations for practice and future research.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020939645","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44331103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-08DOI: 10.1177/1541204020939649
Jessica M. Craig
When Editor Trulson asked me to guest edit a special issue of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, I took some time to reflect on how best to position my primary area of interest—developmental criminology—within the scope of the journal’s focus. Some of the more recent work from this paradigm has concentrated on the impact of early traumatic experiences on subsequent offending. Indeed, scholars have demonstrated that those with a higher exposure to early trauma are more likely to be violent juvenile offenders—one of the primary areas of attention for this journal. This special issue thus represented a unique opportunity to ask several of my colleagues to contribute articles on the theme Developmental Perspectives on Youth Violence: The Role of Trauma and Other Life Experiences. I am extremely grateful to each of the authors who contributed to this special issue and believe the work presented in this issue represent an important contribution to the field. The studies are also representative of a wide variety of research designs as they include samples from the US, Canada, and Australia and include not only non-experimental designs but randomized controlled trials as well. While most of the articles in this special issue focused on trauma as traditionally defined, Cardwell and her colleagues focused on trauma not caused by one’s family but instead at the hands of peers. Cardwell et al. studied the intersection between bully victimization and truancy on later violent offending in the context of a randomized control trial of the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) in Queensland, Australia. Prior research has found that bully victimization can have similar impacts on mental health and behavioral outcomes and some argue being bullied should be part of the ACE paradigm. This article represents an important extension of our understanding of trauma to include school-based experiences, particularly given the significant association the researchers found between bullying victimization and violent behavior. Some of the articles in the current issue examined the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and offending. First, Craig and Zettler relied upon a sample of institutionalized serious adjudicated delinquents and found the impact of ACEs on violent offending differed by offense type as well as the offender sex and race/ethnicity. For instance, while ACEs were found to increase the likelihood of reoffending with sexual violence or domestic violence, it had no impact on murder or aggravated assault. These results suggested the impact of trauma is not consistent across groups and further research is needed to understand potential mechanisms in the ACE-offending relationship.
{"title":"Letter From Guest Editor","authors":"Jessica M. Craig","doi":"10.1177/1541204020939649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204020939649","url":null,"abstract":"When Editor Trulson asked me to guest edit a special issue of Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, I took some time to reflect on how best to position my primary area of interest—developmental criminology—within the scope of the journal’s focus. Some of the more recent work from this paradigm has concentrated on the impact of early traumatic experiences on subsequent offending. Indeed, scholars have demonstrated that those with a higher exposure to early trauma are more likely to be violent juvenile offenders—one of the primary areas of attention for this journal. This special issue thus represented a unique opportunity to ask several of my colleagues to contribute articles on the theme Developmental Perspectives on Youth Violence: The Role of Trauma and Other Life Experiences. I am extremely grateful to each of the authors who contributed to this special issue and believe the work presented in this issue represent an important contribution to the field. The studies are also representative of a wide variety of research designs as they include samples from the US, Canada, and Australia and include not only non-experimental designs but randomized controlled trials as well. While most of the articles in this special issue focused on trauma as traditionally defined, Cardwell and her colleagues focused on trauma not caused by one’s family but instead at the hands of peers. Cardwell et al. studied the intersection between bully victimization and truancy on later violent offending in the context of a randomized control trial of the Ability School Engagement Program (ASEP) in Queensland, Australia. Prior research has found that bully victimization can have similar impacts on mental health and behavioral outcomes and some argue being bullied should be part of the ACE paradigm. This article represents an important extension of our understanding of trauma to include school-based experiences, particularly given the significant association the researchers found between bullying victimization and violent behavior. Some of the articles in the current issue examined the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and offending. First, Craig and Zettler relied upon a sample of institutionalized serious adjudicated delinquents and found the impact of ACEs on violent offending differed by offense type as well as the offender sex and race/ethnicity. For instance, while ACEs were found to increase the likelihood of reoffending with sexual violence or domestic violence, it had no impact on murder or aggravated assault. These results suggested the impact of trauma is not consistent across groups and further research is needed to understand potential mechanisms in the ACE-offending relationship.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204020939649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41735515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1177/1541204019883922
Xuexin Xu, Dongdong Li, C. Chu, G. Chng, Kala Ruby
This study examined youth probationers’ risk profiles at the start and the end of probation and the types of transition in risk profiles over time. It further identified the association between the transition types, their adverse family background as well as their probation completion status. Using a sample of 935 youth probationers in Singapore, a latent transition analysis was conducted based on seven dynamic domains captured in the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0. Based on the risk profiles, three subgroups of youths were identified: (1) the “De-escalators” had reduced risk in one or multiple domains; (2) the “Persistors” continued to have moderate risk in most domains; and (3) the “Escalators” showed an increase in risk levels in one or multiple domains. Compared to the De-escalators, the Persistors and Escalators were less likely to complete their probation orders. Further analysis revealed that youths from nonintact families or families with conviction history showed higher relative risk in being Persistors. These findings contribute to our understanding on the changes in probationers’ risk profiles over time and provide information for early and more targeted intervention efforts.
{"title":"Understanding Changes in Youth Offenders’ Risk Profiles: A Latent Transition Analysis","authors":"Xuexin Xu, Dongdong Li, C. Chu, G. Chng, Kala Ruby","doi":"10.1177/1541204019883922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204019883922","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined youth probationers’ risk profiles at the start and the end of probation and the types of transition in risk profiles over time. It further identified the association between the transition types, their adverse family background as well as their probation completion status. Using a sample of 935 youth probationers in Singapore, a latent transition analysis was conducted based on seven dynamic domains captured in the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 2.0. Based on the risk profiles, three subgroups of youths were identified: (1) the “De-escalators” had reduced risk in one or multiple domains; (2) the “Persistors” continued to have moderate risk in most domains; and (3) the “Escalators” showed an increase in risk levels in one or multiple domains. Compared to the De-escalators, the Persistors and Escalators were less likely to complete their probation orders. Further analysis revealed that youths from nonintact families or families with conviction history showed higher relative risk in being Persistors. These findings contribute to our understanding on the changes in probationers’ risk profiles over time and provide information for early and more targeted intervention efforts.","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1541204019883922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49475106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01Epub Date: 2019-10-31DOI: 10.1177/1541204019880945
Paul Hemez, John J Brent, Thomas J Mowen
A growing body of research has evoked the life-course perspective to understand how experiences in school relate to a wide range of longer term life outcomes. This is perhaps best typified by the notion of the school-to-prison pipeline which refers to a process by which youth who experience punitive punishment in schools are increasingly enmeshed within the criminal justice system. While this metaphor is commonly accepted, few studies have examined the extent to which exclusionary school discipline significantly alters pathways toward incarceration as youth transition into young adulthood. Applying a life-course perspective and leveraging 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how school suspensions influence the odds of imprisonment during young adulthood. Mixed-effects longitudinal models demonstrate that receiving a suspension serves as a key turning point toward increased odds of incarceration, even after accounting for key covariates including levels of criminal offending. However, results show that repeated suspensions do not appear to confer additional risk of incarceration. Results carry implications for the ways in which school punishment impacts youths' life-course.
{"title":"Exploring the School-to-Prison Pipeline: How School Suspensions Influence Incarceration During Young Adulthood.","authors":"Paul Hemez, John J Brent, Thomas J Mowen","doi":"10.1177/1541204019880945","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1541204019880945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A growing body of research has evoked the life-course perspective to understand how experiences in school relate to a wide range of longer term life outcomes. This is perhaps best typified by the notion of the school-to-prison pipeline which refers to a process by which youth who experience punitive punishment in schools are increasingly enmeshed within the criminal justice system. While this metaphor is commonly accepted, few studies have examined the extent to which exclusionary school discipline significantly alters pathways toward incarceration as youth transition into young adulthood. Applying a life-course perspective and leveraging 15 waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study examines how school suspensions influence the odds of imprisonment during young adulthood. Mixed-effects longitudinal models demonstrate that receiving a suspension serves as a key turning point toward increased odds of incarceration, even after accounting for key covariates including levels of criminal offending. However, results show that repeated suspensions do not appear to confer additional risk of incarceration. Results carry implications for the ways in which school punishment impacts youths' life-course.</p>","PeriodicalId":47525,"journal":{"name":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8277150/pdf/nihms-1706891.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39184526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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