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Analyzing the Release of Juvenile Lifers: Is There a Miller Effect? 分析青少年无期徒刑犯的释放:是否存在米勒效应?
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231222425
Stuti S. Kokkalera, Wesley T. Smith, Beatriz Amalfi Wronski
In the 2012 decision in Miller v. Alabama, the U.S. Supreme Court directed states to provide a “meaningful opportunity to obtain release” to juvenile lifers—one that acknowledges their lesser culpability and rehabilitative potential. In the state examined, the parole board revised its decision-making guidelines in 2014 by incorporating the Miller ruling. Logistic regression and survival analyses were employed to examine parole outcomes. Hearings that took place in the post- Miller period and the candidate’s rehabilitative status were associated with a higher likelihood of release. A candidate’s rehabilitative efforts were also associated with the amount of time taken to decide grant or denial of release, as were factors related to the candidate’s sentencing offense such as time served and opposition at the parole hearing. Overall, the guidelines representing the Miller ruling seem to have influenced the outcome as well as the speed at which decisions are reached by the parole board.
在2012年 "米勒诉阿拉巴马州 "一案的裁决中,美国最高法院指示各州为少年无期徒刑犯提供 "有意义的获释机会"--承认他们较轻的罪责和改过自新的潜力。在所研究的这个州,假释委员会在 2014 年修订了其决策指南,将米勒案的裁决纳入其中。我们采用了逻辑回归和生存分析来研究假释结果。在米勒案判决后期间举行的听证会以及候选人的改过自新状况与较高的获释可能性相关。候选人的改造努力也与决定批准或拒绝假释所需的时间有关,与候选人的判刑罪行有关的因素,如服刑时间和假释听证会上的反对意见,也与此有关。总体而言,代表米勒裁决的准则似乎影响了假释委员会做出决定的结果和速度。
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引用次数: 0
Adolescent Domestic Violence Referrals and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Race and Sex Differences 青少年家庭暴力转介和不良童年经历:种族和性别差异
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231219997
Shelby Gilbreath, Yusen Cheng, Vitoria de Francisco Lopes, Abigail Novak
Following the implementation of mandatory arrest policies for domestic violence in the 1990s, the number of youth – particularly girls – referred to juvenile justice systems for domestic violence (DV) increased. Though adolescent DV perpetration and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) share many of the same outcomes, and youth DV perpetration is thought to occur more frequently in abusive home environments, the link between ACEs and DV referral for juveniles is under-examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ACEs and DV referral using data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, as well as identify gender and race/ethnicity differences in referral risk by ACEs. According to results, ACEs were associated with DV referral and this relationship was stronger for girls. Latino/a youth also experienced the greatest risk of referral relative to ACEs exposure. Implications for policy makers and practitioners are discussed.
在1990年代实施针对家庭暴力的强制逮捕政策之后,因家庭暴力而被移交少年司法系统的青少年,特别是女孩的人数有所增加。虽然青少年家暴和不良童年经历(ace)有许多相同的结果,而且青少年家暴被认为在虐待家庭环境中更频繁发生,但青少年家暴和家暴转诊之间的联系尚未得到充分研究。本研究的目的是利用佛罗里达州少年司法部门的数据来检验ace与家庭暴力转诊之间的关系,并确定ace转诊风险的性别和种族/民族差异。结果显示,不良经历与家庭暴力转诊相关,且这种关系在女孩中更为明显。拉丁裔/a青年也经历了与ace暴露相关的最大转诊风险。讨论了对政策制定者和实践者的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of a Court-Ordered Violence Prevention Program for Gun-involved Youths 针对涉枪青少年的法院强制暴力预防计划的评估
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231216703
N. Hipple, Theodore S. Lentz
As youth gun violence continues to plague marginalized US communities, knowledge about “what works” to prevent injury and illegal gun activity within this population remains a contentious and pressing issue. This study investigates the impacts of Project Life—an education-based youth gun violence prevention program—on recidivism outcomes for a sample of 368 youths in Indianapolis, Indiana, between 2015 and 2019. We conducted retrospective outcome analyses to compare youths who completed the program (83%) to youths who did not complete the program. We find that youths who completed the program were significantly less likely to recidivate with a gun violence offense within an average follow-up period of 1.5 years following enrollment in the program. Youths who spent more time incarcerated and had a parent who was incarcerated were at higher recidivism risk when controlling for prior history of offending and other key risk factors. These nonexperimental findings show short-term promise for education-based violence prevention programming for youths at risk with fewer concerns of widening the net of carceral punishment.
由于青少年枪支暴力问题一直困扰着美国的边缘化社区,因此,了解在这一人群中预防伤害和非法枪支活动的 "有效方法 "仍然是一个有争议且紧迫的问题。本研究调查了 "生命项目"(一项基于教育的青少年枪支暴力预防计划)对印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯市 368 名青少年在 2015 年至 2019 年间累犯结果的影响。我们进行了回顾性结果分析,将完成计划的青少年(83%)与未完成计划的青少年进行了比较。我们发现,完成计划的青少年在参加计划后平均 1.5 年的随访期内再次犯下枪支暴力罪行的可能性大大降低。在控制之前的犯罪史和其他关键风险因素的情况下,被监禁时间更长、父母一方被监禁的青少年再次犯罪的风险更高。这些非实验性研究结果表明,针对高危青少年开展以教育为基础的暴力预防计划具有短期前景,同时也减少了扩大监禁惩罚网的担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Does the Worst of Both Worlds Effect Run Through Cognition? Testing Perceived Peer Delinquency/Drug Use and Moral Neutralization as Mediating Mechanisms 两个世界的最坏影响是否贯穿认知?测试感知同伴犯罪/吸毒和道德中和作为中介机制
1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231213570
Glenn D. Walters
In an effort to understand the mechanisms responsible for the worst of both worlds (WBW) effect wherein drug-crime comorbidity leads to significantly more future adjustment problems than either crime or drug use alone, a multiple-mediator path analysis was performed. This study consisted of a multivariate analysis of four waves of data from the Gang Reduction and Education Training (GREAT) study provided by 2900 (1412 boys, 1488 girls) respondents. There was approximately one year between each adjacent wave. It was determined that the WBW effect was the result of linkages between two first-stage mediators (perceived peer delinquency and perceived peer drug use) and one second-stage mediator (moral neutralization). From these results it was surmised that drug-crime comorbidity led to increased perceived and actual peer deviance which then fueled a rise in moral neutralization beliefs through social learning and cognitive channels. The rise in neutralization beliefs, in turn, enhanced the child’s odds of becoming involved in future delinquency. Given that the perceived peer delinquency and peer drug use main effects and their interaction predicted a rise in moral neutralization, the effect of perceived peer deviance on antisocial cognition appears to be both cumulative and interactive.
为了理解造成“两全其美”效应的机制,在这种效应中,毒品犯罪共病比单独犯罪或吸毒导致更多的未来适应问题,我们进行了多中介路径分析。本研究包括对来自2900名(1412名男孩,1488名女孩)受访者提供的帮派减少和教育培训(GREAT)研究的四波数据进行多变量分析。每次相邻的波浪之间大约有一年的间隔。研究发现,WBW效应是两个第一阶段中介(感知同伴犯罪和感知同伴吸毒)和一个第二阶段中介(道德中和)之间联系的结果。从这些结果可以推测,毒品犯罪的共病导致感知和实际同伴越轨行为的增加,然后通过社会学习和认知渠道推动道德中立信念的上升。中立信念的增加反过来又增加了孩子未来犯罪的几率。鉴于感知同伴犯罪和同伴吸毒的主效应及其相互作用预测了道德中和的上升,感知同伴偏差对反社会认知的影响似乎是累积的和相互作用的。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Family Factors in the Outcomes of Court-Involved Youth. 家庭因素在涉事青少年诉讼结果中的作用
IF 1.5 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231179110
Elizabeth M Olsen, Laura B Whiteley, Kayla K Giorlando, Nancy Beausoleil, Marina Tolou-Shams, Christianne Esposito-Smythers, Larry K Brown

Court-involved youth (CIY) comprise a significant portion of the U.S. population and have a high prevalence of psychiatric illness and substance use. Youth delinquency has also been associated with family variables and parenting practices. However, it is not known which family factors are most relevant to behavioral outcomes in CIY mandated to outpatient mental health treatment. Self-report measures from 163 CIY (M = 15.19 years; 58.3% male) starting psychiatric care in two U.S. cities were utilized in a cross-sectional analysis to examine the association of parental monitoring and family functioning with the severity and variety of delinquent acts. Results demonstrate that parental monitoring is significantly associated with the delinquent behavior of CIY in mental health treatment, beyond that of psychiatric symptoms and substance use. Improved understanding of influential family factors can enhance tailoring of existing interventions to ensure that they are relevant to the needs of CIY, especially those in psychiatric treatment.

涉及法庭的年轻人(CIY)在美国人口中占很大一部分,精神疾病和药物使用的患病率很高。青少年犯罪也与家庭变量和养育子女的做法有关。然而,在门诊精神健康治疗的CIY中,哪些家庭因素与行为结果最相关尚不清楚。在一项横断面分析中,使用了美国两个城市163名开始接受精神病治疗的CIY(M=15.19岁;58.3%男性)的自我报告测量,以检验父母监督和家庭功能与犯罪行为的严重性和多样性之间的关系。结果表明,即使在控制了精神症状和药物使用后,父母的监测也与CIY在心理健康治疗中的不良行为显著相关。更好地了解有影响的家庭因素可以加强对现有干预措施的调整,以确保它们与CIY的需求相关,特别是那些在精神治疗中的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Babies Having Babies: Incarcerated Adolescent Parents and Their Emotional Well-Being 生儿育女:被监禁的青少年父母及其情感幸福
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231191725
B. Young, Brie Diamond
Adolescent parents have been the subject of scrutiny for decades, with a great deal of research focused on how these young parents adjust to their new roles. There is one group of adolescent parents about which we know next to nothing, though: incarcerated adolescent parents. To fill this gap, the current study examines whether parental status affects the emotional well-being (e.g., mental health diagnoses and suicidal tendencies) of incarcerated adolescent parents. We also consider whether these effects are gendered. Results suggest that adolescent parents, especially young mothers, have worsened mental health during incarceration. This effect was most pronounced for suicidal tendencies. These results underscore the importance of providing additional supports for young parents within juvenile facilities. Doing so could not only improve the safety and security of these confinement facilities but improve the long-term outcomes of these young parents and their offspring.
几十年来,青少年父母一直是人们关注的对象,大量的研究集中在这些年轻父母如何适应他们的新角色上。然而,有一类青少年父母我们几乎一无所知:被监禁的青少年父母。为了填补这一空白,目前的研究调查了父母身份是否会影响被监禁的青少年父母的情感健康(例如,心理健康诊断和自杀倾向)。我们还考虑了这些影响是否有性别差异。结果表明,青少年父母,特别是年轻母亲,在监禁期间心理健康状况恶化。这种影响在自杀倾向中最为明显。这些结果强调了在少管所为年轻父母提供额外支持的重要性。这样做不仅可以提高这些禁闭设施的安全性,还可以改善这些年轻父母及其后代的长期结果。
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引用次数: 0
Disparities in Youth Arrest Across Racial and Ethnic Subgroups 青少年逮捕在种族和民族亚群体中的差异
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231186337
Peter S. Lehmann, Ryan C. Meldrum
An extensive body of research suggests that youth of color are more likely to experience an arrest than their White counterparts. Theoretically, these findings have been understood, at least in part, as the result of the differential deployment of law enforcement to areas with higher Black and Hispanic concentrations as well as stereotyped attributions of dangerousness and threat implicitly assigned to these suspects by police before and during encounters. However, previous studies typically have employed conventional racial/ethnic categorizations, which might obscure potential nuances in arrest disparities across subgroups. Using data on a statewide representative sample of adolescents from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey ( N = 54,611), these analyses reveal that the likelihood of a self-reported arrest is greatest among Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, Dominican, and non-Hispanic Black youth. Further, Mexican and Puerto Rican adolescents have a higher risk of experiencing an arrest than members of other Hispanic subgroups.
大量研究表明,有色人种青年比白人青年更容易被捕。从理论上讲,这些发现至少在一定程度上是可以理解的,因为在黑人和西班牙裔人口集中的地区,执法人员的部署存在差异,而且警察在遇到这些嫌疑人之前和期间隐含地赋予了这些嫌疑人危险和威胁的刻板印象。然而,以前的研究通常采用传统的种族/民族分类,这可能会掩盖亚群体之间逮捕差异的潜在细微差别。利用2018年佛罗里达州青少年药物滥用调查(N = 54,611)的全州代表性青少年样本数据,这些分析显示,海地、西印度/加勒比、多米尼加和非西班牙裔黑人青年自我报告被捕的可能性最大。此外,墨西哥和波多黎各的青少年比其他西班牙裔群体的成员有更高的被捕风险。
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引用次数: 1
A Statewide Analysis of the Impact of Restitution and Fees on Juvenile Recidivism in Florida Across Race & Ethnicity 全州范围内对佛罗里达州跨种族青少年累犯的赔偿和费用影响分析
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-04 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231180816
A. Piquero, Michael T. Baglivio, Kevin T. Wolff
Whether the imposition of monetary sanctions is related to juvenile recidivism is explored overall and across race and ethnicity. Leveraging a statewide sample, logistic regression was used to predict fees and restitution assignment based on youth/case characteristics, hierarchical linear and logistic random-effects regression examined the association between neighborhood characteristics with fees and restitution, and propensity score matching examined whether fees and/or restitution are related to reoffending. No race/ethnic differences were found in the proportion of youth receiving court fees, yet when fees were administered both Black and Hispanic youth received higher fees. Neighborhood characteristics have minimal impact on whether (or the amounts) monetary sanctions were assigned. Post-matching, fees increased recidivism, as did being Black or Hispanic. Interactions between race/ethnicity and both fees and restitution showed Black youth with restitution had a higher recidivism likelihood. Monetary sanctions imposed on youth involved in the juvenile justice system has a potential deleterious impact on recidivism.
对实施货币制裁是否与青少年再犯有关进行了全面和跨种族的探讨。利用全州范围内的样本,逻辑回归用于预测基于青少年/案件特征的费用和赔偿分配,分层线性和逻辑随机效应回归检验了邻里特征与费用和赔偿之间的关系,倾向得分匹配检验了费用和/或赔偿是否与再犯有关。在收取法庭费用的青少年比例上,没有发现种族/民族差异,但在收取费用时,黑人和西班牙裔青少年的费用都较高。邻里特征对是否(或金额)实施货币制裁的影响最小。配对后,费用增加了累犯率,黑人或西班牙裔也是如此。种族/民族与罚金和罚金之间的相互作用表明,有罚金的黑人青年有更高的再犯可能性。对参与少年司法系统的青少年施加的金钱制裁对再犯有潜在的有害影响。
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引用次数: 0
Head Injury and Antisocial Personality Features in a Sample of Juvenile Detainees 青少年在押人员头部损伤与反社会人格特征
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-03 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231181349
Victoria Laugalis, Eric J. Connolly
Previous research has reported high prevalence rates of head injury amongst juvenile justice involved youth and relations between head injury and different forms of offending. However, little is currently known about the extent to which head injury is associated with antisocial personality features – characteristics that are strongly correlated with adult antisocial personality disorder symptomatology. The current study aimed to address this void in the existing body of research by analyzing a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees ( N = 881) to examine the relationship between head injury during childhood or early adolescence and a wide range of antisocial personality features in late adolescence. Results from a series of logistic regression models reveal that head injury is associated with impulsivity and aggression more than other features of antisocial personality. The implications of these results for juvenile justice intervention programming and avenues for future research are discussed.
先前的研究报告了青少年司法中头部受伤的高患病率,以及头部受伤与不同形式的犯罪之间的关系。然而,目前对头部损伤与反社会人格特征的关联程度知之甚少,而反社会人格特征与成人反社会人格障碍的症状学密切相关。本研究旨在通过对青少年在押人员(N = 881)的纵向样本进行分析,以探讨儿童或青少年早期头部损伤与青少年后期各种反社会人格特征之间的关系,从而弥补现有研究中的这一空白。一系列的logistic回归模型结果表明,脑损伤与冲动性和攻击性的关系大于反社会人格的其他特征。这些结果对青少年司法干预规划的意义和未来研究的途径进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Prosecutor Decision-Making Following Juvenile Life Without Parole Sentencing Reform 少年不得假释终身监禁量刑改革后的检察官决策
IF 3.8 1区 社会学 Q2 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231173345
Leah Ouellet, Jennifer Wareham
Prosecutors play an integral role in implementing sentencing reform measures in the United States. Following the Supreme Court’s recent restrictions of the use of life without parole sentences for juveniles (JLWOP), county prosecutors in Michigan were tasked with initiating resentencing proceedings by filing sentencing motions for individuals who were currently serving JLWOP (so-called “juvenile lifers”). These motions intimated whether, following the changes in sentencing policy, the prosecutor sought a new life without parole sentence or if they consented to the default term-of-years sentence that would allow a juvenile lifer an opportunity for release. In this paper, we analyze the best-fitting characteristics predicting prosecutor filing decisions. Guided by the focal concerns framework, we ultimately find evidence that prosecutors made filing decisions in ways that were consistent with their existing decision-making schema, relying on characteristics that aligned with typical conceptions of blameworthiness and dangerousness. Prosecutors’ decisions were not associated with characteristics reflecting the new guidance or mitigative logics provided by Supreme Court’s rulings, such as age and immaturity. We conclude that prosecutors’ implementation of sentencing reform measures is constrained by the extent that new policy parameters overlap with existing focal concerns and provide several policy recommendations for addressing this issue.
在美国,检察官在执行量刑改革措施方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。在最高法院最近限制对少年犯(JLWOP)使用无假释终身监禁的判决之后,密歇根州的县检察官的任务是通过对目前在JLWOP服刑的个人(所谓的“少年犯”)提出量刑动议,启动重审程序。这些动议表明,在量刑政策改变之后,检察官是否寻求新的终身监禁不得假释的判决,或者他们是否同意默认的刑期,这将使少年犯有机会获释。本文分析了预测检察官立案决定的最佳拟合特征。在焦点关注框架的指导下,我们最终发现证据表明,检察官以与其现有决策模式一致的方式做出立案决定,依赖于与典型的可责备性和危险性概念相一致的特征。检察官的判决与反映大法院判决提供的新指导或减轻逻辑的特征无关,例如年龄和不成熟。我们得出结论,检察官实施量刑改革措施受到新政策参数与现有焦点问题重叠程度的限制,并为解决这一问题提供了一些政策建议。
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引用次数: 0
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Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
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