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Understanding demographic and economic patterns in sparsely populated areas – a global typology approach 了解人口稀少地区的人口和经济模式——一种全球类型学方法
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2103445
Dávid Karácsonyi, A. Taylor
ABSTRACT Sparsely Populated Areas are perceived as regions with the least human impact but the greatest potential for change. For some decades, the human geography of sparsely populated areas has attracted studies seeking to explain and differentiate their economic and demographic polarization in comparison to respective national averages. Evaluation of the economic, demographic and social progression of these sparsely populated areas is however obfuscated by the absence of globally agreed definitions on the qualifying criteria and, concurrently, inconsistent nomenclature to identify such regions internationally. Therefore, the aim of this study is to demonstrate the capacity for a globally consistent typology to identify the economic and demographic patterns in common, but within very different environmental constraints and institutional frameworks. To do so we focus on first-tier subnational geographical units with extremely low population densities and apply multivariable typology to understand and differentiate the key demographic and economic issues for sparsely populated areas. Using multivariable typology we identify three types of demographic and economic patterns as ‘marginal’, ‘semi’ and ‘very remote’ sparsely populated areas. The results emphasize the diversity of circumstances among these areas as a result of their past economic and demographic trajectories, but also as functions of institutional and political constraints.
人口稀少的地区被认为是人类影响最小,但变化潜力最大的地区。几十年来,人口稀少地区的人文地理吸引了一些研究,试图解释和区分这些地区的经济和人口两极分化,并与各自的国家平均水平进行比较。然而,对这些人口稀少地区的经济、人口和社会进展的评价由于缺乏关于合格标准的全球商定的定义,以及同时在国际上确定这些区域的命名不一致而变得模糊不清。因此,本研究的目的是证明一种全球一致的类型学的能力,以确定共同的经济和人口模式,但在非常不同的环境约束和制度框架下。为此,我们将重点放在人口密度极低的一线次国家地理单位上,并应用多变量类型学来理解和区分人口稀少地区的关键人口和经济问题。使用多变量类型学,我们确定了三种类型的人口和经济模式,即“边缘”、“半”和“非常偏远”的人口稀少地区。研究结果强调,这些地区由于其过去的经济和人口发展轨迹,以及体制和政治限制的作用,情况各不相同。
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引用次数: 1
Caught in between and in transit: forced and encouraged (im)mobilities during the Covid-19 pandemic in Longyearbyen, Svalbard 夹在中间和过境:斯瓦尔巴群岛朗伊尔城2019冠状病毒病大流行期间被迫和鼓励(非)流动
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2097937
Dina Brode-Roger, Jasmine Zhang, Alexandra Meyer, Zdenka Sokolíčková
ABSTRACT When Europe shut down due to the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020, Longyearbyen, the main settlement of Svalbard, was moving from a coal-based economy to one based on science and tourism. The remote location of the Svalbard archipelago in the High Arctic makes it an isolated, secure haven from the chaos worldwide. But this renders its population vulnerable should the virus come since there are neither facilities to care for the sick nor other nearby communities to help in case of need. Svalbard, with its special territorial status, is in a unique geopolitical situation where people are free to come and go. Longyearbyen is an inherently transient space with a highly mobile population. Based on interview narratives of participants’ lived experiences in Longyearbyen during the pandemic (both in-person and online), this paper explores how forced and encouraged (im)mobilities impacted their individual life choices during the pandemic. Participants’ stories revealed systemic inequalities and vulnerabilities in Longyearbyen that were heightened and exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic. By combining minor theory with politics of mobility, this paper aims to add to the discussion within mobilities studies on how the personal, emotional responses to these situations are linked to decisions about mobility.
2020年3月,当欧洲因Covid-19大流行而关闭时,斯瓦尔巴群岛的主要定居点朗伊尔城正在从以煤炭为基础的经济转向以科学和旅游业为基础的经济。斯瓦尔巴群岛地处北极高纬度地区,地理位置偏远,使其成为与世隔绝的安全避风港,远离世界各地的混乱。但这使得它的人口在病毒到来时变得脆弱,因为既没有照顾病人的设施,也没有其他附近社区在需要时提供帮助。斯瓦尔巴群岛具有特殊的领土地位,处于独特的地缘政治环境中,人们可以自由进出。朗伊尔城是一个具有高度流动性的人口固有的短暂空间。根据参与者在大流行期间在朗伊尔城的生活经历(包括面对面和在线)的访谈叙述,本文探讨了大流行期间强迫和鼓励(非)流动如何影响他们的个人生活选择。参与者的故事揭示了朗伊尔城的系统性不平等和脆弱性,这种不平等和脆弱性因Covid-19大流行而加剧和加剧。通过将次要理论与流动性政治相结合,本文旨在增加流动性研究中的讨论,即个人对这些情况的情绪反应如何与流动性决策相关联。
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引用次数: 2
Visualizing the European migrant crisis on social media: the relation of crisis visualities to migrant visibility 在社交媒体上可视化欧洲移民危机:危机可视化与移民可见性的关系
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-09 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2098156
Pavel Doboš
ABSTRACT The paper analyses popular geographical imageries of the European migrant crisis. It focuses on visualities that shaped discussions about the event among Czech Facebook users with anti-immigration attitudes. The paper elaborates on the co-production of migrants’ visibility and visualities that depict them in certain ways. Visuality influences visibility and shapes what it means for people (who are represented by images) to be visible in certain ways when seen by another people (who observe and consume the images). Here, we analyse how cartographic visualizations and the practice of montage of images produce meanings and affects that make migrants either visible only as abusers of the Czech social welfare system (linking migrants in a racist way to the Roma minority) or visible only as dehumanized raging Muslim invaders that resemble more machine-like beings. These interpretations are explained with references to historical specificities of the Czech context. A user-made, film-like sci-fi video of the crisis is also analysed carefully to demonstrate its imaginary of a collapsing Western Europe, where raging invaders dominate. Presenting migrants’ visuality as invaders links these racist and Islamophobic attitudes to migrants’ visibility as enemies and targets to be killed, not pitiable human beings to be helped.
摘要:本文分析了欧洲移民危机的流行地理图像。它关注的是那些在持反移民态度的捷克Facebook用户中形成讨论的视觉效果。本文详细阐述了以某种方式描绘移民的可见性和视觉性的共同生产。视觉性影响可见性,并塑造人们(被图像所代表的人)在被另一个人(观察和消费图像的人)看到时以某种方式可见的意义。在这里,我们分析了地图可视化和图像蒙太奇的实践如何产生意义和影响,使移民要么只被视为捷克社会福利制度的滥用者(以种族主义的方式将移民与罗姆少数民族联系起来),要么只被视为非人性化的愤怒的穆斯林入侵者,更像机器。这些解释是根据捷克的历史特点来解释的。一段用户制作的、类似电影的关于危机的科幻视频也被仔细分析,以展示它对一个崩溃的西欧的想象,在那里,愤怒的入侵者占主导地位。将移民形象描绘成入侵者,将这些种族主义和伊斯兰恐惧症的态度与移民形象联系在一起,将他们视为敌人和被杀害的目标,而不是需要帮助的可怜人。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the green geographies of welfare planning: an introduction 重新审视福利规划的绿色地理:导论
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2101137
J. Pries, Mattias Qviström
ABSTRACT The history and legacy of green planning of the welfare era have largely been overlooked within research, or critiqued due to its limited urban qualities and poor design. This omission has left its role in the development of the Welfare society largely unexplored. Therefore, this special issue revisits the green geographies of welfare planning, to reveal its importance as a matter of welfare and as a set of geographies that goes beyond the contemporary norm of the compact city. The revisits take two forms: historical studies to elucidate the original ideas and geographies of the planning, and revisits to sites currently challenged by new urban or planning ideals. This introduction presents the papers, reflects on previous research, and concludes with a few comments on the need for further studies on green planning and the landscape legacy of the welfare era.
福利时代绿色规划的历史和遗产在研究中很大程度上被忽视了,或者由于其有限的城市质量和糟糕的设计而受到批评。这一遗漏使其在福利社会发展中的作用在很大程度上未得到探索。因此,这期特刊重新审视了福利规划的绿色地理,揭示了它作为福利问题的重要性,以及作为一组超越当代紧凑城市规范的地理。故地重游有两种形式:通过历史研究阐明规划的原始理念和地理位置,以及对当前受到新城市或规划理想挑战的地点进行故地重游。这篇引言介绍了论文,回顾了以前的研究,并总结了一些关于绿色规划和福利时代景观遗产进一步研究的必要性的评论。
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引用次数: 0
The geography of innovation in times of crisis: a comparison of rural and urban RDI patterns during COVID-19 危机时期的创新地理:2019冠状病毒病期间农村和城市RDI模式比较
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2093252
T. Makkonen, T. Mitze
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引用次数: 4
Situating spatial justice in counter-urban lifestyle mobilities: relational rural theory in a time of crisis 反城市生活方式流动中的空间正义:危机时期的关系乡村理论
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2086895
Bryonny Goodwin‐Hawkins, M. Mahon, M. Farrell, Rhys Dafydd Jones
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has renewed the rural idyll, as urban-dwellers seek greener, safer spaces. If the counter-urban trend appears for novel reasons, it does so along lifestyle mobilities’ well-worn paths. These paths often depend upon spatial inequalities. Yet, despite awareness that inequalities undergird mobilities, spatial inequalities have remained under-theorized in the lifestyle mobilities literature. This article remedies the gap through the concept of spatial justice. Initially asserting the ‘right to’ urban space, spatial justice has been recently re-thought at a regional scale, and is an emerging interpretation of rural marginalization and redress. As a normative concept, however, spatial justice risks simplistically measuring the distribution and presuming sedentarism. By applying spatial justice to lifestyle mobilities pre-pandemic and looking ahead to future shifts, we offer a nuanced, relational perspective on the theory and the field. Through qualitative case studies from rural and peripheral regions in Wales and Ireland, we show how inequalities and mobilities are complex and inter-related, with significant implications for regional sustainability, cohesion and identity. As the discourse of being ‘all in this together' has rapidly unravelled, we argue that theorizing spatial inequalities is an urgent task for futures beyond recovery – and that lifestyle mobilities are deeply implicated.
随着城市居民寻求更绿色、更安全的空间,2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行刷新了农村的田园牧歌。如果说反城市趋势的出现是出于新奇的原因,那么它是沿着生活方式流动的老路出现的。这些路径往往取决于空间不平等。然而,尽管人们意识到不平等是流动性的基础,但在生活方式流动性的文献中,空间不平等仍然缺乏理论化。本文通过空间正义的概念来弥补这一差距。空间正义最初主张城市空间的“权利”,最近在区域尺度上被重新思考,是对农村边缘化和补救的一种新兴解释。然而,作为一个规范性概念,空间正义有可能简单地衡量分布和假定久坐主义。通过将空间正义应用于流行病前的生活方式流动,并展望未来的变化,我们提供了一个关于理论和领域的微妙的、相关的视角。通过对威尔士和爱尔兰农村和周边地区的定性案例研究,我们展示了不平等和流动性是如何复杂和相互关联的,对区域可持续性、凝聚力和身份具有重要影响。随着“所有人都在一起”的话语迅速瓦解,我们认为,将空间不平等理论化是未来经济复苏之后的一项紧迫任务,而生活方式的流动性与此密切相关。
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引用次数: 2
Spatial preferences and counterurbanization in Temuco, Chile: between the pleasure of the natural and residential anonymity 智利特木科的空间偏好与反城市化:在自然愉悦与住宅匿名之间
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2082312
Félix Rojo-Mendoza
ABSTRACT Counterurbanization tends to be associated with the mid-upper and upper classes moving from cities to rural areas. However, the persistent desire for housing, the permeation of the neoliberal model throughout all society based on the principle of universal consumption, and the exhaustion many people feel with urban life, have ended up relativizing the traditional correspondence between social class, capital, and habitus. This paper describes the narratives of projective spatial preferences in rural areas among different social classes in Temuco, one of the most important cities in Chile. After analyzing 30 interviews, the results point to a spatial preference for the rural areas of the city in all social classes, which in turn is sustained in the value placed on the social isolation that suburban areas offered, a feature that is appreciated even more than the natural amenities provided by these places.
反城市化往往与中上层和上层阶级从城市迁移到农村地区有关。然而,对住房的持久渴望,基于普遍消费原则的新自由主义模式在整个社会的渗透,以及许多人对城市生活的疲惫,最终使社会阶层、资本和习惯之间的传统对应关系相对化。本文描述了智利最重要的城市之一特穆科不同社会阶层对农村地区投射空间偏好的叙述。在分析了30个访谈后,结果指出了所有社会阶层对城市农村地区的空间偏好,这反过来又体现在郊区提供的社会隔离的价值上,这一特征甚至比这些地方提供的自然设施更受欢迎。
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引用次数: 0
‘Conditions in landscape which the public as a whole wishes to see and enjoy’ – electricity generation, amenity and welfare in post-war Britain “公众作为一个整体希望看到和享受的景观条件”——战后英国的发电、设施和福利
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-22 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2065646
Luca Csepely-Knorr
ABSTRACT In his 1975 article about planning and the Welfare State, Malcolm Harrison identified ‘specific social benefits’ as ‘possible welfare objectives’ of town and country planning in post-WW2 Britain. Some of these social benefits, such as the need for recreation, and the right to leisure facilities became key goals of Government policy and State-sponsored planning projects. Growing emphasis on leisure and recreation as part of an ‘improved quality of life’ and the increasing mobility and affluence also led to growing importance of opportunities for rural recreation and access to and preservation of the countryside. Through a series of case studies, this paper examines how these welfare objectives were materialized in the designed landscapes created around coal-fired power stations in Britain, commissioned by the nationalized Central Electricity Generating Board between 1957 and 1970. It will analyse how statutory duties towards workers’ welfare and environmental consciousness resulted in the involvement of the profession of landscape architecture, and how this helped the Board to navigate its duty to preserve the countryside as well as safeguarding the needs of communities.
在1975年关于计划与福利国家的文章中,马尔科姆·哈里森(Malcolm Harrison)将“特定的社会利益”确定为二战后英国城镇和乡村规划的“可能的福利目标”。其中一些社会福利,例如娱乐的需要和使用休闲设施的权利,成为政府政策和国家赞助的规划项目的主要目标。越来越多的人强调休闲和娱乐是“提高生活质量”的一部分,流动性和财富的增加也使得乡村娱乐的机会以及进入和保护乡村的机会变得越来越重要。通过一系列的案例研究,本文考察了这些福利目标是如何在1957年至1970年间由国有化的中央发电委员会委托的英国燃煤发电站周围设计的景观中实现的。它将分析对工人福利和环保意识的法定责任如何导致景观设计专业的参与,以及这如何帮助董事会履行保护乡村和保障社区需求的职责。
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引用次数: 1
A technocratic road to spatial justice? The standard as planning knowledge and the making of postwar Sweden’s welfare landscapes 一条通往空间正义的技术官僚之路?标准是规划知识和战后瑞典福利景观的形成
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-04-17 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2044883
J. Pries
ABSTRACT This article analyses the politics of spatial justice in the knowledge-making practices of planning expertise in postwar Sweden. The paper traces the genealogy of ‘standards’ in modern Swedish planning, arguing that this was a fundamental form of planning knowledge which came to articulate a ‘universalist’ politics of justice. Standards were constructed as a way to measure and make complex calculations about a range of ‘needs’, making the overarching goal of planning to address the universal human needs measured by standards. This technocratic articulation of justice had limitations. Standards often proved difficult for grassroots groups to contest this expertise, but were a mode of knowledge well-suited to corporate interests looking to influence planners to make space for their standardized consumer products. These tensions came to the fore in the planning of postwar Sweden's green outdoor spaces, where the standards for car users played a crucial role in shaping the landscape and planners hesitated to define national standards for areas such as parks and green space provision. Expert knowledge such as standards might, then, be a powerful tool to systematically shape space according to a particular articulation of justice, yet Sweden’s technocratic road to spatial justice also exemplifies the dangers of this approach.
本文分析了战后瑞典规划专家知识制造实践中的空间正义政治。本文追溯了现代瑞典规划中“标准”的谱系,认为这是规划知识的一种基本形式,它阐明了正义的“普遍主义”政治。标准是作为一种衡量和对一系列“需求”进行复杂计算的方法而构建的,使规划的总体目标是解决通过标准衡量的人类普遍需求。这种技术官僚式的司法表述有其局限性。对于草根团体来说,标准往往很难与这种专业知识相抗衡,但这是一种非常适合企业利益的知识模式,它们希望影响规划者,为它们的标准化消费产品腾出空间。这些紧张关系在战后瑞典绿色户外空间的规划中脱颖而出,汽车使用者的标准在塑造景观方面发挥了至关重要的作用,规划者在为公园和绿地供应等领域定义国家标准方面犹豫不决。因此,标准等专业知识可能是根据特定的正义表达系统地塑造空间的有力工具,然而,瑞典通往空间正义的技术官僚之路也体现了这种方法的危险。
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引用次数: 1
The topological arrangements of Nijmegen’s ‘Walk of the World’: from a military march to ‘martial entrepreneurialism’ 奈梅亨“世界漫步”的拓扑安排:从军事行军到“军事创业”
IF 1.4 4区 社会学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-27 DOI: 10.1080/04353684.2022.2050275
K. Aparna, Bas Hendrikx, A. Lagendijk
ABSTRACT Since 1916, the Dutch city of Nijmegen annually organizes the Four-Day Marches, the world’s largest international walking event, shaping the city along the way. This paper studies the ‘coeval becoming’ of the March and city through the lens of ‘glocal’ topological arrangements, drawing on a ‘wheeling’ racialized assemblage perspective. This wheeling, we argue, scripts Nijmegen and its March through four topological arrangements: Nijmegen as Host, Nijmegen as Global Node, Nijmegen as Haunted Body, and Nijmegen as Empty Green. In conclusion, we find a strong emphasis on able-bodies and branding, yielding a characterization of ‘martial entrepreneurialism’.
自1916年以来,荷兰奈梅亨市每年都会举办为期四天的步行大游行,这是世界上最大的国际步行活动。本文通过“全球局部”拓扑安排的视角,利用“轮转”种族化组合的视角,研究了三月和城市的“同步演变”。我们认为,这种轮转将奈梅亨及其发展历程描绘为四种拓扑安排:奈梅亨作为宿主,奈梅亨作为全球节点,奈梅亨作为闹鬼的身体,奈梅亨作为空绿。总之,我们发现他们非常强调身体健全和品牌化,从而产生了一种“军事创业主义”的特征。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Geografiska Annaler Series B-Human Geography
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