Global Strategy Journal最新文献

A perspective on three trade-offs of blockchain technology for the global strategy of the MNC 区块链技术对跨国公司全球战略的三种权衡视角

IF 5.7 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2024-06-09 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1509

Tuuli Hakkarainen, Anatoli Colicev, Torben Pedersen

Research Summary

New technology plays a key role in shaping the global strategy of the MNC. We propose a perspective on how and why a novel technological development—blockchain technology—and its relevant applications affect the global strategy of the MNC. We focus on the trade-offs associated with cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, and blockchain data, and provide several real-world examples. While cryptocurrencies could lower financial costs and broaden consumers' payment options, they require new investments in cybersecurity and payment infrastructure. Smart contracts could increase trust in collaboration due to their automated, transparent, and inflexible rules, but their rigidity can harm collaboration. Finally, while blockchain data can enhance the MNC's analytics capabilities, it can also jeopardize consumer privacy.

Managerial Summary

Is blockchain technology all hype or a useful advancement for global firms? We propose that this technology has merits and drawbacks for financial transactions, collaboration, and data analytics. Cryptocurrencies have stolen the headlines and several leading organizations have already added them as payment methods. Their merits include lower transaction fees, better security, and higher speed, but they require expensive infrastructure and carry a stigma. Smart contracts can streamline agreements between parties but lack the flexibility that global firms need when interacting with suppliers and partners. Novel blockchain data can be plugged into marketing dashboards but can also threaten consumer privacy. Overall, the jury is still out on the role of blockchain technology for global firms.

新技术在塑造跨国公司的全球战略方面发挥着关键作用。我们从一个视角来探讨新技术的发展--区块链技术及其相关应用如何以及为什么会影响跨国公司的全球战略。我们将重点放在与加密货币、智能合约和区块链数据相关的权衡上，并提供了几个现实世界中的例子。虽然加密货币可以降低金融成本，扩大消费者的支付选择，但需要对网络安全和支付基础设施进行新的投资。智能合约因其自动、透明、规则不灵活，可以提高合作中的信任度，但其僵化性可能会损害合作。最后，虽然区块链数据可以增强跨国公司的分析能力，但也可能危及消费者隐私。区块链技术究竟是炒作还是全球企业的有益进步？我们认为，区块链技术在金融交易、合作和数据分析方面各有利弊。加密货币抢占了头条新闻，一些主要组织已经将其作为支付方式。它们的优点包括交易费用更低、安全性更高、速度更快，但它们需要昂贵的基础设施，并带有污名。智能合约可以简化各方之间的协议，但缺乏灵活性，而这正是全球企业与供应商和合作伙伴互动时所需要的。新颖的区块链数据可以插入营销仪表板，但也可能威胁到消费者的隐私。总之，区块链技术对全球企业的作用尚无定论。

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引用次数: 0

Inward FDI and local firms' political connections in emerging markets: Evidence from China 新兴市场中的外来直接投资与当地企业的政治关系：来自中国的证据

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1503

Meitong Dong, Pengcheng Ma, Lin Cui

Research Summary

Research on the spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) into emerging markets has primarily focused on local firms' productivity or innovation outcomes while overlooking their nonmarket strategies. Based on the resource dependence theory, we propose that inward FDI has a U-shaped impact on local firms' political connections. This is because when FDI is at a low to medium level, its spillover benefits substitute for local firms' dependence on government resources. As FDI further increases, its competitive threats outweigh spillover benefits, driving local firms to a greater dependence on the government to neutralize the threats. This relationship is contingent on external and internal factors altering resource similarity between FDI and local government. Our analyses of Chinese listed firms support our predictions.

Managerial Summary

This study delves into how firms in emerging markets respond to inward FDI, particularly focusing on the role of political connections as a nonmarket strategy. Our findings offer valuable insights for both local firms and governments, providing a holistic view of the opportunities and challenges associated with inward FDI. We advise local firms to adopt a balanced approach by integrating both market and nonmarket strategies to maximize benefits, as relying solely on political connections may not be the most effective way to address the challenges posed by inward FDI. Additionally, our research emphasizes the importance of evaluating the resources provided by inward FDI against those provided by local governments, as the similarity of these resources alters the role of inward FDI as perceived by local firms.

有关外国直接投资（FDI）对新兴市场溢出效应的研究主要集中在当地企业的生产率或创新成果上，而忽略了他们的非市场战略。基于资源依赖理论，我们提出，外来直接投资对当地企业的政治联系具有 U 型影响。这是因为当外国直接投资处于中低水平时，其溢出效益会替代本地企业对政府资源的依赖。随着外国直接投资的进一步增加，其竞争威胁超过了外溢效益，促使当地企业更加依赖政府来化解威胁。这种关系取决于改变外国直接投资与地方政府之间资源相似性的外部和内部因素。我们对中国上市公司的分析支持了我们的预测。本研究深入探讨了新兴市场中的企业如何应对外来直接投资，尤其关注政治关系作为一种非市场战略的作用。我们的研究结果为当地企业和政府提供了有价值的见解，提供了与外来直接投资相关的机遇和挑战的整体视角。我们建议当地企业采取一种平衡的方法，将市场和非市场战略结合起来，以实现利益最大化，因为仅仅依靠政治关系可能不是应对外来直接投资带来的挑战的最有效方法。此外，我们的研究还强调了评估外来直接投资提供的资源与当地政府提供的资源的重要性，因为这些资源的相似性会改变当地企业对外来直接投资作用的看法。

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引用次数: 0

MNCs' corporate social irresponsibility and foreign subsidiary performance 跨国公司的企业社会责任与外国子公司的绩效

IF 5.7 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1502

N. Nuruzzaman, Erin E. Makarius, Debmalya Mukherjee, Ajai Gaur

Research Summary

Building on the cognitive view of stakeholder evaluation, we propose that multinational corporations' (MNCs') socially irresponsible acts transcend geographic boundaries and negatively affect foreign subsidiary performance. Moreover, we propose that foreign subsidiaries' product innovation and marketing campaigns create strategic noise in the information space that can mitigate the negative effect of MNCs' corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) incidents occurring elsewhere on the performance of their foreign subsidiaries. We test our arguments on 335 subsidiaries of 42 multinational grocery retailers from 18 different home countries. Our analyses, based on a sample of 2185 subsidiary-year observations over the period of 9 years (2012–2020), largely support our core argument that CSI incidents negatively influence the sales growth of foreign subsidiaries.

Managerial Summary

This research underscores the importance for MNC managers to be cognizant of the potential fallout from CSI incidents. With the global spread of information, MNCs' misconduct that occurs elsewhere can quickly impact the sales growth of foreign subsidiaries. The study found that product or service innovations are more effective than marketing campaigns in managing reputational damage, emphasizing the value of genuine, capability-enhancing strategies. Furthermore, the findings highlight the interconnectedness between socially responsible practices and innovation, suggesting that MNCs and their subsidiaries should focus on maintaining strong ethical standards while simultaneously fostering an environment conducive to innovation. This approach not only addresses the adverse effects of CSI but also strengthens the MNC's overall standing with its stakeholders.

基于利益相关者评价的认知观点，我们提出跨国公司不负社会责任的行为会超越地理界限，并对外国子公司的绩效产生负面影响。此外，我们还提出，国外子公司的产品创新和营销活动会在信息空间中产生战略噪音，从而减轻跨国公司在其他地方发生的不负社会责任事件对其国外子公司绩效的负面影响。我们以来自 18 个不同母国的 42 家跨国杂货零售商的 335 家子公司为研究对象，检验了我们的论点。我们的分析基于 9 年间（2012-2020 年）2185 个子公司年观察样本，在很大程度上支持了我们的核心论点，即 CSI 事件会对国外子公司的销售增长产生负面影响。随着信息的全球传播，跨国公司在其他地方发生的不当行为会迅速影响到国外子公司的销售增长。研究发现，在管理声誉损害方面，产品或服务创新比营销活动更有效，这强调了真正的能力提升战略的价值。此外，研究结果还强调了社会责任实践与创新之间的相互联系，建议跨国公司及其子公司在营造有利于创新的环境的同时，应注重保持强有力的道德标准。这种方法不仅能消除 CSI 的不利影响，还能提高跨国公司在利益相关者心目中的整体地位。

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引用次数: 0

The microfoundations of international commitment decisions: Creating joint opportunity meanings 国际承诺决策的微观基础：创造共同的机会含义

IF 5.7 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1501

Mikael Eriksson, Esther Tippmann

Research Summary

Despite a vast body of theory on internationalization processes, little is known about the microfoundations of how firms deal with internal groups' diverse views when trying to make international commitment decisions. Drawing on the concept of opportunity formation and a detailed case study, we develop a model that shows how, under the condition of diverse internal meanings, firms can make an international commitment decision by creating “joint opportunity meanings.” We show how imagination plays an essential role in achieving this decision. Our study contributes to global strategy in multiple ways, including detailing some microfoundations of internationalization process theory, assessing group-level dynamics in global strategy decision-making, and advancing insights into the relationship between opportunity formation and imagination.

Managerial Summary

This paper explains how global organizations can reach a decision to commit to an opportunity in a foreign market in a situation characterized by disagreement among internal groups. We found how it was critical to move from diverse views on an opportunity to joint opportunity meanings, whereby the groups mutually accomplish a description of the opportunity with an agreed and common terminology that is ambiguous enough to accommodate remaining diversity in views. In this process, managers' forward-looking imaginations, in combination with socialization and symbolic actions, were crucial. Our paper highlights how local ideas in complex multinationals can be spread with the intent to reach key decision-makers and how firms can reach sufficiently overlapping meanings that enable them to strategically move forward while allowing for the plurality of views that multinationals often exhibit.

尽管有大量关于国际化进程的理论，但人们对企业在试图做出国际承诺决策时如何处理内部群体不同观点的微观基础知之甚少。借鉴机会形成的概念和详细的案例研究，我们建立了一个模型，说明在内部意见不一的情况下，企业如何通过创造 "联合机会意见 "来做出国际承诺决策。我们展示了想象力如何在实现这一决策的过程中发挥重要作用。我们的研究在多个方面为全球战略做出了贡献，包括详细阐述了国际化进程理论的一些微观基础，评估了全球战略决策中的集团层面动态，并推进了对机会形成与想象力之间关系的深入了解。

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引用次数: 0

All politics starts local: Liability of stateness and subnational labor markets 一切政治始于地方：国家责任与国家以下各级劳动力市场

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1500

Cheng Li, Klaus Meyer

State-controlled acquirers face a liability of stateness (LoS) because host country stakeholders consider them less legitimate and as representatives of foreign political power. We argue that due to LoS, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) face more regulatory scrutiny in cross-border acquisitions than comparable private-owned enterprises (POEs). Applying a voting behavior perspective, we further posit this increased regulatory scrutiny is reduced when acquisitions occur via intermediaries, and in host communities less averse to state ownership due to local labor conditions. Using a sample of cross-border acquisitions with acquirers from 44 economies and targets in 50 US states, we find that SOEs are 9% more likely to attract additional regulatory scrutiny than POEs. However, this likelihood decreases with indirect acquisitions and in host regions with high unemployment.

国有控股收购方面临国有责任（LoS），因为东道国利益相关者认为它们的合法性较低，是外国政治权力的代表。我们认为，由于国有责任，国有企业在跨国收购中面临的监管审查要多于同类私营企业。从投票行为的角度出发，我们进一步假设，如果收购是通过中介机构进行的，而且收购所在的社区由于当地的劳动力条件不那么排斥国有企业，那么这种监管审查的增加就会减少。通过对来自 44 个经济体的收购方和美国 50 个州的目标企业的跨境收购进行抽样调查，我们发现国有企业比私营企业更有可能受到额外的监管审查，后者的可能性要高出 9%。然而，这种可能性在间接收购和高失业率的东道国地区会降低。

引用次数: 0

Cross-investments by multinationals: A new perspective 跨国公司的交叉投资：新视角

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1499

Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson

Research Summary

Cross-flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) occur when firms invest in each other's home countries, affecting the terms of competition in each market. They are explained by internalization theory but have never been comprehensively investigated. This article models cross-investment in a duopoly with differentiated products. The firms decide whether to enter each market and whether to serve it through trade or local production. The model combines firm-, country-, and industry-level factors. It places cross-investment in the wider context of cross-sourcing, including cross-trading and asymmetric sourcing. It reveals different forms of cross-investment rather than being limited to cross-multidomestic. Overall, cross-investment is favored by highly differentiated products, low comparative advantage, large markets, high trade costs, and low costs of FDI.

Managerial Summary

Cross-investment, where firms conduct FDI into each other's home countries, is an important phenomenon but has received little recent attention in international business literature. This article seeks, through mathematical modeling, to establish a better understanding of it in the wider context of cross-sourcing. This helps to show how the strategy of the individual firm fits with those of the other firms in an international industry and how different possible industry structures and performance levels result. It includes choices over the locations from which markets are served being a potential source of first-mover advantage. For instance, committing to producing in a country could reduce the cost of serving its market, potentially altering the equilibrium outcome in favor of the first mover.

外国直接投资（FDI）的交叉流动是指企业在彼此的母国进行投资，从而影响每个市场的竞争条件。内部化理论可以解释这种现象，但从未对其进行过全面研究。本文对具有差异化产品的双头垄断中的交叉投资进行建模。企业决定是否进入每个市场，以及是通过贸易还是本地生产为市场提供服务。模型结合了企业、国家和行业层面的因素。它将交叉投资置于交叉采购（包括交叉贸易和非对称采购）的大背景下。它揭示了交叉投资的不同形式，而不仅仅局限于跨多国投资。总体而言，产品差异化程度高、比较优势低、市场规模大、贸易成本高、外国直接投资成本低，都有利于交叉投资。

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引用次数: 0

Responsibility boundaries and the governance of global value chains: The interplay of efficiency, ethical, and institutional pressures in global strategy 责任边界与全球价值链治理：全球战略中效率、道德和制度压力的相互作用

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-11-03 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1498

Thomas DeBerge

Research Summary

I explore the relationship of firm global strategy and global value chain (GVC) governance, within a context of expanding responsibility boundaries for unethical practices in the value chain. Specifically, focusing on the tantalum supply chain within the digital electronics GVC, I conduct a case-based process study that contextualizes the different strategic responses of three manufacturers of tantalum capacitors when faced with similar efficiency, ethical, and institutional pressures. Integrating the GVC and global strategy literatures, I find that structural inertia in GVCs limits the efficacy of strategies that preserve, rather than alter, the governance structure, instead requiring a strategic restructuring carried out by individual firms, whose internalization of responsibility boundaries is encouraged by the institutionalization of these boundaries through public policy.

Managerial Summary

Unethical practices within global value chains are increasingly becoming the responsibility of firms with no direct control over such practices, leading to growing pressures for firms to alter their global strategies to meet social and institutional demands. Research has focused on strategies that preserve the structure of the value chain, despite questions about the efficacy of these approaches. By looking at the case of “conflict minerals” within the digital electronics value chain, this study finds that inherent flaws in value chain structures, which managers can identify, require individual firms to implement strategies that change the structure of the value chain, specifically by increasing ownership and control over the linkages where unethical practices occur and encouraging public policies that add value to these strategies.

研究摘要在价值链中不道德行为的责任边界不断扩大的背景下，我探讨了企业全球战略与全球价值链（GVC）治理之间的关系。具体而言，我以数字电子产品全球价值链中的钽供应链为重点，开展了一项基于案例的过程研究，对三家钽电容器制造商在面临类似的效率、道德和制度压力时所采取的不同战略对策进行了分析。结合全球价值链和全球战略的相关文献，我发现全球价值链中的结构惯性限制了那些维护而非改变治理结构的战略的有效性，相反，需要各个公司进行战略重组，而公共政策对责任边界的制度化又鼓励了这些公司将责任边界内部化。管理总结全球价值链中的不道德行为越来越多地成为企业的责任，而企业却无法直接控制这些行为，这导致企业面临越来越大的压力，需要改变其全球战略，以满足社会和制度的要求。尽管这些方法的有效性受到质疑，但研究的重点还是放在维护价值链结构的战略上。通过研究数码电子产品价值链中的 "冲突矿产 "案例，本研究发现，价值链结构中的固有缺陷（管理者可以识别这些缺陷）要求各个公司实施改变价值链结构的战略，特别是通过增加对发生不道德做法的环节的所有权和控制权，以及鼓励为这些战略增加价值的公共政策。

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引用次数: 0

Scarce resources or damaged goods? On the legitimacy of laid-off workers following MNC failure 稀缺资源还是受损商品？论跨国公司失败后下岗工人的合法性

IF 5.7 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1497

Kristina Vaarst Andersen, Mark Lorenzen, Agnieszka Urszula Nowinska

Research Summary

We contribute to theorizing global human resource strategy by analyzing the mobility of workers laid off due to the failure of a MNC employer. The job opportunities of laid-off workers are affected by their industry legitimacy. Focusing on scarce specialized workers, we propose that prospective MNC employers share an interest in retaining such workers' legitimacy. However, in the light of organizational failure, they may suffer from cross-border legitimacy loss conditioned by their former employer's MNC structure—specifically, their former organizational units or geographical locations. We present an illustrative case study of traders laid off by a spectacular bankruptcy in the global bunker industry. This inspires a discussion of how MNC top management can manipulate worker legitimacy following an organizational failure.

Managerial Summary

Strategic hiring of globally mobile scarce specialized workers is central to global human resource strategy. We analyze what drives the legitimacy and mobility of such workers after being laid off by a bankruptcy of their former employer. We demonstrate that laid off workers experience comparatively high legitimacy loss when they were previously assigned to an MNC organizational unit or geographical location where other workers were suspected of being responsible for failure. This weakens their bargaining position vis-a-vis a prospective employer. We present an illustrative case study of traders laid off by a spectacular bankruptcy in the global bunker oil industry.

研究摘要我们通过分析因跨国公司雇主倒闭而下岗的工人的流动性，为全球人力资源战略的理论化做出了贡献。下岗工人的就业机会受其行业合法性的影响。针对稀缺的专业工人，我们提出，未来的跨国公司雇主都希望保留这些工人的合法性。然而，在组织失败的情况下，他们可能会受到其前雇主的跨国公司结构--特别是其前组织单位或地理位置--的影响而遭受跨国合法性损失。我们介绍了一个具有说明性的案例研究，研究对象是因全球船用燃料行业破产而下岗的贸易商。这启发我们讨论跨国公司高层管理者如何在组织失败后操纵工人的合法性。管理总结战略性雇佣全球流动的稀缺专业工人是全球人力资源战略的核心。我们分析了被前雇主破产解雇的工人的合法性和流动性的驱动因素。我们的研究表明，如果被解雇的员工之前被分配到跨国公司的一个组织单位或地理位置，而其他员工被怀疑对失败负有责任，那么他们就会经历相对较高的合法性损失。这削弱了他们与未来雇主讨价还价的地位。我们介绍了一个说明性案例研究，研究对象是因全球船用燃油行业的重大破产而下岗的贸易商。

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引用次数: 0

Cross-border acquisitions by sovereign wealth funds: A legitimacy-based view 主权财富基金的跨境收购:基于合法性的观点

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1496

Samuele Murtinu, Vittoria G. Scalera, Roger Strange

Research Summary

Drawing on institutional economics and the legitimacy-based view of political risk, we investigate the factors determining the realization of cross-border investments by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), whose investments often suffer from a lack of legitimacy in host countries. Using matching models on all the realized and potential investments, we find that investments are more likely to materialize when the SWF home country and the host country enjoy cordial political relations or are involved in a trade agreement. Contrary to the theoretical predictions, SWF politicization does not per se represent an impediment to the realization of investments. Rather, it has a negative effect on the likelihood of an investment's realization only in the presence of trade agreements.

Managerial Summary

A recent trend in the global economy is the increasing cross-border investment activity undertaken by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), large investment vehicles where financial and political goals often co-exist. On the grounds of possible financial or political destabilization, SWFs' cross-border investments attract scrutiny and suspicion in host countries, hindering their realization. We analyze SWF- and country-level factors that may determine the successful realization of SWFs' cross-border acquisitions. We suggest that managers ex ante select target firms and host countries by considering their fund's governance and degree of independence from home-country politics in interaction with bilateral (home-host country) political and economic relations, so as to secure legitimacy for their investments and maximize the chances that cross-border investment strategies may materialize.

基于制度经济学和基于合法性的政治风险观点，我们研究了决定主权财富基金(SWFs)跨境投资实现的因素，这些基金的投资往往在东道国缺乏合法性。通过对所有已实现和潜在投资的匹配模型，我们发现，当主权财富基金母国与东道国享有友好的政治关系或参与贸易协定时，投资更有可能实现。与理论预测相反，主权财富基金政治化本身并不构成投资实现的障碍。相反，只有在存在贸易协定的情况下，它才会对投资实现的可能性产生负面影响。全球经济最近的一个趋势是，主权财富基金(SWFs)进行的跨境投资活动日益增多。主权财富基金是金融和政治目标往往并存的大型投资工具。由于可能造成金融或政治不稳定，主权财富基金的跨境投资在东道国受到审查和怀疑，阻碍了它们的实现。我们分析了主权财富基金和国家层面的因素，这些因素可能决定主权财富基金跨境收购的成功实现。我们建议基金经理在选择目标公司和东道国时，应考虑其基金的治理状况以及在与双边(东道国)政治和经济关系的互动中对母国政治的独立程度，以确保其投资的合法性，并最大限度地提高跨境投资战略实现的机会。

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引用次数: 0

Networks of internationalizing digital platforms in physical place and digital space 物理场所和数字空间的国际化数字平台网络

IF 7.6 2区管理学 Q1 BUSINESS

Global Strategy Journal

Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.1002/gsj.1495

Tamara Galkina, Irina Atkova, Francesca Ciulli

Research Summary

The existing literature provides contradictory evidence on how digital platform firms establish network relations for internationalization. Some studies argue that they all but obviate the need for traditional relations in physical places. Others argue that these firms can suffer from overreliance on online interactions in digital space. We examine the coexistence of the network relations of international digital platform firms in physical place and digital space. Our multiple-case study identifies three coexistence mechanisms: reinforcement, separation, and simulation. These mechanisms are conditioned by three respective modes of bordering between physical place and digital space: soldering, interosculation, and division. We contribute to the network approach to internationalization and formulate implications for the concepts of location and borders in international business.

Managerial Summary

International digital platform firms establish traditional network relations in physical places and rely heavily on online interactions in digital space. However, how do they combine their networking activities in these two localities? We examine the coexistence of the network relations of international digital platform firms in physical place and digital space and identify three coexistence mechanisms: reinforcement, separation, and simulation. These mechanisms are conditioned by three respective modes of bordering between physical place and digital space: soldering, interosculation, and division. We show that international platform companies, despite being digital in nature, are well advised to pay attention to not only digital but also actual physical networking, and that they come to see these as mutually nurturing.

现有文献对数字平台企业如何建立国际化网络关系提供了相互矛盾的证据。一些研究认为，它们几乎消除了在物理场所建立传统关系的必要性。其他人则认为，这些公司可能会因过度依赖数字空间中的在线互动而遭受损失。我们研究了国际数字平台公司在物理场所和数字空间的网络关系共存。我们的多案例研究确定了三种共存机制:强化、分离和模拟。这些机制是由物理空间和数字空间之间的三种各自的边界模式所制约的:焊接、相互接触和分割。我们为国际化的网络方法做出了贡献，并为国际商业中的位置和边界概念制定了含义。国际数字平台公司在实体场所建立传统的网络关系，严重依赖数字空间中的在线互动。然而，他们如何将这两个地区的网络活动结合起来呢?我们研究了国际数字平台公司在物理场所和数字空间中的网络关系共存，并确定了三种共存机制:强化、分离和模拟。这些机制是由物理空间和数字空间之间的三种各自的边界模式所制约的:焊接、相互接触和分割。我们表明，尽管国际平台公司本质上是数字化的，但我们建议它们不仅要关注数字网络，还要关注实际的物理网络，并且它们将这两者视为相互促进的关系。

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引用次数: 0