Aiping Zhou, Xiao Zhang, Weichen Li, Muhammad Wasif Zafar
The energy transition (ET) is one of the major components of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. Based on the growing recognition of the need for sustainable energy, this study aims to investigate the influence of natural resource rent, energy prices (EPs), financial development (FD), trade and economic growth on the ET from 1990 to 2021 in N‐11 countries. The study employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares techniques for the panel data analysis. These test findings revealed that natural resources rent, EPs, trade and economic growth are positively and significantly associated with ET. It indicates that these factors' are essential in promoting the shift towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. Whereas FD has a negative relationship with the ET, which underscores the need for targeted interventions and policy measures to address the challenges faced by financial systems. Moreover, the Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality test results declared the bidirectional association between natural resources and FD, economic growth and EPs and trade with all other variables. The study's outcomes suggest policy implications to promote and accelerate the ET process towards a greener and more sustainable future.
{"title":"Unveiling the synergy: How natural resources, energy prices and financial development drive the energy transition in N‐11 countries","authors":"Aiping Zhou, Xiao Zhang, Weichen Li, Muhammad Wasif Zafar","doi":"10.1111/rode.13138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13138","url":null,"abstract":"The energy transition (ET) is one of the major components of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7. Based on the growing recognition of the need for sustainable energy, this study aims to investigate the influence of natural resource rent, energy prices (EPs), financial development (FD), trade and economic growth on the ET from 1990 to 2021 in N‐11 countries. The study employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares techniques for the panel data analysis. These test findings revealed that natural resources rent, EPs, trade and economic growth are positively and significantly associated with ET. It indicates that these factors' are essential in promoting the shift towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. Whereas FD has a negative relationship with the ET, which underscores the need for targeted interventions and policy measures to address the challenges faced by financial systems. Moreover, the Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality test results declared the bidirectional association between natural resources and FD, economic growth and EPs and trade with all other variables. The study's outcomes suggest policy implications to promote and accelerate the ET process towards a greener and more sustainable future.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The idea that there are gendered differences in corruption in the political arena is common. Two explanations for these differences include risk aversion and network effects. However, business leaders include a self‐selected group of individuals that are comparatively risk‐tolerant and well‐connected. Using firm‐level data for 144 countries from 2006 to 2019, we test whether female‐run businesses engage in corruption differently than men. In the aggregate, we find a potentially puzzling result: female‐managed firms are engaged in less corruption and report it being less of an obstacle compared to their male counterparts; female‐owned firms are just the opposite. Once we disaggregate the data into region specific estimates, a clearer pattern emerges. Corruption is more harmful for female‐run firms in the areas of the world that have more gender inequality overall.
{"title":"Gender and corruption in firms: The importance of regional context","authors":"João Pedro Bastos, Jamie Bologna Pavlik","doi":"10.1111/rode.13146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13146","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that there are gendered differences in corruption in the political arena is common. Two explanations for these differences include risk aversion and network effects. However, business leaders include a self‐selected group of individuals that are comparatively risk‐tolerant and well‐connected. Using firm‐level data for 144 countries from 2006 to 2019, we test whether female‐run businesses engage in corruption differently than men. In the aggregate, we find a potentially puzzling result: female‐managed firms are engaged in less corruption and report it being less of an obstacle compared to their male counterparts; female‐owned firms are just the opposite. Once we disaggregate the data into region specific estimates, a clearer pattern emerges. Corruption is more harmful for female‐run firms in the areas of the world that have more gender inequality overall.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniela Carla Decaro Schettini, Ana Helena Baptista Rodrigues
Female participation in the labor market has been seen as a driver of economic growth and human development, but its recent expansion has been surprisingly slow. We ask whether women presidents, who have the power to influence gender disparities, can influence the female participation in the labor market, compared with male presidents. Selecting three South American countries that have recently been led by women presidents—Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—, we find that women's presidential mandates are positively related to the participation of the female labor force and to the unemployment rates, compared with men, and with a reduction of the gender gap in the labor force and unemployment rate by 0.6 points. The results suggest that women in high political positions are therefore able to make changes with possible consequences for a more gender‐equal society.
{"title":"Women as presidents: The impact on the female labor force","authors":"Daniela Carla Decaro Schettini, Ana Helena Baptista Rodrigues","doi":"10.1111/rode.13140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13140","url":null,"abstract":"Female participation in the labor market has been seen as a driver of economic growth and human development, but its recent expansion has been surprisingly slow. We ask whether women presidents, who have the power to influence gender disparities, can influence the female participation in the labor market, compared with male presidents. Selecting three South American countries that have recently been led by women presidents—Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—, we find that women's presidential mandates are positively related to the participation of the female labor force and to the unemployment rates, compared with men, and with a reduction of the gender gap in the labor force and unemployment rate by 0.6 points. The results suggest that women in high political positions are therefore able to make changes with possible consequences for a more gender‐equal society.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender discrimination in the labor market is usually seen as the result of the employers' cultural bias. In this article, we see the issue from a larger perspective by combining both labor market and household decision making together. It is often observed that women, prioritizing their families over their careers, settle for less paying and less demanding job profiles. This leads to gender wage gap even if the employers do not discriminate between male and female employees. We argue that women may make such choices in presence of patriarchal social norms, which see household chores as the primary duty of women. Our theoretical model predicts that women coming from families with stronger patriarchal values are more likely to accept less paying (and less demanding) jobs in the labor market than the women from liberal families. Our empirical section that uses a nationally representative survey data from India provides support for our theoretical predictions. Our results are robust to different measures of patriarchal culture. We also show that the marginal effect of patriarchy on women's wage varies across occupations and places of residence.
{"title":"Patriarchal norms and women's labor market outcomes","authors":"Anirban Mukherjee, Sukanya Sarkhel","doi":"10.1111/rode.13145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13145","url":null,"abstract":"Gender discrimination in the labor market is usually seen as the result of the employers' cultural bias. In this article, we see the issue from a larger perspective by combining both labor market and household decision making together. It is often observed that women, prioritizing their families over their careers, settle for less paying and less demanding job profiles. This leads to gender wage gap even if the employers do not discriminate between male and female employees. We argue that women may make such choices in presence of patriarchal social norms, which see household chores as the primary duty of women. Our theoretical model predicts that women coming from families with stronger patriarchal values are more likely to accept less paying (and less demanding) jobs in the labor market than the women from liberal families. Our empirical section that uses a nationally representative survey data from India provides support for our theoretical predictions. Our results are robust to different measures of patriarchal culture. We also show that the marginal effect of patriarchy on women's wage varies across occupations and places of residence.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the effect of firms' trade credit use on their labor demand and the composition of this labor demand in terms of skilled and unskilled workers. Our analysis is conducted on a rich data set of private manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Vietnam over the period of 2009–2013. We find strong and robust evidence that these firms recruit more workers when they receive trade credit offered from their suppliers. In addition, larger trade credit is associated with firms' higher propensity to hire skilled labor. We also find that the effect of trade credit on firms' labor market decision works through the investment channels, especially through those investment projects leading to the enhancement of firms' innovative capability. These findings highlight the role of trade credit regulations for job creation and economic development.
{"title":"Trade credit, labor employment, and demand for skills: An empirical investigation of Vietnamese small and medium enterprises","authors":"Thang Ngoc Bach, Thanh Le","doi":"10.1111/rode.13147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13147","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the effect of firms' trade credit use on their labor demand and the composition of this labor demand in terms of skilled and unskilled workers. Our analysis is conducted on a rich data set of private manufacturing small and medium enterprises in Vietnam over the period of 2009–2013. We find strong and robust evidence that these firms recruit more workers when they receive trade credit offered from their suppliers. In addition, larger trade credit is associated with firms' higher propensity to hire skilled labor. We also find that the effect of trade credit on firms' labor market decision works through the investment channels, especially through those investment projects leading to the enhancement of firms' innovative capability. These findings highlight the role of trade credit regulations for job creation and economic development.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
World Heritage sites can positively impact local manufacturing industries. Using two‐way fixed effects estimation, we find that manufacturing firms in cities with World Heritage sites see a 9% increase in operating revenue. This finding is robust to matching methods and a control function method. The impact is especially strong for businesses with low online visibility, highlighting that World Heritage sites enhance visibility toward lesser‐known enterprises. The study also shows that the positive impact on sales is greater in cities with better support for economic development, consistent with the notion that firms need good industrial infrastructure and financial resources to produce high‐quality goods.
{"title":"Can world heritage sites boost sales in non‐tourism firms? The role of visibility","authors":"Yiming Liu, Hua Cheng","doi":"10.1111/rode.13142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13142","url":null,"abstract":"World Heritage sites can positively impact local manufacturing industries. Using two‐way fixed effects estimation, we find that manufacturing firms in cities with World Heritage sites see a 9% increase in operating revenue. This finding is robust to matching methods and a control function method. The impact is especially strong for businesses with low online visibility, highlighting that World Heritage sites enhance visibility toward lesser‐known enterprises. The study also shows that the positive impact on sales is greater in cities with better support for economic development, consistent with the notion that firms need good industrial infrastructure and financial resources to produce high‐quality goods.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141937663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides cross‐country evidence on the relationship between immigration‐induced diversity and economic performance, as evaluated by the Economic Fitness metric. To address endogeneity concerns, we use gravity‐based predictors of migrant diversity as a source of exogenous variation. Using data for 129 countries over the period 1990–2000, we show that migration induces a sizable positive effect on the counties' Fitness. Interestingly, we provide evidence that the spillovers from diversity are mainly felt by middle‐income countries. Our findings are robust to the use of data from alternative sources, estimation methods, and an extensive set of contemporaneous and historical controls. Importantly, we also establish the validity of the results using time‐varying, gravity instruments and conventional panel data regressions.
{"title":"Immigration and the economic performance of countries","authors":"Stelios Roupakias, Michael Chletsos","doi":"10.1111/rode.13134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13134","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides cross‐country evidence on the relationship between immigration‐induced diversity and economic performance, as evaluated by the Economic Fitness metric. To address endogeneity concerns, we use gravity‐based predictors of migrant diversity as a source of exogenous variation. Using data for 129 countries over the period 1990–2000, we show that migration induces a sizable positive effect on the counties' Fitness. Interestingly, we provide evidence that the spillovers from diversity are mainly felt by middle‐income countries. Our findings are robust to the use of data from alternative sources, estimation methods, and an extensive set of contemporaneous and historical controls. Importantly, we also establish the validity of the results using time‐varying, gravity instruments and conventional panel data regressions.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141862978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving and achieving better health and education is one of the main objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and there is an extremely fertile literature on this issue. Therefore, in this paper, we study the impact of urbanisation on health and education in a sample of 49 African countries. To this end, we specify and estimate panel data models using fixed effects methods, the Driscoll–Kraay method, whose robustness has been demonstrated by Lewbel, 2SLS and the Kinky least squares method over the period 1996–2020. Our results suggest that urbanisation has a positive impact on healthcare spending and education in African countries. We obtain the same result by regional zone (North and West Africa), by level of development (Low Middle‐Income Countries) and by dominant religion (Christianity) with the exception of Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, Middle Income Countries and Islamic religion and Others. Similarly, our results reveal that although urbanisation significantly worsens healthcare spending and significantly improves education in African countries, this result may be further amplified by the level of development and religious practices. This result remains the same when we take into account public (national government health expenditure) and private (private health insurance and household consumption expenditure on health) health expenditure, as well as secondary and tertiary education enrolment rates, with the exception of reducing external support for health in government, where urbanisation rather contributes to its reduction. Furthermore, taking into account other health measures, such as life expectancy at birth, prevalence of undernutrition, birth rate, prevalence of tuberculosis and mortality rate, our results indicate that urbanisation plays an important role. This leads to an increase in life expectancy, a higher prevalence of undernutrition, an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in tuberculosis and mortality rates. We therefore suggest that the governments of African countries invest in advanced information and communication technologies and encourage their adoption, particularly among marginalised populations, as these new tools have the potential to considerably improve health outcomes. These technologies make it possible to monitor and manage epidemics and sexually transmitted diseases more effectively. They can also facilitate better training in health and education, leading to better results in both areas.
{"title":"Is rapid urbanisation in Africa jeopardising the health and education of the population?","authors":"Borice Augustin Ngounou, Honoré Tekam Oumbe, Jean‐Marie Gankou Fowagap, Edmond Noubissi Domguia","doi":"10.1111/rode.13137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13137","url":null,"abstract":"Improving and achieving better health and education is one of the main objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and there is an extremely fertile literature on this issue. Therefore, in this paper, we study the impact of urbanisation on health and education in a sample of 49 African countries. To this end, we specify and estimate panel data models using fixed effects methods, the Driscoll–Kraay method, whose robustness has been demonstrated by Lewbel, 2SLS and the Kinky least squares method over the period 1996–2020. Our results suggest that urbanisation has a positive impact on healthcare spending and education in African countries. We obtain the same result by regional zone (North and West Africa), by level of development (Low Middle‐Income Countries) and by dominant religion (Christianity) with the exception of Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa, Middle Income Countries and Islamic religion and Others. Similarly, our results reveal that although urbanisation significantly worsens healthcare spending and significantly improves education in African countries, this result may be further amplified by the level of development and religious practices. This result remains the same when we take into account public (national government health expenditure) and private (private health insurance and household consumption expenditure on health) health expenditure, as well as secondary and tertiary education enrolment rates, with the exception of reducing external support for health in government, where urbanisation rather contributes to its reduction. Furthermore, taking into account other health measures, such as life expectancy at birth, prevalence of undernutrition, birth rate, prevalence of tuberculosis and mortality rate, our results indicate that urbanisation plays an important role. This leads to an increase in life expectancy, a higher prevalence of undernutrition, an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in tuberculosis and mortality rates. We therefore suggest that the governments of African countries invest in advanced information and communication technologies and encourage their adoption, particularly among marginalised populations, as these new tools have the potential to considerably improve health outcomes. These technologies make it possible to monitor and manage epidemics and sexually transmitted diseases more effectively. They can also facilitate better training in health and education, leading to better results in both areas.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiong Huang, Gautam Bhandari, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida
The 2015 Gorkha earthquake destroyed key infrastructure in Greater Kathmandu and the surrounding earthquake‐affected areas, undermining the health status of affected households. As one of the disaster recovery policies, the Nepalese government distributed taxi permits to severely affected households through a lottery. Leveraging on this natural experimental setting, we examine the impact of the policy on their health status and access to health services. The results show that the treated households have fewer chronic and diarrhoeal diseases, and fewer doctor visits. However, we find no significant difference in the households' medical expenditure between the two groups. We also find that rural households with the taxi permits benefit more from the policy. The results of this study may provide policymakers with some insight to enhance their post‐disaster recovery strategy.
{"title":"The impact of a disaster recovery policy on health status of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake victims: Evidence from a natural experiment","authors":"Qiong Huang, Gautam Bhandari, Ghulam Dastgir Khan, Yuichiro Yoshida","doi":"10.1111/rode.13136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13136","url":null,"abstract":"The 2015 Gorkha earthquake destroyed key infrastructure in Greater Kathmandu and the surrounding earthquake‐affected areas, undermining the health status of affected households. As one of the disaster recovery policies, the Nepalese government distributed taxi permits to severely affected households through a lottery. Leveraging on this natural experimental setting, we examine the impact of the policy on their health status and access to health services. The results show that the treated households have fewer chronic and diarrhoeal diseases, and fewer doctor visits. However, we find no significant difference in the households' medical expenditure between the two groups. We also find that rural households with the taxi permits benefit more from the policy. The results of this study may provide policymakers with some insight to enhance their post‐disaster recovery strategy.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141737278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jean‐Claude Kouladoum, Serge Monglengar Nadingar, Joseph Pasky Ngameni, Mathias Marie Adrien Ndinga
The following study aims to investigate the impact of injustice on income inequality in Africa between 2000 and 2020. Both male and female injustice levels are evaluated using gender‐specific scores to indicate the injustice suffered by both genders. The study utilized the Gini and Palma ratios as proxies for income distribution inequality. After addressing error term‐related problems with the Newey‐West Standard Corrected Error approach, the findings indicate that injustice is a significant contributor to inequality in Africa, especially for females, with little evidence of male injustice. The results are consistent for both middle and low‐income countries that adopted the French civil law and English common law systems to govern their institutions. Additionally, the study found that educational development and basic welfare maintenance contribute to reducing inequality in Africa, which is exacerbated by many barriers to political inclusion. To address the gender bias in income distribution, policymakers in Africa should design policies that provide equal access to justice for both male and female populations. The study also suggests adopting policies that enhance human capital accumulation and political inclusion in‐state activities to create a safe, just, and equal environment.
{"title":"Inequality in Africa: Does injustice matter?","authors":"Jean‐Claude Kouladoum, Serge Monglengar Nadingar, Joseph Pasky Ngameni, Mathias Marie Adrien Ndinga","doi":"10.1111/rode.13128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13128","url":null,"abstract":"The following study aims to investigate the impact of injustice on income inequality in Africa between 2000 and 2020. Both male and female injustice levels are evaluated using gender‐specific scores to indicate the injustice suffered by both genders. The study utilized the Gini and Palma ratios as proxies for income distribution inequality. After addressing error term‐related problems with the Newey‐West Standard Corrected Error approach, the findings indicate that injustice is a significant contributor to inequality in Africa, especially for females, with little evidence of male injustice. The results are consistent for both middle and low‐income countries that adopted the French civil law and English common law systems to govern their institutions. Additionally, the study found that educational development and basic welfare maintenance contribute to reducing inequality in Africa, which is exacerbated by many barriers to political inclusion. To address the gender bias in income distribution, policymakers in Africa should design policies that provide equal access to justice for both male and female populations. The study also suggests adopting policies that enhance human capital accumulation and political inclusion in‐state activities to create a safe, just, and equal environment.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141570812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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