Firm clusters are considered as a contributing factor to local economic development. However, there are limited studies on the effect of firm clusters on the well‐being of rural communities, particularly in terms of income improvement, poverty reduction, and migration. Our research aims to shed light on these relationships at both the household and commune levels. For empirical analysis, we employ the propensity score matching method to mitigate endogeneity bias. Our results reveal the role of firm clusters in increasing income and reducing poverty. Firm clusters also contribute to decreasing labor emigration and attracting immigrants. However, the magnitude of these impacts is relatively small, with moderate effects on income and modest effects on poverty and migration. In particular, firm clusters reduce the commune poverty rate by around 2.36%–2.51% and enhance household annual income by approximately 16.46–17.08 million VND (725–752 USD). Furthermore, analyses at the household level highlight the significance of larger clusters in improving household income. Our research underscores policy implications for rural development with a specific emphasis on firm clusters.
{"title":"Poverty reduction and migration in rural Vietnam: Role of local firm clusters","authors":"Pham Tien Thanh, Katsuhiro Saito","doi":"10.1111/rode.13098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13098","url":null,"abstract":"Firm clusters are considered as a contributing factor to local economic development. However, there are limited studies on the effect of firm clusters on the well‐being of rural communities, particularly in terms of income improvement, poverty reduction, and migration. Our research aims to shed light on these relationships at both the household and commune levels. For empirical analysis, we employ the propensity score matching method to mitigate endogeneity bias. Our results reveal the role of firm clusters in increasing income and reducing poverty. Firm clusters also contribute to decreasing labor emigration and attracting immigrants. However, the magnitude of these impacts is relatively small, with moderate effects on income and modest effects on poverty and migration. In particular, firm clusters reduce the commune poverty rate by around 2.36%–2.51% and enhance household annual income by approximately 16.46–17.08 million VND (725–752 USD). Furthermore, analyses at the household level highlight the significance of larger clusters in improving household income. Our research underscores policy implications for rural development with a specific emphasis on firm clusters.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justice Gyimah, Yang Liu, George Nyantakyi, Xilong Yao
Mini‐grid electrification constitutes an increasingly important solution to universal access to energy, notably in off‐grid rural Africa. Rural electrification has important implications for mitigating the immigration trends of the rural population toward urban regions. In this study, we adopted a mediation model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of mini‐grid electrification on the urbanization process, and multivariate regression is employed as a robustness check. More specifically, with the support of a mini‐grid project in Ghana, we conducted a survey to assess the perception of the local population about the impact of rural electrification on healthcare, education, employment, and security and further examined the impact of these development outcomes on their willingness to immigrate to cities. The study's findings suggested that the development of rural electrification helped improve education, healthcare, security, and employment, significantly affecting urbanization. Our study concluded that increased electricity access through mini‐grids tends to reduce the urbanization trends in rural Ghana.
{"title":"The effect of mini‐grid rural electrification on urbanization: Evidence from the pilot mini‐grid systems in Ghana","authors":"Justice Gyimah, Yang Liu, George Nyantakyi, Xilong Yao","doi":"10.1111/rode.13093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13093","url":null,"abstract":"Mini‐grid electrification constitutes an increasingly important solution to universal access to energy, notably in off‐grid rural Africa. Rural electrification has important implications for mitigating the immigration trends of the rural population toward urban regions. In this study, we adopted a mediation model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of mini‐grid electrification on the urbanization process, and multivariate regression is employed as a robustness check. More specifically, with the support of a mini‐grid project in Ghana, we conducted a survey to assess the perception of the local population about the impact of rural electrification on healthcare, education, employment, and security and further examined the impact of these development outcomes on their willingness to immigrate to cities. The study's findings suggested that the development of rural electrification helped improve education, healthcare, security, and employment, significantly affecting urbanization. Our study concluded that increased electricity access through mini‐grids tends to reduce the urbanization trends in rural Ghana.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Lokshin, Aylén Rodriguez‐Ferrari, Iván Torre
This paper uses a newly assembled dataset on various types of social protection spending in 154 countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 to analyze the effect of the electoral cycle on the size and composition of the social protection stimulus budget. The analysis shows that the longer the time since the last election in a country—and thus the sooner the next election date—the larger the share of the social protection pandemic budget allocated to social assistance and income protection, and the lower the share allocated to job retention schemes. The electoral cycle appears to have impacted the size of social assistance spending only in countries with high political competition.
{"title":"Electoral cycles and public spending during the pandemic","authors":"Michael Lokshin, Aylén Rodriguez‐Ferrari, Iván Torre","doi":"10.1111/rode.13094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13094","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a newly assembled dataset on various types of social protection spending in 154 countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 to analyze the effect of the electoral cycle on the size and composition of the social protection stimulus budget. The analysis shows that the longer the time since the last election in a country—and thus the sooner the next election date—the larger the share of the social protection pandemic budget allocated to social assistance and income protection, and the lower the share allocated to job retention schemes. The electoral cycle appears to have impacted the size of social assistance spending only in countries with high political competition.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we construct original measures of women's empowerment in economic, social, and interpersonal dimensions to estimate the effect of microcredit on women's empowerment in Djibouti. Using survey data covering 2060 Djiboutian households, we examine the extent to which access to microcredit, the amount of loans obtained, and their duration modify women's status at home. We employ an instrumental variables strategy and develop three instruments: (i) household's membership of a saving and credit cooperative, (ii) the availability of formal banks at the village or community level, and (iii) the availability of formal cooperatives at the village or community level. We find that microcredit has positive and significant effects on women's autonomy, but these effects become significantly negative as the number of loans taken out increases and as the length of time spent in the program rises. Women from households with access to micro-loans are respectively 45.0%, 41.4%, and 15.7% more likely to be economically, socially, and interpersonally empowered. The results of the study are robust across specifications and econometric techniques employed and confirm the generally mixed socioeconomic effects of microcredit programs.
{"title":"Empowering women through microcredit in Djibouti","authors":"Mohamed Abdallah Ali, Mazhar Mughal, Dina Chhorn","doi":"10.1111/rode.13091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13091","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we construct original measures of women's empowerment in economic, social, and interpersonal dimensions to estimate the effect of microcredit on women's empowerment in Djibouti. Using survey data covering 2060 Djiboutian households, we examine the extent to which access to microcredit, the amount of loans obtained, and their duration modify women's status at home. We employ an instrumental variables strategy and develop three instruments: (i) household's membership of a saving and credit cooperative, (ii) the availability of formal banks at the village or community level, and (iii) the availability of formal cooperatives at the village or community level. We find that microcredit has positive and significant effects on women's autonomy, but these effects become significantly negative as the number of loans taken out increases and as the length of time spent in the program rises. Women from households with access to micro-loans are respectively 45.0%, 41.4%, and 15.7% more likely to be economically, socially, and interpersonally empowered. The results of the study are robust across specifications and econometric techniques employed and confirm the generally mixed socioeconomic effects of microcredit programs.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a high-frequency survey in Yemen, we demonstrate how school attendance responds to a series of conflict-related shocks. First, there are a number of plausibly exogenous events that significantly change the severity of violence but have limited impacts on school attendance. These events include the capture of the southern capital by secessionist forces, an unexpected partial ceasefire, and the capture of a governorate from the internationally recognized government by Houthi forces. Second, we demonstrate how shocks aside from living in close proximity to violence—institutional declines and macroeconomic shocks associated with the conflict—can have large impacts on school attendance and the ability to afford essential services. For example, a teacher strike associated with conflict-induced instiutional declines caused an immediate doubling of the share of households with poor school attendance. Combined, the results better illustrate some of the mechanisms by which conflict impedes school attendance and human capital formation, and the results have implications for education assistance being delivered in conflict settings.
{"title":"Active conflict and access to education: Evidence from a series of conflict-related shocks in Yemen","authors":"Safa Almoayad, Eliana Favari, Saamira Halabi, Siddharth Krishnaswamy, Almedina Music, Sharad Tandon","doi":"10.1111/rode.13081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13081","url":null,"abstract":"Using a high-frequency survey in Yemen, we demonstrate how school attendance responds to a series of conflict-related shocks. First, there are a number of plausibly exogenous events that significantly change the severity of violence but have limited impacts on school attendance. These events include the capture of the southern capital by secessionist forces, an unexpected partial ceasefire, and the capture of a governorate from the internationally recognized government by Houthi forces. Second, we demonstrate how shocks aside from living in close proximity to violence—institutional declines and macroeconomic shocks associated with the conflict—can have large impacts on school attendance and the ability to afford essential services. For example, a teacher strike associated with conflict-induced instiutional declines caused an immediate doubling of the share of households with poor school attendance. Combined, the results better illustrate some of the mechanisms by which conflict impedes school attendance and human capital formation, and the results have implications for education assistance being delivered in conflict settings.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139678072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the trend toward microfinance institutions (MFIs) commercialization that fundamentally reshapes their capital structure, this meta-analysis, by synthesizing data from a wide range of studies, aims to investigate the impact of different sources of finance on the financial sustainability of MFIs and determine the optimal order in which these sources should be utilized. In this study, 166 effect sizes were obtained from 64 studies. Overall, the findings indicate that equity and deposit financing enhance financial sustainability positively, whereas debt and donation financing exhibit an inverse relationship. However, variations exist based on the MFI charters. While equity financing adversely affects the financial sustainability of MFI banks, it also exerts positive effects on other types of MFIs. Similarly, deposit financing negatively affected MFI NGOs. Regarding financial sustainability proxies, debt and equity financing affect financial self-sufficiency (FSS) and operating self-sufficiency (OSS), unlike donation and deposit financing. Equity financing has a positive effect on OSS but a negative effect on FSS. In contrast, debt financing shows the opposite trend. The meta-regression further reveals that, as capital structure variables, the sources of finance do not significantly explain the variance in MFIs' FSS but do so for OSS. These findings have implications for managers and for future research.
{"title":"The effect of capital structure on the financial sustainability of microfinance institutions: A meta-analysis","authors":"Muleye Tarekegn Dirse, Gurudutta P. Japee","doi":"10.1111/rode.13088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13088","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the trend toward microfinance institutions (MFIs) commercialization that fundamentally reshapes their capital structure, this meta-analysis, by synthesizing data from a wide range of studies, aims to investigate the impact of different sources of finance on the financial sustainability of MFIs and determine the optimal order in which these sources should be utilized. In this study, 166 effect sizes were obtained from 64 studies. Overall, the findings indicate that equity and deposit financing enhance financial sustainability positively, whereas debt and donation financing exhibit an inverse relationship. However, variations exist based on the MFI charters. While equity financing adversely affects the financial sustainability of MFI banks, it also exerts positive effects on other types of MFIs. Similarly, deposit financing negatively affected MFI NGOs. Regarding financial sustainability proxies, debt and equity financing affect financial self-sufficiency (FSS) and operating self-sufficiency (OSS), unlike donation and deposit financing. Equity financing has a positive effect on OSS but a negative effect on FSS. In contrast, debt financing shows the opposite trend. The meta-regression further reveals that, as capital structure variables, the sources of finance do not significantly explain the variance in MFIs' FSS but do so for OSS. These findings have implications for managers and for future research.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139515423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louis de Berquin Eyike Mbongo, Yannick Fosso Djoumessi
This study seeks to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), both through direct and indirect mechanisms. Utilizing data gathered from a sample of 20 sub-Saharan African nations spanning the period from 1995 to 2014, we employ a rigorous examination through static and dynamic panel models. Our findings robustly indicate a substantial and positive impact stemming from the presence of mobile phones and internet coverage on agricultural productivity in the region. Furthermore, we uncover the indirect effects of ICT, notably through its influence on farmers' education levels and their access to essential agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers. To validate the robustness of our results, we additionally establish a positive and statistically significant association between an ICT adoption index and agricultural productivity in SSA. In light of these findings, we recommend the prioritization of strategies aimed at fortifying the adoption of communication technologies within the agricultural sector. In addition, efforts should be directed toward enhancing farmers' education and improving access to fertilizers, leveraging the potential of ICT tools as key enablers in this process.
{"title":"Connecting the fields: How ICT improve agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Louis de Berquin Eyike Mbongo, Yannick Fosso Djoumessi","doi":"10.1111/rode.13084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13084","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), both through direct and indirect mechanisms. Utilizing data gathered from a sample of 20 sub-Saharan African nations spanning the period from 1995 to 2014, we employ a rigorous examination through static and dynamic panel models. Our findings robustly indicate a substantial and positive impact stemming from the presence of mobile phones and internet coverage on agricultural productivity in the region. Furthermore, we uncover the indirect effects of ICT, notably through its influence on farmers' education levels and their access to essential agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers. To validate the robustness of our results, we additionally establish a positive and statistically significant association between an ICT adoption index and agricultural productivity in SSA. In light of these findings, we recommend the prioritization of strategies aimed at fortifying the adoption of communication technologies within the agricultural sector. In addition, efforts should be directed toward enhancing farmers' education and improving access to fertilizers, leveraging the potential of ICT tools as key enablers in this process.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139462233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the redistributive effects of government and private transfers on income inequality in China, based on data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) during 2012–2020. The results indicate that, first, both government and private programs have inequality‐reducing effects and the effect from the government is much larger. More specifically, old‐age pensions have the largest inequality‐reducing effect, followed by government subsidies, private transfers, and charity donations. In urban areas, old‐age pensions have larger redistributive effects, while in rural areas, government subsidies, private transfers, and charity donations contribute to lower inequality. However, compensation for land expropriation and housing demolishment is inequality‐increasing. Moreover, the redistributive effects of the transfers are highly driven by their budget size rather than their targeting.
{"title":"Decomposition of the impact of government and private transfers on income inequality in China","authors":"Jingqi Liu, Chen Wang, Jinxian Wang, Chen Yang","doi":"10.1111/rode.13086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13086","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the redistributive effects of government and private transfers on income inequality in China, based on data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) during 2012–2020. The results indicate that, first, both government and private programs have inequality‐reducing effects and the effect from the government is much larger. More specifically, old‐age pensions have the largest inequality‐reducing effect, followed by government subsidies, private transfers, and charity donations. In urban areas, old‐age pensions have larger redistributive effects, while in rural areas, government subsidies, private transfers, and charity donations contribute to lower inequality. However, compensation for land expropriation and housing demolishment is inequality‐increasing. Moreover, the redistributive effects of the transfers are highly driven by their budget size rather than their targeting.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"116 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural production in developing countries is heavily rainfall dependent. Any unexpected variation in rainfall can affect the welfare of households. Using unit record data from India, this paper shows that households can insure against agricultural productivity (rainfall) shocks. Evidence suggests that they do so by varying the time allocation of individual members to different activities, particularly to regular wage work and human capital accumulation. There is a gender‐differentiated aspect to this response. Rainfall shocks adversely affect women's human capital accumulation. While there is no evidence that households use participation in NREGS to insure against rainfall shocks, the availability of NREGS helps reduce the impact of rainfall shocks on human capital accumulation.
{"title":"Labor supply responses to rainfall shocks","authors":"Pushkar Maitra, A. Tagat","doi":"10.1111/rode.13079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13079","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production in developing countries is heavily rainfall dependent. Any unexpected variation in rainfall can affect the welfare of households. Using unit record data from India, this paper shows that households can insure against agricultural productivity (rainfall) shocks. Evidence suggests that they do so by varying the time allocation of individual members to different activities, particularly to regular wage work and human capital accumulation. There is a gender‐differentiated aspect to this response. Rainfall shocks adversely affect women's human capital accumulation. While there is no evidence that households use participation in NREGS to insure against rainfall shocks, the availability of NREGS helps reduce the impact of rainfall shocks on human capital accumulation.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"29 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted a survey of 179 manufacturing firms in southeastern Tunisia to investigate the determinants of their location choices, with a specific focus on the role of place-based fiscal regimes. The data analyzed using Multiple Factor Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis reveal that manufacturing firms in this region can be categorized into distinct groups based on the relative strength of the wide range of location determinants included in the survey. While we confirm the significant role of fiscal and financial incentives in the location decisions of some manufacturing firms, we also highlight the relevance of traditional factors such as workforce, land availability and geographic proximity for certain sectors. Estimates from binary and ordered probit models show that, overall, the probability of locating in a tax-advantaged area increases by an average 15% compared with a non-tax-advantaged area.
{"title":"Spatial tax regimes and location choices of manufacturing firms: Survey evidence in southern Tunisia","authors":"Rawaa Laajimi","doi":"10.1111/rode.13083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13083","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a survey of 179 manufacturing firms in southeastern Tunisia to investigate the determinants of their location choices, with a specific focus on the role of place-based fiscal regimes. The data analyzed using Multiple Factor Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis reveal that manufacturing firms in this region can be categorized into distinct groups based on the relative strength of the wide range of location determinants included in the survey. While we confirm the significant role of fiscal and financial incentives in the location decisions of some manufacturing firms, we also highlight the relevance of traditional factors such as workforce, land availability and geographic proximity for certain sectors. Estimates from binary and ordered probit models show that, overall, the probability of locating in a tax-advantaged area increases by an average 15% compared with a non-tax-advantaged area.","PeriodicalId":47635,"journal":{"name":"Review of Development Economics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139062267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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