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"A Little Bit of a Security Blanket": Renter Experiences with COVID-19-Era Eviction Moratoriums. “一点安全毯”：新冠肺炎租房者体验——时代驱逐禁令
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1086/725320
Danya E Keene, Whitney Denary, Annie Harper, Anna Kapolka, Emily A Benfer, Peter Hepburn

Policy makers at the federal, state, and local levels responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with a broad array of policies that were intended to prevent housing instability among renters. Eviction moratoriums were an important part of this policy landscape. Recent evidence indicates that these moratoriums were effective in reducing eviction-filing rates, but many questions remain about the impacts of these policies. Drawing on qualitative interviews (N = 60) with renters in three states (Connecticut, Florida, and Ohio) who had experienced eviction or eviction risk during the pandemic, we examine how renters interpreted, experienced, and navigated the moratoriums; how moratoriums shaped their well-being and housing security; how racism may have shaped policy effects; and how these experiences differed across a varied policy landscape. Our findings demonstrate how moratoriums supported renters and how they fell short, offering important lessons for future eviction-prevention and civil-legal policy making.

联邦、州和地方各级的政策制定者通过一系列旨在防止租房者住房不稳定的政策来应对新冠肺炎疫情。暂缓驱逐是这一政策格局的重要组成部分。最近的证据表明，这些暂停措施有效地降低了驱逐申请率，但这些政策的影响仍然存在许多问题。根据对三个州（康涅狄格州、佛罗里达州和俄亥俄州）在疫情期间经历过被驱逐或被驱逐风险的租房者的定性采访（N=60），我们研究了租房者是如何理解、经历和度过暂停期的；暂停是如何影响他们的福祉和住房保障的；种族主义如何影响政策效果；以及在不同的政策环境中，这些经历有何不同。我们的研究结果表明，暂停令是如何支持租房者的，以及他们是如何功亏一篑的，为未来的驱逐预防和民事法律政策制定提供了重要的教训。
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引用次数: 0
No Safe Harbor: Eviction Filing in Public Housing 没有安全港:公共住房的驱逐申请
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1086/725777
Li Leung, P. Hepburn, James R. Hendrickson, Matthew Desmond
Using the records of hundreds of thousands of court cases filed across the United States between 2010 and 2016, we assess whether residence in public housing reduces the risk of facing an eviction filing. Comparing with similar sets of private market renters, we demonstrate that those living in public housing face equal risk. Once filed against, public housing residents face a far higher risk of serial eviction filing. Within states, public and private market serial eviction filing rates are strongly correlated—evidence that public housing property managers respond to local eviction policies in ways that resemble their private market counterparts. We report on in-depth interviews with property managers from two housing authorities in Ohio. Property managers use the courts to facilitate rent collection in jurisdictions that enable the practice, but doing so does not necessarily result in better outcomes on evaluations conducted by the Department of Housing and Urban Development.
利用2010年至2016年间美国各地数十万起法庭案件的记录，我们评估了居住在公共住房中是否会降低面临驱逐申请的风险。与类似的私人市场租户相比，我们的研究表明，住在公共房屋的人面临同样的风险。一旦被起诉，公共住房居民面临被连续驱逐的风险要高得多。在各州，公共市场和私人市场的连续驱逐申请率是密切相关的，这表明公共住房物业经理对当地驱逐政策的反应方式与他们的私人市场同行相似。我们对俄亥俄州两家住房管理机构的物业经理进行了深度采访。物业管理公司利用法院在允许这种做法的司法管辖区促进租金征收，但这样做不一定会在住房和城市发展部进行的评估中产生更好的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Public Cash Assistance and Spatial Predation: How State Cash-Transfer Environments Shape Payday Lender Geography 公共现金援助和空间掠夺：国家现金转移环境如何塑造发薪日贷款人的地理位置
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.1086/725245
Megan Doherty Bea, Mariana Amorim, Terri L. Friedline
In the past 3 decades, there has been a general contraction of social support while the high-cost lending industry has expanded. We examine how state-level variation in the generosity of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance affects the distribution of high-cost payday lenders across local communities between 2001 and 2017. When TANF support is relatively more generous, the density of payday lending storefronts increases in local communities, all else equal, suggesting that benefits are not enough to replace payday lending demand. Yet local communities also experience slower lender growth as TANF generosity increases, suggesting that the payday lending industry is less growth oriented under these conditions. Further analyses considering the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and unemployment insurance confirm that the payday lending industry is sensitive to social program conditions. Findings suggest that the generosity of cash assistance can be leveraged to reduce the high-cost lending industry’s prevalence.
在过去的30年里，社会支持普遍收缩，而高成本贷款行业却在扩张。我们研究了2001年至2017年间，贫困家庭临时援助（TANF）现金援助慷慨程度的州级差异如何影响高成本发薪日贷款人在当地社区的分布。当TANF的支持相对更慷慨时，当地社区发薪日贷款店面的密度会增加，其他情况都是一样的，这表明福利不足以取代发薪日的贷款需求。然而，随着TANF慷慨程度的增加，当地社区的贷款增长也有所放缓，这表明在这种情况下，发薪日贷款行业的增长导向性较差。考虑到补充营养援助计划和失业保险的进一步分析证实，发薪日贷款行业对社会计划条件很敏感。研究结果表明，慷慨的现金援助可以用来降低高成本贷款行业的普遍性。
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引用次数: 0
Youth Justice at a Crossroads: Twenty-First Century Progressive Reforms and Lessons to Inform the Path Forward 十字路口的青年司法:二十一世纪的进步改革和教训，为前进的道路提供信息
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1086/725710
Julia Lesnick, Laura S. Abrams, E. Barnert
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引用次数: 0
Relationships That Persist and Protect: The Role of Enduring Relationships on Early-Adult Outcomes among Youth Transitioning Out of Foster Care 持久和保护的关系：持久关系对脱离寄养的青年早期成年结果的作用
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1086/724736
Nathanael J. Okpych, S. Park, Jenna Powers, Justin S. Harty, M. Courtney
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引用次数: 0
Hard to Count? The 2020 Census “Citizenship Question” and Bureaucratic Visibility among Undocumented Latin Americans in Chicago 难以计数?芝加哥2020年人口普查“公民身份问题”和无证拉丁美洲人的官僚可见性
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1086/725212
Hannah Obertino-Norwood, Angela S. García
Census enumeration distributes resources and power and extends potential surveillance and punishment. Given these dual capacities, attempts to insert a citizenship question on the 2020 US Census heightened expectations of depressed participation among undocumented immigrants. We draw on data from 63 undocumented Latin American residents of Chicago to understand decision-making processes across 15 months of enumeration. Analyzing two interview waves conducted before and during the count (N=126), we find broad census uptake despite widespread perceptions of threat. Respondents situated themselves as invested community members embedded in state systems and explained census participation as a claim for investment in neighborhoods and families as well as recognition of their existence. Contributing to the concept of bureaucratic visibility, this article extends scholarship on system avoidance to illuminate how undocumented immigrants engage the bureaucratic arm of the state and navigate the contradiction of being counted by a government committed to their forced removal.
人口普查分配了资源和权力，扩大了潜在的监视和惩罚。考虑到这些双重身份，试图在2020年美国人口普查中加入公民身份问题，加剧了人们对无证移民参与率下降的预期。我们利用63名芝加哥无证拉丁美洲居民的数据来了解15个月的枚举决策过程。分析在计数之前和计数期间进行的两次访谈(N=126)，我们发现尽管普遍认为存在威胁，但人口普查仍广泛接受。受访者将自己定位为嵌入州系统的投资社区成员，并将参与人口普查解释为对社区和家庭的投资以及对其存在的承认。本文对官僚可见性的概念做出了贡献，扩展了系统规避的学术研究，以阐明无证移民是如何与国家的官僚机构打交道的，并在被一个致力于强制驱逐他们的政府计算在内的矛盾中导航。
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引用次数: 0
Front Matter 前页
3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1086/726168
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引用次数: 0
On Causal Inference and the Limits of Disproportionality as a Construct: The Case of Foster Care Placement 论歧化的因果推论与限制:以寄养安置为例
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1086/724657
Fred Wulczyn
The unwarranted disparities in our foster care system are the result of historical and structural causes. If we hope to correct these disparities by addressing their root causes, we must measure them carefully. In this article, I ask whether our usual measures of Black child/White child placement differences tell us what we need to know to act on those disparities with greater certainty. I specifically examine the limits of disproportionality as a measure. As a way to observe over- and underrepresentation, disproportionality is useful. When the discussion turns to the causes of differential treatment of Black children (or any other children) within the child protection system, there are more useful ways to measure those differences. I demonstrate this point in technical terms, and then I suggest alternative approaches to the measurement problems. Other approaches, I argue, offer a more vivid picture of the problem social workers are trying to solve.
我们的寄养制度中不合理的差异是历史和结构性原因造成的。如果我们希望通过解决这些差异的根源来纠正这些差异，我们就必须仔细衡量它们。在这篇文章中，我想知道，我们对黑人儿童/白人儿童安置差异的通常衡量标准是否告诉了我们需要知道什么，才能更确定地对这些差异采取行动。我专门研究了不均衡的限度作为一种衡量标准。作为观察代表性过高和过低的一种方式，比例失调是有用的。当讨论转向儿童保护系统中黑人儿童（或任何其他儿童）受到区别对待的原因时，有更有用的方法来衡量这些差异。我从技术角度论证了这一点，然后提出了解决测量问题的替代方法。我认为，其他方法更生动地反映了社会工作者试图解决的问题。
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引用次数: 2
Poverty Reduction through Federal and State Policy Mechanisms: Variation over Time and across the United States 通过联邦和州政策机制减少贫困:随时间和美国各地的变化
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1086/724556
S. Bruch, Joseph van der Naald, J. Gornick
The efficacy of the US antipoverty policy is shaped both by its reliance on categorical sorting and by its decentralized structure. To examine the implications of these features, this study introduces a novel disaggregation of poverty reduction instruments into four mechanisms: federal taxes and federal transfers (centralized) and state taxes and state transfers (decentralized). Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplement data and a sequence-independent decomposition, this analysis assesses the relative effectiveness of the mechanisms at the national level between 1996 and 2016 and across the states in 2016. The study finds that absolute and relative poverty reduction is greater and has increased over time for working-age households with children compared with those without children. We also find cross-state variation in market- and disposable-income poverty and in the poverty reduction attributable to each of the redistributive mechanisms, highlighting the importance of examining poverty and antipoverty policy subnationally.
美国反贫困政策的有效性既取决于其对分类分类的依赖，也取决于其分散的结构。为了检验这些特征的含义，本研究引入了一种新的减贫工具分类方法，将其分为四种机制:联邦税收和联邦转移支付(集中式)以及州税收和州转移支付(分散式)。利用当前人口调查的年度社会和经济补充数据和序列无关的分解，本分析评估了1996年至2016年期间全国层面以及2016年各州机制的相对有效性。研究发现，与没有孩子的劳动年龄家庭相比，有孩子的劳动年龄家庭的绝对和相对贫困减少幅度更大，并且随着时间的推移有所增加。我们还发现，在市场收入和可支配收入贫困以及归因于每种再分配机制的贫困减少方面，各州之间存在差异，这突出了在全国范围内审查贫困和反贫困政策的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Beyond the Auditable: Pathology, Professional Vision, and the Limits of Oversight for Regulating Psychotropic Drugs in Foster Care 听觉之外：病理学、专业视野和监管寄养精神药物的监督范围
IF 2 3区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences
Social Service Review
Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.1086/724689
Katherine Gibson
This article draws from an 18-month ethnographic study of professional practices with psychotropic drugs in Illinois to demonstrate how psychotropic drugs are framed in policy and regulated in practice. I first show that disordered youth—rather than dysfunctional institutions—have been centered as the object of policy intervention. I then illustrate that whereas centering the disordered child as an object of intervention in public discourse requires one set of discursive maneuvers, another set of practices—namely, audits—is required to center the child as an object of knowledge around which professionals are organized. As auditors elicit treatment rationales in which drugs treat neurochemical disorder, prescribers and other professionals learn to represent youth in ways that pathologize them. Although audits can play an important role in the regulation of psychotropic drugs in foster care, child welfare systems must address the limits of audits, as well as their unintended effects.
本文从伊利诺斯州对精神药物的专业实践进行了为期18个月的人种学研究，以证明精神药物是如何在政策框架和实践中受到监管的。我首先表明，混乱的年轻人——而不是功能失调的机构——已经成为政策干预的对象。然后，我举例说明，虽然将紊乱儿童作为公共话语干预对象的中心需要一套话语策略，但需要另一套实践-即审计-将儿童作为专业人员组织的知识对象的中心。当审计师引出药物治疗神经化学紊乱的治疗原理时，处方医生和其他专业人士学会了用病态的方式来代表年轻人。虽然审计可以在监管寄养中的精神药物方面发挥重要作用，但儿童福利系统必须解决审计的局限性及其意想不到的影响。
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