S. Roll, S. Constantino, Leah Hamilton, Selina Miller, Dylan Bellisle, M. Despard
Universal basic income has gained renewed interest among policy makers and researchers in the United States. Although research indicates that unconditional cash transfers produce diverse benefits for households, public support lags in part because of predicted unemployment and frivolous spending. To understand how Americans would reorganize their lives around unconditional cash transfers, this article examines the relationship between the structure of cash-transfer programs and their usage. We leverage experiments embedded in two nationally representative surveys to assess relationships between payment frequency, payment amount, and respondents’ anticipated usage. Though the survey experiments presented widely varying scenarios to survey participants, we saw largely consistent responses. Respondents most commonly reported they would use their payments for regular expenses, paying debts and building savings. Increased payment amounts were positively associated with spending on economic mobility-oriented goals and savings and debt decisions, but increased payment frequencies were negatively associated with these goals.
{"title":"How Would Americans Respond to Direct Cash Transfers? Results from Two Survey Experiments","authors":"S. Roll, S. Constantino, Leah Hamilton, Selina Miller, Dylan Bellisle, M. Despard","doi":"10.1086/723522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723522","url":null,"abstract":"Universal basic income has gained renewed interest among policy makers and researchers in the United States. Although research indicates that unconditional cash transfers produce diverse benefits for households, public support lags in part because of predicted unemployment and frivolous spending. To understand how Americans would reorganize their lives around unconditional cash transfers, this article examines the relationship between the structure of cash-transfer programs and their usage. We leverage experiments embedded in two nationally representative surveys to assess relationships between payment frequency, payment amount, and respondents’ anticipated usage. Though the survey experiments presented widely varying scenarios to survey participants, we saw largely consistent responses. Respondents most commonly reported they would use their payments for regular expenses, paying debts and building savings. Increased payment amounts were positively associated with spending on economic mobility-oriented goals and savings and debt decisions, but increased payment frequencies were negatively associated with these goals.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48088020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandra M. Leotti, J. S. Muthanna, Ben Anderson-Nathe
Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines how high-impact journals in the field of social work discursively construct criminalized mothers and their children. Findings reveal a discourse that reflects and reproduces dominant and pervasive narratives of motherhood and childhood, constructing criminalized women as failed mothers and their children as a priori defective, at risk, and therefore vulnerable and in need of early intervention and protection. We argue that the discourse on criminalized mothers embedded in these journals capitalizes on affective constructions of both motherhood and childhood to engage in a form of carceral protectionism. Carceral protectionism helps make legible the deployment of both punitive and paternalistic responses to criminalized mothers and their children. We show how mothering, above all other factors, is framed as foundational to the life trajectories of children. In this way, the at-risk child comes into being through the construction of the unfit mother.
{"title":"Failed Mothers, Risky Children: Carceral Protectionism and the Social Work Gaze","authors":"Sandra M. Leotti, J. S. Muthanna, Ben Anderson-Nathe","doi":"10.1086/722776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722776","url":null,"abstract":"Using critical discourse analysis, this study examines how high-impact journals in the field of social work discursively construct criminalized mothers and their children. Findings reveal a discourse that reflects and reproduces dominant and pervasive narratives of motherhood and childhood, constructing criminalized women as failed mothers and their children as a priori defective, at risk, and therefore vulnerable and in need of early intervention and protection. We argue that the discourse on criminalized mothers embedded in these journals capitalizes on affective constructions of both motherhood and childhood to engage in a form of carceral protectionism. Carceral protectionism helps make legible the deployment of both punitive and paternalistic responses to criminalized mothers and their children. We show how mothering, above all other factors, is framed as foundational to the life trajectories of children. In this way, the at-risk child comes into being through the construction of the unfit mother.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pajarita Charles, Luke Muentner, Aaron Gottlieb, J. Eddy
Despite promising evidence that family contact during incarceration may reduce recidivism, less is understood about its role in postrelease parental involvement with children. Drawing on data from the randomized controlled trial of the Parent Child Study, this article examines in-prison parent-child contact in relation to postrelease parent-caregiver relationships, residence, and nonresidential contact. Predictors of contact include measures of visits, calls, and letters. We use ordinary least-squares regression, logistic regression, and multivariate negative binomial models to assess the outcomes. We show that in-prison visits and calls are associated with caregiver relationship quality and that more frequent visits increase the odds of both postrelease parent-child residence and nonresidential visits. Parent-child visits in prison predict parent involvement after release and may be vital to children and families over and above contact in general. Findings have implications for social workers, criminal justice practitioners, policy makers, and nonprofit agency staff working with incarcerated parents.
{"title":"Parent-Child Contact during Incarceration: Predictors of Involvement among Resident and Nonresident Parents Following Release from Prison","authors":"Pajarita Charles, Luke Muentner, Aaron Gottlieb, J. Eddy","doi":"10.1086/723450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723450","url":null,"abstract":"Despite promising evidence that family contact during incarceration may reduce recidivism, less is understood about its role in postrelease parental involvement with children. Drawing on data from the randomized controlled trial of the Parent Child Study, this article examines in-prison parent-child contact in relation to postrelease parent-caregiver relationships, residence, and nonresidential contact. Predictors of contact include measures of visits, calls, and letters. We use ordinary least-squares regression, logistic regression, and multivariate negative binomial models to assess the outcomes. We show that in-prison visits and calls are associated with caregiver relationship quality and that more frequent visits increase the odds of both postrelease parent-child residence and nonresidential visits. Parent-child visits in prison predict parent involvement after release and may be vital to children and families over and above contact in general. Findings have implications for social workers, criminal justice practitioners, policy makers, and nonprofit agency staff working with incarcerated parents.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41559735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments to Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/723468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723468","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41304935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":":Academic Apartheid: Race and the Criminalization of Failure in an American Suburb","authors":"Bridgette Davis","doi":"10.1086/722286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48666109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An important gap in the literature on two-generation early intervention programs, which provide case-management services to low-income parents and center-based child care to their very young children, is understanding which intervention components (mediators) have the largest impact on parental education and economic self-sufficiency outcomes. This article helps fill the gap by rigorously examining the relative effects of providing case-management referrals and subsidized center-based child care using randomized controlled trial data from the Early Head Start Research Evaluation. The analysis uses recent instrumental variable statistical methods to identify mediator effects by linking experimental impacts on the mediators and parent outcomes across 17 sites. The key finding is that parents’ receipt of case management appears to be the most important explanation for cross-site variation in impacts on parental human capital and self-sufficiency outcomes.
{"title":"Case Management or Child Care: Which Has the Greater Impact on Parental Human Capital and Self-Sufficiency in Two-Generation Programs?","authors":"Owen N. Schochet","doi":"10.1086/722050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722050","url":null,"abstract":"An important gap in the literature on two-generation early intervention programs, which provide case-management services to low-income parents and center-based child care to their very young children, is understanding which intervention components (mediators) have the largest impact on parental education and economic self-sufficiency outcomes. This article helps fill the gap by rigorously examining the relative effects of providing case-management referrals and subsidized center-based child care using randomized controlled trial data from the Early Head Start Research Evaluation. The analysis uses recent instrumental variable statistical methods to identify mediator effects by linking experimental impacts on the mediators and parent outcomes across 17 sites. The key finding is that parents’ receipt of case management appears to be the most important explanation for cross-site variation in impacts on parental human capital and self-sufficiency outcomes.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49099117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Department of Education’s (ED) definition of homelessness includes any child who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, but the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) uses a narrower definition that excludes doubled-up families. These definitions determine how resources are prioritized for families, yet we know very little about the differences in risks faced by children identified by these departments. We leverage a data linkage between public schools and homeless management information systems in Minnesota to provide novel evidence on the educational risks faced by children identified as homeless by ED and HUD. We find that ED-identified-homeless and HUD-identified-homeless children experience comparable increases in chronic absenteeism and school instability in the year they experience homelessness, challenging the popular conception that doubled-up families face lower educational risks. Using these findings, we discuss strategies to integrate homelessness data better, assess needs, and prioritize resources for children experiencing homelessness.
{"title":"Who Counts? Educational Disadvantage among Children Identified as Homeless and Implications for the Systems That Serve Them","authors":"Warren Lowell, M. Hanratty","doi":"10.1086/722003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722003","url":null,"abstract":"The Department of Education’s (ED) definition of homelessness includes any child who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, but the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) uses a narrower definition that excludes doubled-up families. These definitions determine how resources are prioritized for families, yet we know very little about the differences in risks faced by children identified by these departments. We leverage a data linkage between public schools and homeless management information systems in Minnesota to provide novel evidence on the educational risks faced by children identified as homeless by ED and HUD. We find that ED-identified-homeless and HUD-identified-homeless children experience comparable increases in chronic absenteeism and school instability in the year they experience homelessness, challenging the popular conception that doubled-up families face lower educational risks. Using these findings, we discuss strategies to integrate homelessness data better, assess needs, and prioritize resources for children experiencing homelessness.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47481497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through close reading of primary sources, we analyzed social work’s role in the Americanization movement, a massive nation-building, nation-defining endeavor that flourished around the turn of the twentieth century. Although social work was a significant force in the rationalization and implementation of Americanization, its embrace of the project remains largely unknown within the field. We locate social work’s participation in the movement’s sedimentation of whiteness as the national identity and examine the ways in which this construction was applied to discrete populations: Indigenous Americans; African Americans; and immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Both settlements and charity organization societies were intimately engaged in the construction of the proper citizen: the self-sufficient, self-managing laborer/consumer, docile to the underlying logic of the industrializing nation. The ethnoracial hierarchy of the United States solidified through these endeavors continues to shape the nation and the profession’s approach to immigrants and racialized others today.
{"title":"To “Elevate, Humanize, Christianize, Americanize”: Social Work, White Supremacy, and the Americanization Movement, 1880–1930","authors":"Yoosun Park, M. Reisch","doi":"10.1086/722095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722095","url":null,"abstract":"Through close reading of primary sources, we analyzed social work’s role in the Americanization movement, a massive nation-building, nation-defining endeavor that flourished around the turn of the twentieth century. Although social work was a significant force in the rationalization and implementation of Americanization, its embrace of the project remains largely unknown within the field. We locate social work’s participation in the movement’s sedimentation of whiteness as the national identity and examine the ways in which this construction was applied to discrete populations: Indigenous Americans; African Americans; and immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Both settlements and charity organization societies were intimately engaged in the construction of the proper citizen: the self-sufficient, self-managing laborer/consumer, docile to the underlying logic of the industrializing nation. The ethnoracial hierarchy of the United States solidified through these endeavors continues to shape the nation and the profession’s approach to immigrants and racialized others today.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41369370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youth-serving organizations (YSOs) are under increasing pressure to develop performance measurement systems tracking youth participants and program outcomes. Although the challenges of developing performance measurement systems in human service organizations (HSOs) are well documented, scholarly understanding of challenges in the specific case of YSOs is limited. This study uses participant observations in YSOs, interviews with program staff, and focus groups with young people to delineate performance measurement practices. We then employ a framework developed by Carnochan and colleagues to describe performance measurement challenges in HSOs. Findings suggest Carnochan and colleagues’ framework is useful for YSOs. However, because of differences in funding streams, concerns about harm to clients, and strong commitment to client involvement, YSOs face specific tensions in organizational data work not addressed by this framework. Organizations need a rubric focused more on ethical and power conflicts; our article demonstrates the need for further research into data work in YSOs.
{"title":"Emerging Tensions in Data Work: Staff and Youth Perspectives in Youth-Serving Organizations","authors":"Alexander Fink, R. V. Roholt","doi":"10.1086/722277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722277","url":null,"abstract":"Youth-serving organizations (YSOs) are under increasing pressure to develop performance measurement systems tracking youth participants and program outcomes. Although the challenges of developing performance measurement systems in human service organizations (HSOs) are well documented, scholarly understanding of challenges in the specific case of YSOs is limited. This study uses participant observations in YSOs, interviews with program staff, and focus groups with young people to delineate performance measurement practices. We then employ a framework developed by Carnochan and colleagues to describe performance measurement challenges in HSOs. Findings suggest Carnochan and colleagues’ framework is useful for YSOs. However, because of differences in funding streams, concerns about harm to clients, and strong commitment to client involvement, YSOs face specific tensions in organizational data work not addressed by this framework. Organizations need a rubric focused more on ethical and power conflicts; our article demonstrates the need for further research into data work in YSOs.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48681036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaeseung Kim, A. R. Pilarz, Youngjin Hong, Julia R. Henly, H. Sandstrom
Federal child-care subsidies through the Child Care and Development Fund support low-income parents’ employment and their children’s development. However, unstable patterns of subsidy use may be associated with instability in care arrangements and with potential negative consequences for parental employment and child well-being. Using a unique data set that links longitudinal administrative subsidy records to survey and child-care calendar data, we examine associations between multiple measures of subsidy instability and child-care instability. Results from survival analyses show that children who have an early subsidy exit are at higher risk of leaving their first subsidized child-care provider. Multiple measures of instability in subsidy use—an early subsidy exit, subsidy spell length, and multiple subsidy spells—are each also associated with children experiencing more total provider changes (both subsidized and unsubsidized). Our findings suggest that recent policy efforts have the potential to promote child-care stability for children receiving subsidies.
{"title":"How Is Instability in Child-Care Subsidy Use Associated with Instability in Child-Care Arrangements?","authors":"Jaeseung Kim, A. R. Pilarz, Youngjin Hong, Julia R. Henly, H. Sandstrom","doi":"10.1086/722096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722096","url":null,"abstract":"Federal child-care subsidies through the Child Care and Development Fund support low-income parents’ employment and their children’s development. However, unstable patterns of subsidy use may be associated with instability in care arrangements and with potential negative consequences for parental employment and child well-being. Using a unique data set that links longitudinal administrative subsidy records to survey and child-care calendar data, we examine associations between multiple measures of subsidy instability and child-care instability. Results from survival analyses show that children who have an early subsidy exit are at higher risk of leaving their first subsidized child-care provider. Multiple measures of instability in subsidy use—an early subsidy exit, subsidy spell length, and multiple subsidy spells—are each also associated with children experiencing more total provider changes (both subsidized and unsubsidized). Our findings suggest that recent policy efforts have the potential to promote child-care stability for children receiving subsidies.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47302387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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