Recent social movements have called for an end to mass incarceration and the diversion of funds from police and carceral institutions to social services. However, such a restructuring is limited without addressing the commonplace collaborations between criminal justice actors and social service practitioners. In an interview study with 66 social service providers who offer services to formerly incarcerated people, we examine practitioners’ relationships with the criminal justice system. Participants overwhelmingly report a reliance on direct collaboration with the criminal justice system to address a multiplicity of barriers people face when returning home to cities with weak social and economic infrastructures. Participants also described a moral frame situating themselves as mediators amid tensions between community members and the criminal justice system. Social service providers’ deep financial, logistical, and ideological entrenchment across the criminal justice system has several implications for the afterlife of mass incarceration and the capacity to reimagine justice.
{"title":"“We’re Here to Help”: Criminal Justice Collaboration among Social Service Providers across the Urban-Rural Continuum","authors":"Jessica T. Simes, Erin Tichenor","doi":"10.1086/719901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719901","url":null,"abstract":"Recent social movements have called for an end to mass incarceration and the diversion of funds from police and carceral institutions to social services. However, such a restructuring is limited without addressing the commonplace collaborations between criminal justice actors and social service practitioners. In an interview study with 66 social service providers who offer services to formerly incarcerated people, we examine practitioners’ relationships with the criminal justice system. Participants overwhelmingly report a reliance on direct collaboration with the criminal justice system to address a multiplicity of barriers people face when returning home to cities with weak social and economic infrastructures. Participants also described a moral frame situating themselves as mediators amid tensions between community members and the criminal justice system. Social service providers’ deep financial, logistical, and ideological entrenchment across the criminal justice system has several implications for the afterlife of mass incarceration and the capacity to reimagine justice.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"268 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46720565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Southern Key: Class, Race, and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s. By Michael Goldfield. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 432. $53.00 (cloth).","authors":"William Sites","doi":"10.1086/719978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719978","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45791047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Washington, D. Applegarth, Kaylyn C. Canlione, Laura S. Abrams
In this phenomenological study, we seek to understand how former juvenile lifers, now middle-aged adults, navigate lost time and life course disruption in the context of family reintegration. Nine men who were incarcerated for an average of 27 years participated in multiple in-depth interviews. Life course theory, social support theory, and ambiguous loss theory are drawn upon to provide insights into their experiences of family reintegration and forging new family relationships following lengthy periods of incarceration that began as a youth. The concept of “lost time” encompasses major themes, including missing large portions of family members’ life spans, experiencing losses and major transitions, facing barriers to reconnecting, and attempting to forge new family relationships to make up for long developmental delays. Viewed through a life course lens, this study provides insight into the far-reaching consequences of harsh sentencing for youths in the context of American mass incarceration.
{"title":"Lost Time: Family Reintegration following a Youth Life Sentence","authors":"D. M. Washington, D. Applegarth, Kaylyn C. Canlione, Laura S. Abrams","doi":"10.1086/719900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719900","url":null,"abstract":"In this phenomenological study, we seek to understand how former juvenile lifers, now middle-aged adults, navigate lost time and life course disruption in the context of family reintegration. Nine men who were incarcerated for an average of 27 years participated in multiple in-depth interviews. Life course theory, social support theory, and ambiguous loss theory are drawn upon to provide insights into their experiences of family reintegration and forging new family relationships following lengthy periods of incarceration that began as a youth. The concept of “lost time” encompasses major themes, including missing large portions of family members’ life spans, experiencing losses and major transitions, facing barriers to reconnecting, and attempting to forge new family relationships to make up for long developmental delays. Viewed through a life course lens, this study provides insight into the far-reaching consequences of harsh sentencing for youths in the context of American mass incarceration.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"196 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47713495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We live in troubling times. As I write this article, the Russian Federation has invaded Ukraine, bringing the horrors of war, once again, to continental Europe.Theworld cheers Ukrainian resistance, and surrounding nations have opened their borders to receive the millions of refugees forced by terror to flee their homes. But in a reminder that we live in a world that fears and criminalizes the “other,” holding them in disdain, African and Arab refugees have been plucked from trains and buses in their attempts to escape. They have been refused shelter in homes thatwelcomed their neighbors and made to know, inmyriadways, that they do not belong. This is unsurprising when considering the many moral panics about the danger of the foreignborn other. Refugees are often blamed for crime waves in the countries that receive them, despite there being little to no evidence of an actual spike in crime. Recent statements from the prime minister of Bulgaria explained
{"title":"The Afterlife of Mass Incarceration, or What Does It Mean to Need a “Brute” in the Twenty-First Century?","authors":"R. Miller","doi":"10.1086/720275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720275","url":null,"abstract":"We live in troubling times. As I write this article, the Russian Federation has invaded Ukraine, bringing the horrors of war, once again, to continental Europe.Theworld cheers Ukrainian resistance, and surrounding nations have opened their borders to receive the millions of refugees forced by terror to flee their homes. But in a reminder that we live in a world that fears and criminalizes the “other,” holding them in disdain, African and Arab refugees have been plucked from trains and buses in their attempts to escape. They have been refused shelter in homes thatwelcomed their neighbors and made to know, inmyriadways, that they do not belong. This is unsurprising when considering the many moral panics about the danger of the foreignborn other. Refugees are often blamed for crime waves in the countries that receive them, despite there being little to no evidence of an actual spike in crime. Recent statements from the prime minister of Bulgaria explained","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"163 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48724020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica L. Horowitz, Kimberly Spencer-Suarez, Ryan Larson, R. Stewart, Frank Edwards, Emmi E. Obara, C. Uggen
Child support arrears and criminal monetary sanctions are two forms of state-imposed debt that have gained increasing attention for their role in perpetuating inequality. Although past research recognizes that both groups of debtors tend to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and are disproportionately members of marginalized racial groups, the overlap between these populations has not been examined. Our study uses administrative data to link individuals from both groups, providing the first description and comparison of three populations of debtors—those with only criminal legal debt, those with only child support debt, and those with both types of debt—highlighting disparities and the compounding nature of both types of debt. We then draw on 30 in-depth semistructured interviews with individuals subject to state surveillance from both forms of debt, emphasizing three key themes that emerged: debt as carceral vulnerability, the relative salience of each type of debt, and perceptions of fairness.
{"title":"Dual Debtors: Child Support and Criminal Legal Financial Obligations","authors":"Veronica L. Horowitz, Kimberly Spencer-Suarez, Ryan Larson, R. Stewart, Frank Edwards, Emmi E. Obara, C. Uggen","doi":"10.1086/720016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720016","url":null,"abstract":"Child support arrears and criminal monetary sanctions are two forms of state-imposed debt that have gained increasing attention for their role in perpetuating inequality. Although past research recognizes that both groups of debtors tend to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and are disproportionately members of marginalized racial groups, the overlap between these populations has not been examined. Our study uses administrative data to link individuals from both groups, providing the first description and comparison of three populations of debtors—those with only criminal legal debt, those with only child support debt, and those with both types of debt—highlighting disparities and the compounding nature of both types of debt. We then draw on 30 in-depth semistructured interviews with individuals subject to state surveillance from both forms of debt, emphasizing three key themes that emerged: debt as carceral vulnerability, the relative salience of each type of debt, and perceptions of fairness.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"226 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategies to modulate cellular DNA repair pathways hold immense potential to enhance the efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing platform. In the absence of a repair template, CRISPR-Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by the endogenous cellular DNA repair pathways to generate loss-of-function edits. Here, we describe a reporter-based assay for expeditious measurement of loss-of-function editing by CRISPR-Cas9. An unbiased chemical screen performed using this assay enabled the identification of small molecules that promote loss-of-function editing. Iterative rounds of screens reveal Repsox, a TGF-β signaling inhibitor, as a CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency enhancer. Repsox invariably increased CRISPR-Cas9 editing in a panel of commonly used cell lines in biomedical research and primary cells. Furthermore, Repsox-mediated editing enhancement in primary human CD4+ T cells enabled the generation of HIV-1-resistant cells with high efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of transiently targeting cellular pathways by small molecules to improve genome editing for research applications and is expected to benefit gene therapy efforts.
调节细胞 DNA 修复途径的策略在提高 CRISPR-Cas9 基因组编辑平台的效率方面具有巨大潜力。在没有修复模板的情况下，CRISPR-Cas9 诱导的 DNA 双链断裂会被内源性细胞 DNA 修复途径修复，从而产生功能缺失编辑。在这里，我们描述了一种基于报告的检测方法，用于快速测量 CRISPR-Cas9 的功能缺失编辑。利用这种检测方法进行的无偏化学筛选，能够鉴定出促进功能缺失编辑的小分子。一轮又一轮的筛选发现，TGF-β 信号抑制剂 Repsox 是一种 CRISPR-Cas9 编辑效率增强剂。在一组生物医学研究常用细胞系和原代细胞中，Repsox 无一例外地提高了 CRISPR-Cas9 编辑的效率。此外，在原代人类 CD4+ T 细胞中，Repsox 介导的编辑增强能够高效生成抗 HIV-1 的细胞。这项研究证明了小分子瞬时靶向细胞通路改善基因组编辑在研究应用中的潜力，并有望为基因治疗工作带来益处。
{"title":"Improved loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in human cells concomitant with inhibition of TGF-β signaling.","authors":"Tarun Mishra, Vipin Bhardwaj, Neha Ahuja, Pallavi Gadgil, Pavitra Ramdas, Sanjeev Shukla, Ajit Chande","doi":"10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strategies to modulate cellular DNA repair pathways hold immense potential to enhance the efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing platform. In the absence of a repair template, CRISPR-Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by the endogenous cellular DNA repair pathways to generate loss-of-function edits. Here, we describe a reporter-based assay for expeditious measurement of loss-of-function editing by CRISPR-Cas9. An unbiased chemical screen performed using this assay enabled the identification of small molecules that promote loss-of-function editing. Iterative rounds of screens reveal Repsox, a TGF-β signaling inhibitor, as a CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency enhancer. Repsox invariably increased CRISPR-Cas9 editing in a panel of commonly used cell lines in biomedical research and primary cells. Furthermore, Repsox-mediated editing enhancement in primary human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells enabled the generation of HIV-1-resistant cells with high efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of transiently targeting cellular pathways by small molecules to improve genome editing for research applications and is expected to benefit gene therapy efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"202-218"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8961078/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82800690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hartley, Marybeth J. Mattingly, J. Waldfogel, Christopher Wimer
Unless parents have a family member at home who can provide care, most will need childcare to work and achieve career mobility. Existing policies to help families with child-care costs in the United States include means-tested subsidies and nonrefundable tax credits. Many low-income families are eligible for the means-tested benefits, yet receipt rates are low. These families are generally excluded from the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) because it is nonrefundable. We analyze two approaches to reduce child-care expenses for low-income working families: (1) making the CDCTC fully refundable and increasing its generosity and (2) providing subsidies to ensure families spend no more than the Department of Health and Human Services affordability guidelines suggest. We evaluate how much such policies would alleviate child poverty through reducing child-care costs and through increasing earnings by enabling parents to work more.
除非父母家中有家庭成员可以提供照顾，否则大多数人将需要儿童保育来工作和实现职业流动性。在美国，帮助承担托儿费用的家庭的现有政策包括经经济状况调查的补贴和不可退还的税收抵免。许多低收入家庭有资格获得经经济状况调查的福利，但领取率很低。这些家庭通常被排除在儿童和受抚养人护理税收抵免(CDCTC)之外，因为它是不可退还的。我们分析了减少低收入工薪家庭托儿费用的两种方法:(1)使CDCTC全额退还并增加其慷慨程度;(2)提供补贴以确保家庭的支出不超过卫生与人类服务部(Department of Health and Human Services)可负担性指南所建议的水平。我们评估了这些政策通过降低儿童保育成本和通过使父母更多地工作来增加收入来减轻儿童贫困的程度。
{"title":"Paying for Childcare to Work? Evaluating the Role of Policy in Affordable Care and Child Poverty","authors":"R. Hartley, Marybeth J. Mattingly, J. Waldfogel, Christopher Wimer","doi":"10.1086/718635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718635","url":null,"abstract":"Unless parents have a family member at home who can provide care, most will need childcare to work and achieve career mobility. Existing policies to help families with child-care costs in the United States include means-tested subsidies and nonrefundable tax credits. Many low-income families are eligible for the means-tested benefits, yet receipt rates are low. These families are generally excluded from the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) because it is nonrefundable. We analyze two approaches to reduce child-care expenses for low-income working families: (1) making the CDCTC fully refundable and increasing its generosity and (2) providing subsidies to ensure families spend no more than the Department of Health and Human Services affordability guidelines suggest. We evaluate how much such policies would alleviate child poverty through reducing child-care costs and through increasing earnings by enabling parents to work more.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"34 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Frank R. Breul Memorial Prize","authors":"J. Mosley","doi":"10.1086/718987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718987","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46109395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social workers in Palestine routinely navigate issues of stigma with their clients without formal ethical guidance. This constructivist grounded theory study examines how Palestinian social workers in the West Bank organize themselves ethically to provide stigmatized care—where social workers supporting people with socially rejected conditions and experiences can face community scorn by extension. We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 99 social work supervisors in 12 cities over a 2-year period. Our analysis reveals localized reinterpretations of acceptance and confidentiality as ethically grounded principles for stigmatized care. These practice principles have emerged under strain in cases involving substance use, sex work, sexual variance, sexual violence, and child abuse allegations but reach a limit around accusations of collaboration with the occupation. Our findings reflect a dynamic vernacular ethics: a politicized field of shared concerns and debates that social workers use to guide their practice without a codified ethical system.
{"title":"The Vernacular Ethics of Stigmatized Care: Reinterpreting Acceptance and Confidentiality for Social Work in the West Bank, Palestine","authors":"David S. Byers, Anan J Fareed, Khalid Hreish","doi":"10.1086/718581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718581","url":null,"abstract":"Social workers in Palestine routinely navigate issues of stigma with their clients without formal ethical guidance. This constructivist grounded theory study examines how Palestinian social workers in the West Bank organize themselves ethically to provide stigmatized care—where social workers supporting people with socially rejected conditions and experiences can face community scorn by extension. We conducted focus groups and individual interviews with 99 social work supervisors in 12 cities over a 2-year period. Our analysis reveals localized reinterpretations of acceptance and confidentiality as ethically grounded principles for stigmatized care. These practice principles have emerged under strain in cases involving substance use, sex work, sexual variance, sexual violence, and child abuse allegations but reach a limit around accusations of collaboration with the occupation. Our findings reflect a dynamic vernacular ethics: a politicized field of shared concerns and debates that social workers use to guide their practice without a codified ethical system.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"73 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45282260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focuses on a notable historical flashpoint in the history of deinstitutionalization, the removal, by Jerome Miller in the mid-1970s, of more than 400 juveniles from Pennsylvania’s Camp Hill prison, a facility that incarcerated juveniles with adult prisoners. It draws on a combination of archival research and in-depth interviews with individuals who played a role in the prison’s closing and the development of new community alternatives. Miller and the reformers aspired to revolutionary change but had to settle for successfully removing juveniles from an antiquated prison and developing a patchwork system of community alternatives. This research sheds light on the goals, strategies, and impact of 1970s-era deinstitutionalization reformers who attempted to transform a juvenile justice system that seemed impervious to change.
{"title":"From “Revolutionary Adventure” to “Not Great, Just Better”: The Fight to Remove Juveniles from Pennsylvania’s Camp Hill Prison","authors":"Michael B. Schlossman","doi":"10.1086/718809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718809","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on a notable historical flashpoint in the history of deinstitutionalization, the removal, by Jerome Miller in the mid-1970s, of more than 400 juveniles from Pennsylvania’s Camp Hill prison, a facility that incarcerated juveniles with adult prisoners. It draws on a combination of archival research and in-depth interviews with individuals who played a role in the prison’s closing and the development of new community alternatives. Miller and the reformers aspired to revolutionary change but had to settle for successfully removing juveniles from an antiquated prison and developing a patchwork system of community alternatives. This research sheds light on the goals, strategies, and impact of 1970s-era deinstitutionalization reformers who attempted to transform a juvenile justice system that seemed impervious to change.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"110 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41472105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：