This study examines whether infrastructure and processes at polling places vary by the race and income of the community where polls are located and whether voting infrastructure and process are associated with actual voting by registered voters (typically termed “voter turnout”). Data come from a systematic sample of 20 polling places in St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri, on Election Day in November 2018, and from the US Census Bureau. Findings indicate that voting infrastructure and process at polling sites are associated with the predominant race and income level of census tracts in which they are located. Moreover, infrastructure and process factors are also associated with voter turnout. Problems in voting infrastructure and process are not usually discussed as intentional voter suppression, but this evidence suggests that they are systemic (in common terms, “just the way things are”) and have the same effect as intentional voter suppression.
{"title":"Voting Infrastructure and Process: Another Form of Voter Suppression?","authors":"K. Pitzer, G. Mcclendon, M. Sherraden","doi":"10.1086/714491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714491","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines whether infrastructure and processes at polling places vary by the race and income of the community where polls are located and whether voting infrastructure and process are associated with actual voting by registered voters (typically termed “voter turnout”). Data come from a systematic sample of 20 polling places in St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri, on Election Day in November 2018, and from the US Census Bureau. Findings indicate that voting infrastructure and process at polling sites are associated with the predominant race and income level of census tracts in which they are located. Moreover, infrastructure and process factors are also associated with voter turnout. Problems in voting infrastructure and process are not usually discussed as intentional voter suppression, but this evidence suggests that they are systemic (in common terms, “just the way things are”) and have the same effect as intentional voter suppression.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46880756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public health approaches to child protection operate by way of analogy. They attempt to import knowledge from the field of public health into the field of child protection by implying equivalences between the fields. This article draws on Kellert’s (2008) criteria for evaluating metaphors in scientific reasoning: utility, fit, awareness, and need. It argues that the analogy can be useful but demonstrates poor fit because it relies on false equivalences between maltreatment and health conditions, child protection clients and health consumers, and child protection and health-care systems. Insufficient overt awareness of these false equivalences has resulted in the analogy becoming overstretched and used in support of erroneous conclusions. Knowledge imported from public health is not needed to advance policy and research in child protection. This goal is best served by approaches endemic to child protection that do not rely on the false equivalences that underpin this analogy.
{"title":"The Analogy of Child Protection as Public Health: An Analysis of Utility, Fit, Awareness, and Need","authors":"Brian Q. Jenkins","doi":"10.1086/714490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714490","url":null,"abstract":"Public health approaches to child protection operate by way of analogy. They attempt to import knowledge from the field of public health into the field of child protection by implying equivalences between the fields. This article draws on Kellert’s (2008) criteria for evaluating metaphors in scientific reasoning: utility, fit, awareness, and need. It argues that the analogy can be useful but demonstrates poor fit because it relies on false equivalences between maltreatment and health conditions, child protection clients and health consumers, and child protection and health-care systems. Insufficient overt awareness of these false equivalences has resulted in the analogy becoming overstretched and used in support of erroneous conclusions. Knowledge imported from public health is not needed to advance policy and research in child protection. This goal is best served by approaches endemic to child protection that do not rely on the false equivalences that underpin this analogy.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714490","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49064502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lost and Found: Young Fathers in the Age of Unwed Parenthood. By Paul Florsheim and David Moore. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 432. $29.95 (cloth).","authors":"Justin S. Harty","doi":"10.1086/714553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714553","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47840781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to assess the role of early childhood education and care (ECEC) program access and generosity on child maltreatment as measured by Child Protective Services (CPS) reports. Using administrative data capturing CPS reports in the United States, I estimate the role of Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) child-care subsidies, Head Start, Early Head Start, state prekindergarten, and universal prekindergarten programs on CPS reports using ordinary least squares and multilevel models. I exploit exogenous variation in state prekindergarten enrollment shocks to compare the CPS reports across children’s age-based eligibility using difference-in-difference-in-difference and event-history frameworks. Results suggest that the largest welfare gains in program access may occur among the youngest children (under age 3), the group for whom program access is most constrained. However, findings from state-level models provide weak overall evidence of a lower-bound benefit.
{"title":"Early Childhood Education and Care Programs in the United States: Does Access Improve Child Safety?","authors":"Jessica Pac","doi":"10.1086/713077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713077","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to assess the role of early childhood education and care (ECEC) program access and generosity on child maltreatment as measured by Child Protective Services (CPS) reports. Using administrative data capturing CPS reports in the United States, I estimate the role of Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) child-care subsidies, Head Start, Early Head Start, state prekindergarten, and universal prekindergarten programs on CPS reports using ordinary least squares and multilevel models. I exploit exogenous variation in state prekindergarten enrollment shocks to compare the CPS reports across children’s age-based eligibility using difference-in-difference-in-difference and event-history frameworks. Results suggest that the largest welfare gains in program access may occur among the youngest children (under age 3), the group for whom program access is most constrained. However, findings from state-level models provide weak overall evidence of a lower-bound benefit.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41564236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents findings from an implementation study of a pilot project that connected pregnant and parenting youth in care with home visiting services. It draws primarily on semistructured interviews conducted with the practitioners who delivered those services and the parents who received them. We find that home visiting services can be delivered successfully to pregnant and parenting youth in care and that both practitioners and parents reported that parents benefit from those services. We also find that engaging and delivering services to pregnant and parenting youth in care presents substantial challenges and that home visiting programs sometimes deviated from their standard practices in response. The study has implications for future efforts to provide home visiting services to pregnant and parenting youth in care or to other families involved in the child welfare system.
{"title":"Bridging the Divide between Child Welfare and Home Visiting Systems to Address the Needs of Pregnant and Parenting Youth in Care","authors":"Amy Lynn Dworsky, E. Gitlow, Kristen L. Ethier","doi":"10.1086/713875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713875","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents findings from an implementation study of a pilot project that connected pregnant and parenting youth in care with home visiting services. It draws primarily on semistructured interviews conducted with the practitioners who delivered those services and the parents who received them. We find that home visiting services can be delivered successfully to pregnant and parenting youth in care and that both practitioners and parents reported that parents benefit from those services. We also find that engaging and delivering services to pregnant and parenting youth in care presents substantial challenges and that home visiting programs sometimes deviated from their standard practices in response. The study has implications for future efforts to provide home visiting services to pregnant and parenting youth in care or to other families involved in the child welfare system.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47050895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One common explanation for mass incarceration is that it is the latest in a series of institutions created to enforce the racial hierarchy in the United States. Despite this perspective’s prominence, it has been rarely tested empirically with extensive quantitative data. In this article, we begin to fill this gap by examining whether individuals charged with felonies experience worst-case outcomes when they are charged in counties that had high rates of slavery in 1860. Using multiple regression models that include state-year fixed effects and account for historical county-level factors and contemporary individual characteristics, we find that a criminal charge in a county with high levels of slavery in 1860 increases the likelihood of pretrial detention, the probability of a sentence of incarceration, and the length of incarceration sentences. These results hold for the full sample and for Black and White individuals separately.
{"title":"The Legacy of Slavery and Mass Incarceration: Evidence from Felony Case Outcomes","authors":"Aaron Gottlieb, Kalen Flynn","doi":"10.1086/713922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713922","url":null,"abstract":"One common explanation for mass incarceration is that it is the latest in a series of institutions created to enforce the racial hierarchy in the United States. Despite this perspective’s prominence, it has been rarely tested empirically with extensive quantitative data. In this article, we begin to fill this gap by examining whether individuals charged with felonies experience worst-case outcomes when they are charged in counties that had high rates of slavery in 1860. Using multiple regression models that include state-year fixed effects and account for historical county-level factors and contemporary individual characteristics, we find that a criminal charge in a county with high levels of slavery in 1860 increases the likelihood of pretrial detention, the probability of a sentence of incarceration, and the length of incarceration sentences. These results hold for the full sample and for Black and White individuals separately.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46649685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toward Freedom: The Case against Race Reductionism. By Touré F. Reed. London: Verso, 2020. Pp. 224. $19.95 (paper).","authors":"R. Aspholm","doi":"10.1086/712963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/712963","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43826890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Frank R. Breul Memorial Prize","authors":"Mark Courtney","doi":"10.1086/713803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138540784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Structured Decision-Making Model’s risk assessment (RA) is a prominent feature of front-end child protection work. Examining how two different states have set policy to implement the RA, we analyze their distinct choices and unintended consequences. We propose that variation in implementation originates not from individual workers but from two nested sources. First, the RA embeds an implicit epistemological conflict between actuarially based and clinical decision making, with very little guidance on how to reconcile these different approaches into its design. Second, without explicit guidance on how to address divergence between scores and clinical judgment, states are free to set different policies, which, in turn, creates the conditions for variation in implementation. Examining these relationships advances our understanding of the conditions under which the RA is able to achieve a standardizing function.
{"title":"The Goldilocks Problem: Tensions between Actuarially Based and Clinical Judgment in Child Welfare Decision Making","authors":"E. Bosk, Megan Feely","doi":"10.1086/712060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/712060","url":null,"abstract":"The Structured Decision-Making Model’s risk assessment (RA) is a prominent feature of front-end child protection work. Examining how two different states have set policy to implement the RA, we analyze their distinct choices and unintended consequences. We propose that variation in implementation originates not from individual workers but from two nested sources. First, the RA embeds an implicit epistemological conflict between actuarially based and clinical decision making, with very little guidance on how to reconcile these different approaches into its design. Second, without explicit guidance on how to address divergence between scores and clinical judgment, states are free to set different policies, which, in turn, creates the conditions for variation in implementation. Examining these relationships advances our understanding of the conditions under which the RA is able to achieve a standardizing function.","PeriodicalId":47665,"journal":{"name":"Social Service Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/712060","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45749460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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