In this article I review and discuss the use of stated and revealed preference methods in two contexts: the estimation of the value per statistical life (VSL) and the “energy efficiency gap,” namely the slow pace of adoption of energy efficient technologies, even when they make economic sense. I examine whether revealed preference and stated preference studies complement one another in answering basic valuation and policy questions. I conclude that stated preference methods can fill some of the gaps typical of revealed preference approaches. For example, in the VSL context, they can address risk latency, age, and health status questions, and reach populations that are typically not represented in labor markets. Even more important, in stated preference studies, risk attributes can be varied independently from one another across respondents, allowing the analyst to estimate the effect of each of them on the VSL. Stated preference methods also have the potential to explore aspects of energy efficiency decisions (including uncertainty in the energy savings or disruption in the home during renovations) that are not easily observed in revealed preference studies. Estimating discount rates (a key issue in energy efficiency decisions) poses challenges in both revealed and stated preference studies.
{"title":"Revealed versus Stated Preferences: What Have We Learned About Valuation and Behavior?","authors":"A. Alberini","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez010","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I review and discuss the use of stated and revealed preference methods in two contexts: the estimation of the value per statistical life (VSL) and the “energy efficiency gap,” namely the slow pace of adoption of energy efficient technologies, even when they make economic sense. I examine whether revealed preference and stated preference studies complement one another in answering basic valuation and policy questions. I conclude that stated preference methods can fill some of the gaps typical of revealed preference approaches. For example, in the VSL context, they can address risk latency, age, and health status questions, and reach populations that are typically not represented in labor markets. Even more important, in stated preference studies, risk attributes can be varied independently from one another across respondents, allowing the analyst to estimate the effect of each of them on the VSL. Stated preference methods also have the potential to explore aspects of energy efficiency decisions (including uncertainty in the energy savings or disruption in the home during renovations) that are not easily observed in revealed preference studies. Estimating discount rates (a key issue in energy efficiency decisions) poses challenges in both revealed and stated preference studies.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"283 - 298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43598105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Editorial, written by a former United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator under President Barack Obama, is adapted from the author's keynote address on June 25, 2018 at the World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists in Gothenburg, Sweden. It reviews the important history of environmental economics and how it has influenced rulemaking at the EPA. It discusses how attacks on science are being used to weaken environmental regulations and how these attacks extend to the science of environmental economics. It concludes with a call to action that reminds environmental economists that continuing to do good science is as important as ever.
{"title":"Editorial—The Role of Environmental Economics in U.S. Environmental Policy","authors":"Gina Mccarthy","doi":"10.1093/REEP/REZ001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/REEP/REZ001","url":null,"abstract":"This Editorial, written by a former United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator under President Barack Obama, is adapted from the author's keynote address on June 25, 2018 at the World Congress of Environmental and Resource Economists in Gothenburg, Sweden. It reviews the important history of environmental economics and how it has influenced rulemaking at the EPA. It discusses how attacks on science are being used to weaken environmental regulations and how these attacks extend to the science of environmental economics. It concludes with a call to action that reminds environmental economists that continuing to do good science is as important as ever.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"299 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/REEP/REZ001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45611855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to support the use of economics in environmental management, revealed preference studies continue to advance the measurement of environmental values. Together with integrated assessment models, these values are ever more useful for environmental management. This article briefly reviews revealed preference methods, which infer values from observed behavior. A new emphasis in this literature has been to exploit the intertemporal properties of panel data to value the environment. These panel methods have great potential, but the literature needs to develop theoretical and empirical best practices. The article also examines the latest empirical results across several environmental issues: climate change, pollution, and conservation. Valuation methods continue to be applied to additional issues and locations. Looking toward the future, technical change and economic growth suggest that additional pollutants and global-scale effects will emerge. Valuation methods need to keep pace with these new developments to be able to address the key environmental management challenges of the future.
{"title":"An Examination of Recent Revealed Preference Valuation Methods and Results","authors":"R. Mendelsohn","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez003","url":null,"abstract":"In order to support the use of economics in environmental management, revealed preference studies continue to advance the measurement of environmental values. Together with integrated assessment models, these values are ever more useful for environmental management. This article briefly reviews revealed preference methods, which infer values from observed behavior. A new emphasis in this literature has been to exploit the intertemporal properties of panel data to value the environment. These panel methods have great potential, but the literature needs to develop theoretical and empirical best practices. The article also examines the latest empirical results across several environmental issues: climate change, pollution, and conservation. Valuation methods continue to be applied to additional issues and locations. Looking toward the future, technical change and economic growth suggest that additional pollutants and global-scale effects will emerge. Valuation methods need to keep pace with these new developments to be able to address the key environmental management challenges of the future.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"267 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine plastic pollution is heavily driven by escaped plastic waste from land. Effectively reducing flows of plastic pollution into the oceans requires incentivizing efficient disposal decisions, discouraging production and consumption of products with low recyclability and reuse potential, and encouraging lower-impact, easily recyclable product and packaging designs. We examine the economic literature on waste management and integrated environmental policy to assess how particular policies target these individual pathways and can efficiently reduce flows of plastics into waterways. These policies include production/retail bans and standards, extended producer responsibility, price-based policies such as advance disposal fees and two-part instruments, and interventions grounded in behavioral economics and psychology. We also consider the applicability of these policies in coastal developing nations that often rely upon the informal sector for waste management services. We conclude by identifying important issues for future research.
{"title":"Reducing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Insights from Economics","authors":"J. Abbott, U. R. Sumaila","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez007","url":null,"abstract":"Marine plastic pollution is heavily driven by escaped plastic waste from land. Effectively reducing flows of plastic pollution into the oceans requires incentivizing efficient disposal decisions, discouraging production and consumption of products with low recyclability and reuse potential, and encouraging lower-impact, easily recyclable product and packaging designs. We examine the economic literature on waste management and integrated environmental policy to assess how particular policies target these individual pathways and can efficiently reduce flows of plastics into waterways. These policies include production/retail bans and standards, extended producer responsibility, price-based policies such as advance disposal fees and two-part instruments, and interventions grounded in behavioral economics and psychology. We also consider the applicability of these policies in coastal developing nations that often rely upon the informal sector for waste management services. We conclude by identifying important issues for future research.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"327 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41812636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews the literature on the conservation and livelihood impacts of recent policy and institutional reforms concerning the management of common pool natural resources in sub-Saharan Africa. The evidence suggests that the specific institutional and natural resource context is critical to the success or failure of reforms. We also identify several methodological and data deficiencies in the literature that pose significant challenges for the design of effective and sustainable policies in the future. We propose several priorities for future research, including improving the characterization of the nature, extent, and purpose of policies; controlling for confounding effects and selection bias in research design; developing standardized and conceptually sound impact measures that are aligned with the goals of policy reforms; adopting ecosystems approaches that model complex coupled socioecological systems; broadening cost and benefit measures to include the regulation of ecosystem services of significant local, regional, and global value; and identifying long-term economic incentives and benefit-sharing arrangements among stakeholders, particularly given the increasing competition from alternative land use options. Finally, we find that the literature is dominated by contributions from the natural sciences, suggesting an opportunity to increase the role of environmental economics and policy research.
{"title":"Strategies for Managing Common Pool Natural Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Past Experience and Future Challenges","authors":"R. Hassan, E. Mungatana, Wisdom Akpalu","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez002","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews the literature on the conservation and livelihood impacts of recent policy and institutional reforms concerning the management of common pool natural resources in sub-Saharan Africa. The evidence suggests that the specific institutional and natural resource context is critical to the success or failure of reforms. We also identify several methodological and data deficiencies in the literature that pose significant challenges for the design of effective and sustainable policies in the future. We propose several priorities for future research, including improving the characterization of the nature, extent, and purpose of policies; controlling for confounding effects and selection bias in research design; developing standardized and conceptually sound impact measures that are aligned with the goals of policy reforms; adopting ecosystems approaches that model complex coupled socioecological systems; broadening cost and benefit measures to include the regulation of ecosystem services of significant local, regional, and global value; and identifying long-term economic incentives and benefit-sharing arrangements among stakeholders, particularly given the increasing competition from alternative land use options. Finally, we find that the literature is dominated by contributions from the natural sciences, suggesting an opportunity to increase the role of environmental economics and policy research.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"207 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47342422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Cattaneo, M. Beine, Christiane Fröhlich, D. Kniveton, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso, M. Mastrorillo, Katrin Millock, E. Piguet, B. Schraven
Migration is one response to climatic stress and shocks. In this article we review the recent literature across various disciplines on the effects of climate change on migration. We explore key features of the relationship between climate change and migration, distinguishing between fast-onset and slow-onset climatic events and examining the causes of heterogeneity in migratory responses to climate events. We also seek to shed light on the interactions between different types of adaptations to climate events as well as the mechanisms underlying the relationship between climate change and migration. Based on our review of the existing literature, we identify gaps in the literature and present some general policy recommendations and priorities for research on climate-induced migration.
{"title":"Human Migration in the Era of Climate Change","authors":"C. Cattaneo, M. Beine, Christiane Fröhlich, D. Kniveton, I. Martínez‐Zarzoso, M. Mastrorillo, Katrin Millock, E. Piguet, B. Schraven","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez008","url":null,"abstract":"Migration is one response to climatic stress and shocks. In this article we review the recent literature across various disciplines on the effects of climate change on migration. We explore key features of the relationship between climate change and migration, distinguishing between fast-onset and slow-onset climatic events and examining the causes of heterogeneity in migratory responses to climate events. We also seek to shed light on the interactions between different types of adaptations to climate events as well as the mechanisms underlying the relationship between climate change and migration. Based on our review of the existing literature, we identify gaps in the literature and present some general policy recommendations and priorities for research on climate-induced migration.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"189 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43688025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is a global externality that has proven difficult to address through formal institutions alone due to the public good properties of climate change mitigation and the lack of a supranational institution for enforcing global treaties. Given these circumstances, which are arguably the most challenging for international cooperation, commitment problems and free-riding incentives for countries to delay costly mitigation efforts are major obstacles to effective environmental agreements. Starting from this premise, we examine domestic mitigation efforts, with the goal of assessing the extent to which the willingness of individuals to contribute voluntarily to the public good of climate mitigation could be scaled up to the global level. Although individual environmental actions are clearly insufficient for achieving ambitious global mitigation targets, we argue that they are nevertheless initial and essential steps in the right direction. In fact, individual and community efforts may be particularly important if local interventions encourage shifts in norms and behaviors that favor large-scale transformations. With this in mind, we discuss the importance of the visibility of norms and the role of beliefs when such visibility is lacking and their implications for leveraging cooperative behavior to increase climate mitigation efforts locally and globally.
{"title":"Cooperation in the Climate Commons","authors":"S. Carattini, S. Levin, Alessandro Tavoni","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez009","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a global externality that has proven difficult to address through formal institutions alone due to the public good properties of climate change mitigation and the lack of a supranational institution for enforcing global treaties. Given these circumstances, which are arguably the most challenging for international cooperation, commitment problems and free-riding incentives for countries to delay costly mitigation efforts are major obstacles to effective environmental agreements. Starting from this premise, we examine domestic mitigation efforts, with the goal of assessing the extent to which the willingness of individuals to contribute voluntarily to the public good of climate mitigation could be scaled up to the global level. Although individual environmental actions are clearly insufficient for achieving ambitious global mitigation targets, we argue that they are nevertheless initial and essential steps in the right direction. In fact, individual and community efforts may be particularly important if local interventions encourage shifts in norms and behaviors that favor large-scale transformations. With this in mind, we discuss the importance of the visibility of norms and the role of beliefs when such visibility is lacking and their implications for leveraging cooperative behavior to increase climate mitigation efforts locally and globally.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"227 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47096631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under President Donald Trump, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made significant changes to the way it conducts economic analyses of regulatory actions. Changes in the assumptions and methods used in regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) have produced fundamentally different conclusions about the economic benefits and costs of significant regulations. At the same time, the EPA has eliminated its Environmental Economics Advisory Committee (EEAC), which had provided external review of key inputs to the agency’s benefit–cost analyses, such as the value of a statistical life. This article describes the history and activities of the EEAC to increase understanding of the role it served and what has been lost by eliminating it. In addition, we discuss our own experience as recent EEAC members. We also present examples of the very different results produced by the Obama and Trump administrations’ economic analyses of the same EPA rules to illustrate why external review is so important for ensuring that economic analyses are credible, robust, and not influenced by political agendas.
{"title":"Policy Brief—The Need for More (Not Less) External Review of Economic Analysis at the U.S. EPA","authors":"K. Boyle, Matthew J. Kotchen","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez006","url":null,"abstract":"Under President Donald Trump, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made significant changes to the way it conducts economic analyses of regulatory actions. Changes in the assumptions and methods used in regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) have produced fundamentally different conclusions about the economic benefits and costs of significant regulations. At the same time, the EPA has eliminated its Environmental Economics Advisory Committee (EEAC), which had provided external review of key inputs to the agency’s benefit–cost analyses, such as the value of a statistical life. This article describes the history and activities of the EEAC to increase understanding of the role it served and what has been lost by eliminating it. In addition, we discuss our own experience as recent EEAC members. We also present examples of the very different results produced by the Obama and Trump administrations’ economic analyses of the same EPA rules to illustrate why external review is so important for ensuring that economic analyses are credible, robust, and not influenced by political agendas.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"40 1","pages":"308 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61078104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic losses from natural disasters have been increasing in recent decades. This has been attributed mainly to population and economic growth in disaster-prone areas. Future natural disaster losses are expected to increase due to a continued increase in economic exposure and climate change. This highlights the importance of designing policies that can mitigate the impacts of these disasters on the economy and society. A rapidly expanding literature has estimated the direct (e.g., property damage) and indirect (e.g., gross domestic product growth, trade) economic impacts of natural disasters. This article reviews this emerging literature. We synthesize the main theoretical, computational, and empirical methods used, summarize key findings on the economic impacts of natural disasters, and discuss factors that have been found to mitigate disaster impacts. We conclude by identifying lessons for policymakers and outlining an agenda for future research in this field.
{"title":"The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Review of Models and Empirical Studies","authors":"W. Botzen, O. Deschenes, M. Sanders","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez004","url":null,"abstract":"Economic losses from natural disasters have been increasing in recent decades. This has been attributed mainly to population and economic growth in disaster-prone areas. Future natural disaster losses are expected to increase due to a continued increase in economic exposure and climate change. This highlights the importance of designing policies that can mitigate the impacts of these disasters on the economy and society. A rapidly expanding literature has estimated the direct (e.g., property damage) and indirect (e.g., gross domestic product growth, trade) economic impacts of natural disasters. This article reviews this emerging literature. We synthesize the main theoretical, computational, and empirical methods used, summarize key findings on the economic impacts of natural disasters, and discuss factors that have been found to mitigate disaster impacts. We conclude by identifying lessons for policymakers and outlining an agenda for future research in this field.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"167 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41932511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the role of stated preference (SP) valuation methods in the environmental economist’s toolbox. Overall, the article makes the case for using SP methods in a wide range of settings, showing how the approach can be used to both inform policy and gain a better understanding of people’s choices and preferences. First, we provide an overview of SP methods and discuss a number of policy design issues where we believe SP methods have advantages over alternative approaches. The ability of SP to overcome “hypothetical market bias” is briefly reviewed. Next, we discuss how SP methods can be used to address research issues concerning people’s preferences and choices, which have broader implications for economics and behavioral sciences. These research issues are (1) the effects of information, learning and knowledge; (2) testing the validity of the standard model of consumer choice; (3) the influence of behavioral drivers such as social norms; and (4) the role of “deep” determinants of preference heterogeneity such as emotions and personality. Finally, we identify some research areas where SP methods may be particularly useful in the future.
{"title":"The Role of Stated Preference Valuation Methods in Understanding Choices and Informing Policy","authors":"N. Hanley, Mikołaj Czajkowski","doi":"10.1093/reep/rez005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rez005","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role of stated preference (SP) valuation methods in the environmental economist’s toolbox. Overall, the article makes the case for using SP methods in a wide range of settings, showing how the approach can be used to both inform policy and gain a better understanding of people’s choices and preferences. First, we provide an overview of SP methods and discuss a number of policy design issues where we believe SP methods have advantages over alternative approaches. The ability of SP to overcome “hypothetical market bias” is briefly reviewed. Next, we discuss how SP methods can be used to address research issues concerning people’s preferences and choices, which have broader implications for economics and behavioral sciences. These research issues are (1) the effects of information, learning and knowledge; (2) testing the validity of the standard model of consumer choice; (3) the influence of behavioral drivers such as social norms; and (4) the role of “deep” determinants of preference heterogeneity such as emotions and personality. Finally, we identify some research areas where SP methods may be particularly useful in the future.","PeriodicalId":47676,"journal":{"name":"Review of Environmental Economics and Policy","volume":"13 1","pages":"248 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/reep/rez005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48877114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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