Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1177/07308884211016974
Anonymous
{"title":"Precarious Employment and Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini Conference and Special Issue","authors":"Anonymous","doi":"10.1177/07308884211016974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884211016974","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/07308884211016974","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65362648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-29DOI: 10.1177/0730888420983396
C. Cain, Caty Taborda, M. Frazer
Healthcare is experiencing two countervailing pressures: to increase efficiency and be more responsive to consumer demands. Healthcare organizations often create new work arrangements, including “lay healthcare” roles, to respond to these pressures. Using longitudinal qualitative data, this article analyzes how one set of new lay healthcare workers attempted to construct a workplace identity, sell their value to existing professional workers, and navigate the precarious conditions of the new role. The authors find that workers in these new roles faced immense challenges stemming from their positions as “risk absorbers,” which ultimately harmed workers and reduced the efficacy of the new role.
{"title":"Creating “Risky” New Roles in Healthcare: Identities, Boundary-Making, and Skilling Under Rationalization and Consumer Demand","authors":"C. Cain, Caty Taborda, M. Frazer","doi":"10.1177/0730888420983396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420983396","url":null,"abstract":"Healthcare is experiencing two countervailing pressures: to increase efficiency and be more responsive to consumer demands. Healthcare organizations often create new work arrangements, including “lay healthcare” roles, to respond to these pressures. Using longitudinal qualitative data, this article analyzes how one set of new lay healthcare workers attempted to construct a workplace identity, sell their value to existing professional workers, and navigate the precarious conditions of the new role. The authors find that workers in these new roles faced immense challenges stemming from their positions as “risk absorbers,” which ultimately harmed workers and reduced the efficacy of the new role.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"353 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420983396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46395300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-29DOI: 10.1177/0730888420968148
Shinjinee Chattopadhyay, Emily C. Bianchi
Researchers have long documented a significant wage gap between White and Black workers, at least some of which is attributable to discrimination. Drawing on research suggesting that discrimination increases during recessions, we test whether the racial wage gap expands during economic downturns. Using longitudinal wage data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics over a 40-year time period (N = 18,954), we find that the wage gap between Black and White workers increases with the unemployment rate. Moreover, we find that the cyclical wage gap is more pronounced in states in which Whites hold more negative attitudes about Blacks and in states with larger Black populations, suggesting that the racial wage gap expansion during recessions is at least partially driven by discrimination. Finally, we find evidence for at least two mechanisms by which the wage gap expands during recessions. First, we find that Black workers are more likely to lose their jobs during downturns and earn lower wages upon reemployment than comparable Whites. Second, we find that Black hourly workers are slightly more likely to have their hours reduced during recessions than White hourly workers, thereby resulting in lower earnings. These findings suggest that the racial wage gap widens during recessions and that discrimination accounts for at least some of this expansion.
{"title":"Does the Black/White Wage Gap Widen During Recessions?","authors":"Shinjinee Chattopadhyay, Emily C. Bianchi","doi":"10.1177/0730888420968148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420968148","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have long documented a significant wage gap between White and Black workers, at least some of which is attributable to discrimination. Drawing on research suggesting that discrimination increases during recessions, we test whether the racial wage gap expands during economic downturns. Using longitudinal wage data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics over a 40-year time period (N = 18,954), we find that the wage gap between Black and White workers increases with the unemployment rate. Moreover, we find that the cyclical wage gap is more pronounced in states in which Whites hold more negative attitudes about Blacks and in states with larger Black populations, suggesting that the racial wage gap expansion during recessions is at least partially driven by discrimination. Finally, we find evidence for at least two mechanisms by which the wage gap expands during recessions. First, we find that Black workers are more likely to lose their jobs during downturns and earn lower wages upon reemployment than comparable Whites. Second, we find that Black hourly workers are slightly more likely to have their hours reduced during recessions than White hourly workers, thereby resulting in lower earnings. These findings suggest that the racial wage gap widens during recessions and that discrimination accounts for at least some of this expansion.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"247 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420968148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48739448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0730888419884984
Virginia Doellgast
risks, moving fast, and breaking things can mean disaster. Pensions can be lost. Health-care costs spiked. If the key thesis of this volume is that new approaches are available to be implemented, union practitioners may rightly worry that we do not yet have detailed evidence about whether and under what conditions these approaches will succeed. The most powerful response offered by No One Size Fits All to these reservations is the detailed organizational analysis that takes up the first third of the volume. As scholars of work, occupations, and organizations, we should be inspired. Thousands of studies dissect for-profit business practices. Yet, when unions implement solutions that seemingly work for businesses, they often violate crucial standards of voluntary commitment, democratic accountability and oppositional practice (exhibit A: the ill-fated Detroit SEIU call center). Organizational research that can be used by labor unions must be developed by researchers in concert with labor insiders. We should be running field experiments in unions, identifying what works for running successful contract campaigns and union elections. We should consider how network analysis can augment traditional organizing mapping. We should study union structure, asking how varying levels of centralization and coordination relate to efficacy, democracy, and union growth. No One Size Fits All points the way forward.
风险、快速行动和破坏可能意味着灾难。养老金可能会损失。医疗保健费用飙升。如果本卷的关键论点是可以实施新的方法，那么工会从业者可能会理所当然地担心，我们还没有详细的证据表明这些方法是否以及在什么条件下会成功。No One Size Fits All对这些保留意见做出的最有力的回应是详细的组织分析，该分析占据了本卷的前三分之一。作为研究工作、职业和组织的学者，我们应该受到启发。成千上万的研究剖析了营利性商业行为。然而，当工会实施看似对企业有效的解决方案时，他们往往违反了自愿承诺、民主问责制和反对实践的关键标准（图表A：命运多舛的底特律SEIU呼叫中心）。工会可以使用的组织研究必须由研究人员与劳工内部人士共同开发。我们应该在工会中进行实地实验，确定什么能成功地开展合同竞选和工会选举。我们应该考虑网络分析如何增强传统的组织映射。我们应该研究工会结构，询问不同程度的集中和协调与效率、民主和工会发展之间的关系。没有一个尺寸适合所有人都指向前进的方向。
{"title":"Wagner, I. (2018). Workers Without Borders: Posted Work and Precarity in the EU.","authors":"Virginia Doellgast","doi":"10.1177/0730888419884984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888419884984","url":null,"abstract":"risks, moving fast, and breaking things can mean disaster. Pensions can be lost. Health-care costs spiked. If the key thesis of this volume is that new approaches are available to be implemented, union practitioners may rightly worry that we do not yet have detailed evidence about whether and under what conditions these approaches will succeed. The most powerful response offered by No One Size Fits All to these reservations is the detailed organizational analysis that takes up the first third of the volume. As scholars of work, occupations, and organizations, we should be inspired. Thousands of studies dissect for-profit business practices. Yet, when unions implement solutions that seemingly work for businesses, they often violate crucial standards of voluntary commitment, democratic accountability and oppositional practice (exhibit A: the ill-fated Detroit SEIU call center). Organizational research that can be used by labor unions must be developed by researchers in concert with labor insiders. We should be running field experiments in unions, identifying what works for running successful contract campaigns and union elections. We should consider how network analysis can augment traditional organizing mapping. We should study union structure, asking how varying levels of centralization and coordination relate to efficacy, democracy, and union growth. No One Size Fits All points the way forward.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"47 1","pages":"514 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888419884984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46893601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0730888419876970
Joseph DiGrazia, M. Dixon
During the early- to mid-2010s, there was a dramatic upsurge in conservative legislation restricting labor unions in U.S. states. The sweeping Republican victories at the state level in the 2010 midterm elections certainly enabled this legislative surge, though not all states controlled by conservative governments passed such legislation and there was considerable variation in the number of laws passed among states that did. Understanding the conditions under which restrictive labor laws are passed is important for labor scholarship as well as broader academic debates on corporate power and political influence. Using a longitudinal negative binomial regression analysis, this article evaluates the role of organized business and conservative mobilization on state labor policies between 2011 and 2016. Our findings are consistent with and extend literature emphasizing the growing influence of corporate interests on politics today. At the same time, the authors find little support for explanations emphasizing the economic aftershocks of the Great Recession and public opinion and find no evidence that grassroots pressure impacted state laws.
{"title":"The Conservative Upsurge and Labor Policy in the States","authors":"Joseph DiGrazia, M. Dixon","doi":"10.1177/0730888419876970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888419876970","url":null,"abstract":"During the early- to mid-2010s, there was a dramatic upsurge in conservative legislation restricting labor unions in U.S. states. The sweeping Republican victories at the state level in the 2010 midterm elections certainly enabled this legislative surge, though not all states controlled by conservative governments passed such legislation and there was considerable variation in the number of laws passed among states that did. Understanding the conditions under which restrictive labor laws are passed is important for labor scholarship as well as broader academic debates on corporate power and political influence. Using a longitudinal negative binomial regression analysis, this article evaluates the role of organized business and conservative mobilization on state labor policies between 2011 and 2016. Our findings are consistent with and extend literature emphasizing the growing influence of corporate interests on politics today. At the same time, the authors find little support for explanations emphasizing the economic aftershocks of the Great Recession and public opinion and find no evidence that grassroots pressure impacted state laws.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"47 1","pages":"439 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888419876970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45842942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0730888420941031
T. Kristal
This article offers a new account of rising inequality by providing a new explanation for the observed correlation between computerization and earnings. The argument is that as computers transformed work into a more knowledge-intensive activity, occupations located at critical junctions of information flow have gained greater structural power, and thereby higher wages. Combining occupational measures for location in the information flow based on the Occupational Information Network with the 1979–2016 Current Population Surveys, the analyses reveal a rising wage premium for occupations with greater access to and control of information, independent of the spectrum of skills related to computerization.
{"title":"Why Has Computerization Increased Wage Inequality? Information, Occupational Structural Power, and Wage Inequality","authors":"T. Kristal","doi":"10.1177/0730888420941031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420941031","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a new account of rising inequality by providing a new explanation for the observed correlation between computerization and earnings. The argument is that as computers transformed work into a more knowledge-intensive activity, occupations located at critical junctions of information flow have gained greater structural power, and thereby higher wages. Combining occupational measures for location in the information flow based on the Occupational Information Network with the 1979–2016 Current Population Surveys, the analyses reveal a rising wage premium for occupations with greater access to and control of information, independent of the spectrum of skills related to computerization.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"47 1","pages":"466 - 503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420941031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48636044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-29DOI: 10.1177/0730888420971748
P. Banks
{"title":"Wingfield, A. H. (2019). Flatlining: Race, Work, and Health Care in the New Economy","authors":"P. Banks","doi":"10.1177/0730888420971748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420971748","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"99 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420971748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43837942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-19DOI: 10.1177/0730888420965650
Philip J. Badawy, Scott Schieman
Schedule control is theorized as a job resource that should reduce the extent to which work demands bleed into nonwork time and decrease work-to-family conflict. However, schedule control might also come with greater expectations that workers fully devote themselves to work even during non-conventional work times; in this scenario, schedule control might act as a channel through which job demands can more easily permeate nonwork roles and generate conflict. Drawing on four waves of panel data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (2011–2017), the authors use fixed effects regression techniques to discover some contradictions in the resource functions of schedule control. The authors find that schedule control exacerbates the effect of job pressure on role blurring, and these observed downsides of schedule control are stronger for women. By discovering gendered effects in the moderating role of schedule control, this study sharpens prevailing knowledge about its functions as a resource and the ways that it might channel stressful work-related demands.
{"title":"Controlling or Channeling Demands? How Schedule Control Influences the Link Between Job Pressure and the Work-Family Interface","authors":"Philip J. Badawy, Scott Schieman","doi":"10.1177/0730888420965650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420965650","url":null,"abstract":"Schedule control is theorized as a job resource that should reduce the extent to which work demands bleed into nonwork time and decrease work-to-family conflict. However, schedule control might also come with greater expectations that workers fully devote themselves to work even during non-conventional work times; in this scenario, schedule control might act as a channel through which job demands can more easily permeate nonwork roles and generate conflict. Drawing on four waves of panel data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (2011–2017), the authors use fixed effects regression techniques to discover some contradictions in the resource functions of schedule control. The authors find that schedule control exacerbates the effect of job pressure on role blurring, and these observed downsides of schedule control are stronger for women. By discovering gendered effects in the moderating role of schedule control, this study sharpens prevailing knowledge about its functions as a resource and the ways that it might channel stressful work-related demands.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"320 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420965650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45729389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-07DOI: 10.1177/0730888420964942
H. Krahn, Matthew D Johnson, N. Galambos
Work is a productive activity that can also contribute to the well-being of the next generation. Using two waves of data from the Edmonton Transitions Study, this research examined the link between intrinsically rewarding work and generativity, or one’s perceived contributions to society. Controlling for relevant variables, more intrinsically rewarding work at age 43 predicted increasing generativity over the next seven years, and increases in intrinsic work rewards were associated with increased generativity between age 43 and 50. The results demonstrate the potential of the workplace to prompt growth in midlife generativity.
{"title":"Intrinsically Rewarding Work and Generativity in Midlife: The Long Arm of the Job","authors":"H. Krahn, Matthew D Johnson, N. Galambos","doi":"10.1177/0730888420964942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420964942","url":null,"abstract":"Work is a productive activity that can also contribute to the well-being of the next generation. Using two waves of data from the Edmonton Transitions Study, this research examined the link between intrinsically rewarding work and generativity, or one’s perceived contributions to society. Controlling for relevant variables, more intrinsically rewarding work at age 43 predicted increasing generativity over the next seven years, and increases in intrinsic work rewards were associated with increased generativity between age 43 and 50. The results demonstrate the potential of the workplace to prompt growth in midlife generativity.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"184 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420964942","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49091749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-25DOI: 10.1177/0730888420949596
Laura Adler
With nonstandard work on the rise, workers are increasingly forced into bad jobs—jobs that are low-paying, part-time, short-term, and dead-end. But some people, especially in cultural industries, embrace this kind of work. To understand why some might choose bad jobs when better options are available, this paper examines the job preferences of aspiring artists, who often rely on bad day jobs as they attempt to achieve economic success in the arts. Using interviews with 68 college-educated artists, I find that their preferences are informed not only by utility and identity considerations—two factors established in the literature—but also by the value of bad jobs as commitment devices, which reinforce dedication to career aspirations. The case offers new insights into the connection between jobs and careers and enriches the concept of the commitment device with a sociological perspective, showing that these devices are not one-time contracts but ongoing practices.
{"title":"Choosing Bad Jobs: The Use of Nonstandard Work as a Commitment Device","authors":"Laura Adler","doi":"10.1177/0730888420949596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888420949596","url":null,"abstract":"With nonstandard work on the rise, workers are increasingly forced into bad jobs—jobs that are low-paying, part-time, short-term, and dead-end. But some people, especially in cultural industries, embrace this kind of work. To understand why some might choose bad jobs when better options are available, this paper examines the job preferences of aspiring artists, who often rely on bad day jobs as they attempt to achieve economic success in the arts. Using interviews with 68 college-educated artists, I find that their preferences are informed not only by utility and identity considerations—two factors established in the literature—but also by the value of bad jobs as commitment devices, which reinforce dedication to career aspirations. The case offers new insights into the connection between jobs and careers and enriches the concept of the commitment device with a sociological perspective, showing that these devices are not one-time contracts but ongoing practices.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"48 1","pages":"207 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0730888420949596","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48904660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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