Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1177/07308884221125821
Tyler Woods, Daniel Schneider, Kristen Harknett
The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reshaped the labor market, especially for service sector workers. Frontline service sector workers, already coping with precarious working conditions, faced proximate risks of COVID-19 transmission on the job and navigated new workplace safety measures, including masking, social distancing, and staying home while sick, all in a polarized political environment. We examine polarization in the effects of COVID-19 workplace safety measures on workers' feelings of safety and well-being. Specifically, we examine how support for former President Trump moderates the relationship between COVID-19 safety practices (masking, social distancing, staying home while sick) and workers' feelings of safety and well-being. To do so, we draw on novel data collected by The Shift Project from 2,039 service sector workers at 89 large firms during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that workplace safety measures are positively associated with workers' self-assessments of feeling safe and with mental health, but only for Biden voters.
{"title":"The Politics of Prevention: Polarization in How Workplace COVID-19 Safety Practices Shaped the Well-Being of Frontline Service Sector Workers.","authors":"Tyler Woods, Daniel Schneider, Kristen Harknett","doi":"10.1177/07308884221125821","DOIUrl":"10.1177/07308884221125821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reshaped the labor market, especially for service sector workers. Frontline service sector workers, already coping with precarious working conditions, faced proximate risks of COVID-19 transmission on the job and navigated new workplace safety measures, including masking, social distancing, and staying home while sick, all in a polarized political environment. We examine polarization in the effects of COVID-19 workplace safety measures on workers' feelings of safety and well-being. Specifically, we examine how support for former President Trump moderates the relationship between COVID-19 safety practices (masking, social distancing, staying home while sick) and workers' feelings of safety and well-being. To do so, we draw on novel data collected by The Shift Project from 2,039 service sector workers at 89 large firms during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that workplace safety measures are positively associated with workers' self-assessments of feeling safe and with mental health, but only for Biden voters.</p>","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"130-162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48245937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1177/07308884221128511
Jeremy Reynolds, Reilly Kincaid
COVID-19 led to work hour reductions and layoffs for many Americans with wage/salary jobs. Some gig work, however, which is usually considered precarious, remained available. We examine whether people doing gig microtasks right before the pandemic increased their microtask hours during COVID-19 and whether those changes helped them financially. Using data from workers on Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform from February, March, and April of 2020, we find that roughly one third of existing workers increased their microtask hours. Increases were larger for people who lost household income or wage/salary hours. Spending more time on microtasks, however, did little to help workers financially. Furthermore, the people most reliant on microtasks before the pandemic had worse financial outcomes than others. In short, even though microtask work might seem like a good way for people to recoup lost income during the pandemic, it was of limited utility even for the experienced workers in our sample.
{"title":"Gig Work and the Pandemic: Looking for Good Pay from Bad Jobs During the COVID-19 Crisis.","authors":"Jeremy Reynolds, Reilly Kincaid","doi":"10.1177/07308884221128511","DOIUrl":"10.1177/07308884221128511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 led to work hour reductions and layoffs for many Americans with wage/salary jobs. Some gig work, however, which is usually considered precarious, remained available. We examine whether people doing gig microtasks right before the pandemic increased their microtask hours during COVID-19 and whether those changes helped them financially. Using data from workers on Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform from February, March, and April of 2020, we find that roughly one third of existing workers increased their microtask hours. Increases were larger for people who lost household income or wage/salary hours. Spending more time on microtasks, however, did little to help workers financially. Furthermore, the people most reliant on microtasks before the pandemic had worse financial outcomes than others. In short, even though microtask work might seem like a good way for people to recoup lost income during the pandemic, it was of limited utility even for the experienced workers in our sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"60-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9520279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1177/07308884221143063
Quan D Mai, Lijun Song, Rachel Donnelly
While precarious employment is not a new concept, it has been brought to the center of scholarly and public discourse worldwide by the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This essay delineates how precarious employment shapes well-being and situates that relationship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The essay also provides an overview of how the nine articles boldly investigate how these two layers of global risk-precarious employment and the pandemic-interact to shape individuals' well-being. In addition to advancing theoretical and empirical knowledge by analyzing timely data from diverse sources and populations, these articles call for more efforts on worker protection reforms and government financial support.
{"title":"Precarious Employment and Well-Being: Insights from the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Quan D Mai, Lijun Song, Rachel Donnelly","doi":"10.1177/07308884221143063","DOIUrl":"10.1177/07308884221143063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While precarious employment is not a new concept, it has been brought to the center of scholarly and public discourse worldwide by the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This essay delineates how precarious employment shapes well-being and situates that relationship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The essay also provides an overview of how the nine articles boldly investigate how these two layers of global risk-precarious employment and the pandemic-interact to shape individuals' well-being. In addition to advancing theoretical and empirical knowledge by analyzing timely data from diverse sources and populations, these articles call for more efforts on worker protection reforms and government financial support.</p>","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"3-21"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9726637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44817401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-12DOI: 10.1177/07308884231151627
Anna Milena Galazka
Indeed, the gendered and racialized aspects of status and authority in the medical profession (and healthcare work more broadly) receive little attention. In a similar vein, I was curious about the cardiologists’ refusal to attend bed management meetings. I wanted more analysis of how cardiologists’ need for interesting cases might demonstrate a tension between the profession’s self-interest and its duty to the public. Managing Medical Authority provokes important questions about the ongoing negotiation of professional authority among physicians in an everchanging landscape of corporatized healthcare. Given the recent resurgence of interest in the health professions within sociology, Managing Medical Authority is an exciting recent addition to this once-again burgeoning subfield.
{"title":"Alvarez, W. (2022). Everyday Dirty Work: Invisibility, Communication, and Immigrant Labor","authors":"Anna Milena Galazka","doi":"10.1177/07308884231151627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884231151627","url":null,"abstract":"Indeed, the gendered and racialized aspects of status and authority in the medical profession (and healthcare work more broadly) receive little attention. In a similar vein, I was curious about the cardiologists’ refusal to attend bed management meetings. I wanted more analysis of how cardiologists’ need for interesting cases might demonstrate a tension between the profession’s self-interest and its duty to the public. Managing Medical Authority provokes important questions about the ongoing negotiation of professional authority among physicians in an everchanging landscape of corporatized healthcare. Given the recent resurgence of interest in the health professions within sociology, Managing Medical Authority is an exciting recent addition to this once-again burgeoning subfield.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"580 - 582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49066364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.1177/07308884221146324
Amy S. Wharton
staff, and students) is a much needed and welcome addition to the discussions around stigmatization. By sharing janitors’ accounts of abusive comments from customers, or their recollections of customers ignoring them altogether, Alvarez adds depth to claims of janitors’ communicative isolation and invisibility. Exploring the communication between individuals in service jobs and their clients is also important from the perspective of dirty work research. As some writers have argued (Malvini Redden & Scarduzio, 2018), attending to the communicative dimensions of worker–customer interactions is urgent for an enhanced appreciation of how work becomes more or less dirty (or clean). On this note, for a book with “dirty work” in the title, there is surprisingly little engagement with the dirty work scholarship. The janitorial work examined here is undeniably dirty, as workers’ narratives and some customers’ voices would suggest (see, e.g., pages 15 and 75); however, dirty work is only mentioned in passing. It is not unpacked with reference to the scholarship’s unique preoccupation with the negative impact of societal stigmatizing views on workers’ personal identities and how workers then manage this impact through symbolic and material coping techniques. Rather, the book is about everyday communication and its embedded stigma-reinforcing mechanisms, unfolding against the backdrop of the perceptions of janitorial work as dirty. Communication researchers will find Alvarez’s account of great interest. The book may also be of value to scholars working in the wider domain of social sciences and humanities, but also to practitioners and leaders in nonprofit, academic organizations that aspire to “walk the talk” of inclusivity.
{"title":"Goldin, C. (2021). Career & Family: Women’s Century-Long Journey Toward Equity","authors":"Amy S. Wharton","doi":"10.1177/07308884221146324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221146324","url":null,"abstract":"staff, and students) is a much needed and welcome addition to the discussions around stigmatization. By sharing janitors’ accounts of abusive comments from customers, or their recollections of customers ignoring them altogether, Alvarez adds depth to claims of janitors’ communicative isolation and invisibility. Exploring the communication between individuals in service jobs and their clients is also important from the perspective of dirty work research. As some writers have argued (Malvini Redden & Scarduzio, 2018), attending to the communicative dimensions of worker–customer interactions is urgent for an enhanced appreciation of how work becomes more or less dirty (or clean). On this note, for a book with “dirty work” in the title, there is surprisingly little engagement with the dirty work scholarship. The janitorial work examined here is undeniably dirty, as workers’ narratives and some customers’ voices would suggest (see, e.g., pages 15 and 75); however, dirty work is only mentioned in passing. It is not unpacked with reference to the scholarship’s unique preoccupation with the negative impact of societal stigmatizing views on workers’ personal identities and how workers then manage this impact through symbolic and material coping techniques. Rather, the book is about everyday communication and its embedded stigma-reinforcing mechanisms, unfolding against the backdrop of the perceptions of janitorial work as dirty. Communication researchers will find Alvarez’s account of great interest. The book may also be of value to scholars working in the wider domain of social sciences and humanities, but also to practitioners and leaders in nonprofit, academic organizations that aspire to “walk the talk” of inclusivity.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"582 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49314981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-14DOI: 10.1177/07308884221141100
Maximilian Sprengholz, Maik Hamjediers
We investigate intersecting wage gaps by gender and nativity by comparing the wages between immigrant women, immigrant men, native women, and native men based on Western German survey data. Adding to the analytical diversity of the field, we do a full comparison of group wages to emphasize the relationality of privilege and disadvantage, and we use a nonparametric matching decomposition that is well suited to address unique group-specific experiences. We find that wage (dis)advantages associated with the dimensions of gender and nativity are nonadditive and result in distinct decomposition patterns for each pairwise comparison. After accounting for substantial group differences in work attachment, individual resources, and occupational segregation, unexplained wage gaps are generally small for comparisons between immigrant women, immigrant men, and native women, but large when either group is compared to native men. This finding suggests that the often presumed “double disadvantage” of immigrant women is rather a “double advantage” of native men.
{"title":"Intersections and Commonalities: Using Matching to Decompose Wage Gaps by Gender and Nativity in Germany","authors":"Maximilian Sprengholz, Maik Hamjediers","doi":"10.1177/07308884221141100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221141100","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate intersecting wage gaps by gender and nativity by comparing the wages between immigrant women, immigrant men, native women, and native men based on Western German survey data. Adding to the analytical diversity of the field, we do a full comparison of group wages to emphasize the relationality of privilege and disadvantage, and we use a nonparametric matching decomposition that is well suited to address unique group-specific experiences. We find that wage (dis)advantages associated with the dimensions of gender and nativity are nonadditive and result in distinct decomposition patterns for each pairwise comparison. After accounting for substantial group differences in work attachment, individual resources, and occupational segregation, unexplained wage gaps are generally small for comparisons between immigrant women, immigrant men, and native women, but large when either group is compared to native men. This finding suggests that the often presumed “double disadvantage” of immigrant women is rather a “double advantage” of native men.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43690705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.1177/07308884221120079
N. DiTomaso
{"title":"Sanford M. Jacoby (2021). Labor in the Age of Finance: Pensions, Politics, and Corporations from Deindustrialization to Dodd-Frank","authors":"N. DiTomaso","doi":"10.1177/07308884221120079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221120079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"585 - 587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48543198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-06DOI: 10.1177/07308884221142215
Grace L. Augustine, Brayden G. King
This study investigates a route to occupational activism whereby individuals with significant experience in a social movement enter organizational positions that have been established to address those same movement's concerns. Utilizing data on the career pathways of 800 individuals from the field of sustainability in higher education, we formulate and test hypotheses related to whether or not individuals with more experience in the environmental movement gain access to sustainability manager positions, and whether or not entry patterns change as the roles become more institutionalized. These questions matter because although movements pressure organizations to address issues such as equality, diversity, and sustainability, it is individuals inside organizations who are best positioned to institutionalize movement-aligned practices and policies. And if those individuals have movement backgrounds, they can be carriers of movement praxis and ideals. Through our analyses, we find that although individuals with more experience in the environmental movement have a higher likelihood of entering sustainability manager positions overall, their advantage diminishes as the positions become institutionalized as formalized organizational roles. Our findings contribute to scholarship on occupational activism and in particular to outstanding questions regarding the role of occupations and occupational members in furthering social movement ideals and initiatives inside organizations.
{"title":"From Movements to Managers: Crossing Organizational Boundaries in the Field of Sustainability","authors":"Grace L. Augustine, Brayden G. King","doi":"10.1177/07308884221142215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221142215","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates a route to occupational activism whereby individuals with significant experience in a social movement enter organizational positions that have been established to address those same movement's concerns. Utilizing data on the career pathways of 800 individuals from the field of sustainability in higher education, we formulate and test hypotheses related to whether or not individuals with more experience in the environmental movement gain access to sustainability manager positions, and whether or not entry patterns change as the roles become more institutionalized. These questions matter because although movements pressure organizations to address issues such as equality, diversity, and sustainability, it is individuals inside organizations who are best positioned to institutionalize movement-aligned practices and policies. And if those individuals have movement backgrounds, they can be carriers of movement praxis and ideals. Through our analyses, we find that although individuals with more experience in the environmental movement have a higher likelihood of entering sustainability manager positions overall, their advantage diminishes as the positions become institutionalized as formalized organizational roles. Our findings contribute to scholarship on occupational activism and in particular to outstanding questions regarding the role of occupations and occupational members in furthering social movement ideals and initiatives inside organizations.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1177/07308884221129520
Scott Schieman, Quan Mai, Philip J. Badawy, Ryu Won Kang
A million Canadian workers suddenly became temporarily laid off (TLO) early into the pandemic. How did this affect mental health? Guided by the Stress Process Model (SPM), we would expect that this job disruption should increase psychological distress. However, given the unique context surrounding the early period of the pandemic, we advance the forced vacation hypothesis, which argues that those who became TLO would—at least initially—report lower levels of distress. To address this puzzle, we use a mixed-methods approach combining a national longitudinal survey dataset and in-depth interviews. Our quantitative analyses reveal that individuals who were TLO had lower distress in April 2020 compared with their peers who continued working. Our interviews uncover several potential explanations for these patterns. The findings provide an elaboration to the SPM as the pandemic context altered the meaning of being TLO, making it feel like a “forced vacation”—at least initially.
{"title":"A Forced Vacation? The Stress of Being Temporarily Laid Off During a Pandemic","authors":"Scott Schieman, Quan Mai, Philip J. Badawy, Ryu Won Kang","doi":"10.1177/07308884221129520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221129520","url":null,"abstract":"A million Canadian workers suddenly became temporarily laid off (TLO) early into the pandemic. How did this affect mental health? Guided by the Stress Process Model (SPM), we would expect that this job disruption should increase psychological distress. However, given the unique context surrounding the early period of the pandemic, we advance the forced vacation hypothesis, which argues that those who became TLO would—at least initially—report lower levels of distress. To address this puzzle, we use a mixed-methods approach combining a national longitudinal survey dataset and in-depth interviews. Our quantitative analyses reveal that individuals who were TLO had lower distress in April 2020 compared with their peers who continued working. Our interviews uncover several potential explanations for these patterns. The findings provide an elaboration to the SPM as the pandemic context altered the meaning of being TLO, making it feel like a “forced vacation”—at least initially.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43037121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-15DOI: 10.1177/07308884221134582
Adam Storer
How do customers affect the job quality of frontline workers? This paper draws on over 15,000 observations from two datasets of 10 foodservice and retail companies, conducting qualitative, quantitative, and computational text analysis in order to address this question. Findings suggest that frontline workers evaluate customer interactions in three ways: As an inescapable occupational hazard or benefit, as a source of intrinsic satisfaction, or as the result of organizational strategies. Additionally, frontline workers’ job satisfaction and turnover intentions are more highly associated with agreement or disagreement with organizational strategies regarding customers than other common ways of theorizing customer interactions.
{"title":"Serving Like an Organization: How Foodservice and Retail Workers Interpret Their Interactions With Customers","authors":"Adam Storer","doi":"10.1177/07308884221134582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221134582","url":null,"abstract":"How do customers affect the job quality of frontline workers? This paper draws on over 15,000 observations from two datasets of 10 foodservice and retail companies, conducting qualitative, quantitative, and computational text analysis in order to address this question. Findings suggest that frontline workers evaluate customer interactions in three ways: As an inescapable occupational hazard or benefit, as a source of intrinsic satisfaction, or as the result of organizational strategies. Additionally, frontline workers’ job satisfaction and turnover intentions are more highly associated with agreement or disagreement with organizational strategies regarding customers than other common ways of theorizing customer interactions.","PeriodicalId":47716,"journal":{"name":"Work and Occupations","volume":"50 1","pages":"499 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45097689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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