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The Multiple Dimensions of Familiarity: From Representations to Phenomenology. 熟悉的多重维度:从表象到现象学
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1698
Jérémy Gardette, Emma Delhaye, Christine Bastin

This article focuses on familiarity, the form of memory allowing humans to recognize stimuli that have been encountered before. We aim to emphasize its complex nature which includes representational and phenomenological dimensions. The former implies that its neural correlates depend on the type and complexity of the cue stimulus, as different classes of stimuli are represented in distributed ventral visual and medial temporal regions. The second dimension relates to the subjective feeling of familiarity, which results from a fluency signal that is attributed to past encounters with the stimulus. We review mnemonic and non-mnemonic sources of fluency that can induce a sense of familiarity, as well as cases where fluency is not attributed to memory, among which the phenomenological experience of déjà-vu. Across these two dimensions, we highlight key questions to be answered by future studies to improve our understanding of the underpinnings of this form of memory and contribute to building an integrative neurocognitive model of familiarity. Essential to this aim is the clarification of the computational, cognitive, and neural mechanisms involved, namely global matching, fluency attribution, and sharpening. Furthermore, future research is needed to unravel the relationships between these mechanisms. We argue that to achieve these goals, researchers must use appropriate behavioral paradigms and clearly define which dimension of familiarity they investigate.

熟悉感是一种记忆形式,它使人类能够识别以前遇到过的刺激。我们旨在强调其复杂性,包括表征和现象两个层面。前者意味着其神经相关性取决于线索刺激的类型和复杂程度,因为不同类别的刺激在分布的腹侧视觉区和内侧颞区都有表现。第二个维度与熟悉感的主观感受有关,这种熟悉感来自于过去遇到刺激时产生的流畅性信号。我们回顾了可引起熟悉感的记忆性和非记忆性流畅性来源,以及流畅性不归因于记忆的情况,其中包括 "似曾相识 "的现象学体验。通过这两个维度,我们强调了未来研究需要回答的关键问题,以加深我们对这种记忆形式的基础的理解,并为建立熟悉感的综合神经认知模型做出贡献。要实现这一目标,关键是要阐明所涉及的计算、认知和神经机制,即全局匹配、流畅性归因和锐化。此外,未来的研究还需要揭示这些机制之间的关系。我们认为,要实现这些目标,研究人员必须使用适当的行为范式,并明确界定他们研究的熟悉度维度。
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引用次数: 0
Compositionality in perception: A framework. 感知的组合性:一个框架。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1691
Kevin J Lande

Perception involves the processing of content or information about the world. In what form is this content represented? I argue that perception is widely compositional. The perceptual system represents many stimulus features (including shape, orientation, and motion) in terms of combinations of other features (such as shape parts, slant and tilt, common and residual motion vectors). But compositionality can take a variety of forms. The ways in which perceptual representations compose are markedly different from the ways in which sentences or thoughts are thought to be composed. I suggest that the thesis that perception is compositional is not itself a concrete hypothesis with specific predictions; rather it affords a productive framework for developing and evaluating specific empirical hypotheses about the form and content of perceptual representations. The question is not just whether perception is compositional, but how. Answering this latter question can provide fundamental insights into perception. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Representation Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics.

感知涉及对世界内容或信息的处理。这些内容是以何种形式表现出来的呢?我认为,感知具有广泛的构成性。知觉系统通过其他特征(如形状部分、斜度和倾斜度、共同运动矢量和剩余运动矢量)的组合来表示许多刺激特征(包括形状、方向和运动)。但是,组合性可以有多种形式。知觉表征的构成方式与人们认为的句子或思想的构成方式明显不同。我认为,感知是构成性的这一论点本身并不是一个具有具体预测的具体假说;相反,它为发展和评估有关感知表征形式和内容的具体经验假说提供了一个富有成效的框架。问题不仅在于知觉是否具有构成性,还在于知觉如何构成。回答后一个问题可以为知觉提供根本性的见解。本文归类于哲学 > 表征 哲学 > 认知科学基础 心理学 > 感知与心理物理学。
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引用次数: 0
An update of the development of motor behavior. 运动行为发展的最新进展。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1682
John M Franchak, Karen E Adolph

This primer describes research on the development of motor behavior. We focus on infancy when basic action systems are acquired-posture, locomotion, manual actions, and facial actions-and we adopt a developmental systems perspective to understand the causes and consequences of developmental change. Experience facilitates improvements in motor behavior and infants accumulate immense amounts of varied everyday experience with all the basic action systems. At every point in development, perception guides behavior by providing feedback about the results of just prior movements and information about what to do next. Across development, new motor behaviors provide new inputs for perception. Thus, motor development opens up new opportunities for acquiring knowledge and acting on the world, instigating cascades of developmental changes in perceptual, cognitive, and social domains. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance Neuroscience > Development.

这本入门书介绍了有关运动行为发展的研究。我们将重点放在婴儿期基本动作系统--姿势、运动、手部动作和面部动作--的习得上,并采用发展系统的视角来理解发展变化的原因和后果。经验能促进运动行为的改善,婴儿在所有基本动作系统方面积累了大量不同的日常经验。在发育的每一个阶段,感知都会通过对先前动作结果的反馈和下一步该做什么的信息来指导行为。在整个发展过程中,新的运动行为会为感知提供新的输入。因此,运动的发展为获取知识和对世界采取行动提供了新的机会,在感知、认知和社会领域引发了一连串的发展变化。本文归类于认知生物学 > 认知发展 心理学 > 运动技能与表现 神经科学 > 发展。
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引用次数: 0
Consciousness Under the Spotlight: The Problem of Measuring Subjective Experience. 聚光灯下的意识:主观经验的测量问题。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1697
Mikel Jimenez, Antonio Prieto, José Antonio Hinojosa, Pedro R Montoro

The study of consciousness is considered by many one of the most difficult contemporary scientific endeavors and confronts several methodological and theoretical challenges. A central issue that makes the study of consciousness so challenging is that, while the rest of science is concerned with problems that can be verified from a "third person" view (i.e., objectively), the study of consciousness deals with the phenomenon of subjective experience, only accessible from a "first person" view. In the present article, we review early (starting during the late 19th century) and later efforts on measuring consciousness and its absence, focusing on the two main approaches used by researchers within the field: objective (i.e., performance based) and subjective (i.e., report based) measures of awareness. In addition, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of both types of awareness measures, evaluate them according to different methodological considerations, and discuss, among other issues, the possibility of comparing them by transforming them to a common sensitivity measure (d'). Finally, we explore several new approaches-such as Bayesian models to support the absence of awareness or new machine-learning based decoding models-as well as future challenges-such as measuring the qualia, the qualitative contents of awareness-in consciousness research.

许多人认为,意识研究是当代最困难的科学研究之一,面临着方法论和理论上的诸多挑战。使意识研究如此具有挑战性的一个核心问题是,其他科学所关注的问题都可以从 "第三人称 "视角(即客观视角)进行验证,而意识研究涉及的是主观体验现象,只能从 "第一人称 "视角进行验证。在本文中,我们回顾了早期(始于 19 世纪晚期)和后来测量意识及其缺失的工作,重点是该领域研究人员使用的两种主要方法:客观(即基于表现)和主观(即基于报告)的意识测量方法。此外,我们还比较了这两种意识测量方法的优缺点,根据不同的方法论考虑因素对它们进行了评估,并讨论了通过将它们转换为共同的灵敏度测量(d')对它们进行比较的可能性等问题。最后,我们探讨了几种新方法--如支持无意识的贝叶斯模型或基于机器学习的新解码模型--以及未来的挑战--如测量意识的定性内容--。
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引用次数: 0
Catching Mind Wandering With Pupillometry: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges. 用瞳孔测量法捕捉思维游移:概念和方法论挑战。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1695
Claudia Pelagatti, Elvio Blini, Manila Vannucci

Mind-wandering (MW) refers to the shift of attention away from an ongoing task and/or external environment towards mental contents (e.g., memories, prospective thoughts) unrelated to the task. Physiological measures (e.g., pupil size, EEG, and fMRI) have often been acquired as objective markers for MW states, which has greatly helped their study as well as triangulation with other measures. Pupillometry in particular has been used as a covert biomarker of MW because it is reliably modulated by several distinct processes spanning arousal, emotion, and attention, and it signals attentional lapses. Yet, coupling MW and the measurement of pupil size has led to seemingly contrasting results. We argue that, common to the studies reviewed here, one reason is resolving to the measurement of tonic pupil size, which reflects low-frequency, slow changes in one's physiological state, and thus implicitly assumes that MW is a static, long-lasting process. We then additionally focus on three major axes of variability in the reviewed studies: (i) the definition and measurement of MW; (ii) the impact of contextual aspects, such as task demands and individual arousal levels; (iii) the identification and tracking of MW in combination with pupillary measures. We provide an overview of these differences and put forward recommendations for using physiological measures-including, but not limited to, pupil size-in MW research effectively. In conclusion, pupillometry can be a very informative tool for MW research, provided that it is used with the due methodological caution.

思维游离(MW)是指注意力从正在进行的任务和/或外部环境转向与任务无关的心理内容(如记忆、前瞻性思维)。生理学测量(如瞳孔大小、脑电图和 fMRI)经常被用作 MW 状态的客观标记,这极大地帮助了对它们的研究以及与其他测量的三角测量。瞳孔测量尤其被用作注意力缺失的隐蔽生物标志物,因为它能可靠地受到唤醒、情绪和注意力等多个不同过程的调节,并能发出注意力缺失的信号。然而,将注意力强度与瞳孔大小的测量结合起来,却得出了看似截然不同的结果。我们认为,本文所回顾的研究的一个共同原因是,对强直性瞳孔大小的测量反映了一个人生理状态的低频、缓慢变化,因此隐含地假定了MW是一个静态、持久的过程。接下来,我们将重点讨论综述研究中存在差异的三个主要方面:(i) MW 的定义和测量;(ii) 情境方面的影响,如任务要求和个体唤醒水平;(iii) 结合瞳孔测量识别和跟踪 MW。我们对这些差异进行了概述,并提出了有效使用生理测量(包括但不限于瞳孔大小)进行小脑研究的建议。总之,瞳孔测量法可以作为一种非常有用的工具用于小儿麻痹症的研究,但在使用时必须在方法上保持应有的谨慎。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in neuroscience research and big data's analysis on anxiety disorder. 神经科学研究的进展和大数据对焦虑症的分析。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1692
Qianmei Yu, Meihua Ruan, Yongjun Chen, Chun Wang

Anxiety disorder is a complex disease with the influence of environmental and genetic factors and multimolecular participation, and it is also one of the most common mental disorders. The causes of disorders are not clear but may include a variety of social, psychological, and biological factors. Therefore, neither genetics, neurobiology, nor neuroimaging can independently explain the pathological mechanism. By searching the Web of Science databases, Derwent Innovation Patent database, ClinicalTrials.gov database, and Cortellis database, we analyze the current situation of papers, patents, clinical trials, and drugs of anxiety disorder. Second, the existing literature was reviewed to summarize the neurophysiological mechanism, brain imaging, gene, anti-anxiety drugs, and other aspects of anxiety disorders. This article reviews the research status of anxiety disorders. The heterogeneity of the disease, lack of treatment effectiveness, and gaps in translational medicine still present barriers to further advancement. Thus, in-depth explorations of the underlying biological mechanisms of anxiety disorders, the detection and intervention of biological targets, and further developments based on existing intervention strategies will drive future research on anxiety disorders. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Clinical.

焦虑症是一种受环境和遗传因素影响、多分子参与的复杂疾病,也是最常见的精神障碍之一。焦虑症的病因尚不明确,可能包括各种社会、心理和生物因素。因此,遗传学、神经生物学和神经影像学都不能独立解释其病理机制。通过检索 Web of Science 数据库、Derwent Innovation Patent 数据库、ClinicalTrials.gov 数据库和 Cortellis 数据库,我们分析了焦虑症的论文、专利、临床试验和药物现状。其次,通过对现有文献的梳理,总结了焦虑症的神经生理机制、脑成像、基因、抗焦虑药物等方面的内容。本文回顾了焦虑症的研究现状。焦虑症的异质性、治疗效果不佳以及转化医学方面的空白仍是阻碍其进一步发展的障碍。因此,深入探索焦虑症的潜在生物机制、检测和干预生物靶点,以及在现有干预策略基础上的进一步发展,将推动焦虑症的未来研究。本文归类于神经科学 > 临床。
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引用次数: 0
Working Memory Is as Working Memory Does: A Pluralist Take on the Center of the Mind. 工作记忆就是工作记忆:关于思维中心的多元主义观点》(Working Memory Is as Working Memory Does: A Pluralist Take on the Center of the Mind.
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1696
Javier Gomez-Lavin

Working memory is thought to be the psychological capacity that enables us to maintain or manipulate information no longer in our environment for goal-directed action. Recent work argues that working memory is not a so-called natural kind and in turn cannot explain the cognitive processes attributed to it. This paper first clarifies the scope of this earlier critique and argues for a pluralist account of working memory. Under this account, working memory is variously realized by many mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance and manipulation of information across tasks. This view in effect updates one of the earliest pluralist formulations of working memory. Juxtaposing this view against deflationary descriptions allows us to delineate two gradients that help us chart various accounts of working memory and identify their respective theoretical commitments. In turn, we can isolate those accounts that fail to accord with the evidence supporting a pluralist view, and we can begin to rehabilitate working memory as a pluralist, and ultimately more informative, construct.

工作记忆被认为是一种心理能力,它使我们能够保持或处理环境中不再存在的信息,从而采取有目标的行动。最近的研究认为,工作记忆并不是所谓的自然种类,因此无法解释归因于工作记忆的认知过程。本文首先澄清了这一早期批评的范围,并论证了工作记忆的多元论。根据这一观点,工作记忆是由多种机制实现的,这些机制有助于在不同任务中维护和处理信息。这一观点实际上更新了工作记忆最早的多元论表述之一。将这一观点与通货紧缩的描述并列起来,我们可以划分出两个梯度,帮助我们勾勒出工作记忆的各种描述,并确定它们各自的理论承诺。反过来,我们可以分离出那些不符合支持多元论观点的证据的描述,并开始将工作记忆恢复为一种多元论的、最终更具信息性的建构。
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引用次数: 0
The development of gait and mobility: Form and function in infant locomotion. 步态和移动能力的发展:婴儿运动的形式与功能
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1677
Christina M Hospodar, Karen E Adolph

The development of locomotion can be described by its form (i.e., gait) and its function (i.e., mobility). Both aspects of locomotion improve with experience. Traditional treatises on infant locomotion focus on form by describing an orderly progression of postural and locomotor milestones en route to characteristic patterns of crawling and walking gait. We provide a traditional treatment of gait by describing developmental antecedents of and improvements in characteristic gait patterns, but we highlight important misconceptions inherent in the notion of "milestones". Most critically, we argue that the prevailing focus on gait and milestones fails to capture the true essence of locomotion-functional mobility to engage with the world. Thus, we also describe the development of mobility, including the use of mobility aids for support and propulsion. We illustrate how infants find individual solutions for mobility and how the ability to move cascades into other domains of development. Finally, we show how an integration of gait and mobility provides insights into the psychological processes that make locomotion functional. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance Psychology > Development and Aging.

运动的发展可以用其形式(即步态)和功能(即移动性)来描述。运动的这两个方面都会随着经验的积累而得到改善。关于婴儿运动的传统论述侧重于形式,描述了在形成爬行和行走步态特征模式的过程中,姿势和运动里程碑的有序进展。我们对步态进行了传统的处理,描述了特征步态模式的发展前因和改进,但我们强调了 "里程碑 "概念中固有的重要误解。最关键的是,我们认为目前对步态和里程碑的关注未能抓住运动的真正本质--参与世界的功能性移动。因此,我们还描述了移动能力的发展,包括使用移动辅助工具进行支撑和推进。我们说明了婴儿是如何为移动找到个人解决方案的,以及移动能力是如何串联到其他发展领域的。最后,我们展示了步态和移动能力的整合如何为运动功能的心理过程提供洞察力。本文归类于心理学 > 运动技能与表现 心理学 > 发育与衰老。
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引用次数: 0
Philosophy of cognitive science in the age of deep learning. 深度学习时代的认知科学哲学。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1684
Raphaël Millière

Deep learning has enabled major advances across most areas of artificial intelligence research. This remarkable progress extends beyond mere engineering achievements and holds significant relevance for the philosophy of cognitive science. Deep neural networks have made significant strides in overcoming the limitations of older connectionist models that once occupied the center stage of philosophical debates about cognition. This development is directly relevant to long-standing theoretical debates in the philosophy of cognitive science. Furthermore, ongoing methodological challenges related to the comparative evaluation of deep neural networks stand to benefit greatly from interdisciplinary collaboration with philosophy and cognitive science. The time is ripe for philosophers to explore foundational issues related to deep learning and cognition; this perspective paper surveys key areas where their contributions can be especially fruitful. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Artificial Intelligence Computer Science and Robotics > Machine Learning.

深度学习在人工智能研究的大多数领域都取得了重大进展。这一令人瞩目的进步已超越了单纯的工程学成就,对认知科学哲学具有重要意义。深度神经网络在克服老式联结主义模型的局限性方面取得了长足进步,而老式联结主义模型曾一度占据认知哲学争论的中心舞台。这一发展与认知科学哲学中长期存在的理论争论直接相关。此外,目前与深度神经网络比较评估相关的方法论挑战也将大大受益于与哲学和认知科学的跨学科合作。哲学家们探索与深度学习和认知相关的基础性问题的时机已经成熟;这篇视角论文探讨了哲学家们的贡献尤其富有成效的关键领域。本文归类于哲学 > 人工智能 计算机科学与机器人 > 机器学习。
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引用次数: 0
Bias in perceptual learning. 知觉学习中的偏见
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1683
Madeleine Ransom, Robert L Goldstone

Perceptual learning is commonly understood as conferring some benefit to the learner, such as allowing for the extraction of more information from the environment. However, perceptual learning can be biased in several different ways, some of which do not appear to provide such a benefit. Here we outline a systematic framework for thinking about bias in perceptual learning and discuss how several cases fit into this framework. We argue these biases are compatible with an understanding in which perceptual learning is beneficial, but that its benefits are tied to both a person's narrow interests and the training environment or domain, and so if there are changes to either of these, then benefits can turn into liabilities, though these are often temporary. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Learning Philosophy > Value Linguistics > Language Acquisition.

知觉学习通常被理解为给学习者带来某种益处,例如可以从环境中提取更多信息。然而,知觉学习可能会以几种不同的方式出现偏差,其中有些似乎并不会带来这种益处。在此,我们概述了一个思考知觉学习偏差的系统框架,并讨论了几个案例如何与这一框架相匹配。我们认为,这些偏差与这样一种理解是一致的,即知觉学习是有益的,但它的益处与一个人狭隘的兴趣和训练环境或领域息息相关,因此,如果这两者中的任何一个发生了变化,那么益处就会变成负担,尽管这些负担往往是暂时的。本文归类于心理学 > 学习哲学 > 价值语言学 > 语言习得。
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引用次数: 0
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