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The development of gait and mobility: Form and function in infant locomotion. 步态和移动能力的发展:婴儿运动的形式与功能
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1677
Christina M Hospodar, Karen E Adolph

The development of locomotion can be described by its form (i.e., gait) and its function (i.e., mobility). Both aspects of locomotion improve with experience. Traditional treatises on infant locomotion focus on form by describing an orderly progression of postural and locomotor milestones en route to characteristic patterns of crawling and walking gait. We provide a traditional treatment of gait by describing developmental antecedents of and improvements in characteristic gait patterns, but we highlight important misconceptions inherent in the notion of "milestones". Most critically, we argue that the prevailing focus on gait and milestones fails to capture the true essence of locomotion-functional mobility to engage with the world. Thus, we also describe the development of mobility, including the use of mobility aids for support and propulsion. We illustrate how infants find individual solutions for mobility and how the ability to move cascades into other domains of development. Finally, we show how an integration of gait and mobility provides insights into the psychological processes that make locomotion functional. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance Psychology > Development and Aging.

运动的发展可以用其形式(即步态)和功能(即移动性)来描述。运动的这两个方面都会随着经验的积累而得到改善。关于婴儿运动的传统论述侧重于形式,描述了在形成爬行和行走步态特征模式的过程中,姿势和运动里程碑的有序进展。我们对步态进行了传统的处理,描述了特征步态模式的发展前因和改进,但我们强调了 "里程碑 "概念中固有的重要误解。最关键的是,我们认为目前对步态和里程碑的关注未能抓住运动的真正本质--参与世界的功能性移动。因此,我们还描述了移动能力的发展,包括使用移动辅助工具进行支撑和推进。我们说明了婴儿是如何为移动找到个人解决方案的,以及移动能力是如何串联到其他发展领域的。最后,我们展示了步态和移动能力的整合如何为运动功能的心理过程提供洞察力。本文归类于心理学 > 运动技能与表现 心理学 > 发育与衰老。
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引用次数: 0
Language development, linguistic input, and linguistic racism. 语言发展、语言输入和语言种族主义。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1673
Megan Figueroa

Language development is both remarkable and unremarkable. It is remarkable because children learn the language(s) around them, signed or spoken, without explicit instruction or correction. It is unremarkable because children have done this for thousands of years without worldwide incident or catastrophe. Yet, much research on this organic developmental phenomenon relies on an empirical falsehood: "quality" linguistic input is necessary to facilitate language development. "Quality" is a value judgment, not a structural feature of any human language. I argue selectively legitimizing some linguistic input as "quality" is possible only through mischaracterizing what language is. This falsehood is also linguistic racism because it is based on a deficit perspective of the early linguistic experiences of a subset of children, specifically racialized children. I explore how linguistic racism stalls our collective understanding of language development and promotes an environment of bad science. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language Acquisition Psychology > Language Neuroscience > Development.

语言的发展既显著又不显著。说它了不起,是因为儿童学习周围的语言,无论是手语还是口语,都不需要明确的指导或纠正。说它不起眼,是因为数千年来,儿童一直在这样做,没有发生过世界性的事件或灾难。然而,关于这一有机发展现象的许多研究都依赖于一个经验性的谬误:"高质量 "的语言输入是促进语言发展的必要条件。"质量 "是一种价值判断,而不是任何人类语言的结构特征。我认为,将某些语言输入选择性地合法化为 "优质",只有通过错误地描述语言的本质才有可能。这种谬误也是语言种族主义,因为它是基于对一部分儿童,特别是种族化儿童早期语言经验的缺陷视角。我将探讨语言种族主义如何阻碍我们对语言发展的集体理解,并助长不良的科学环境。本文归类于语言学 > 语言习得 心理学 > 语言 神经科学 > 发展。
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引用次数: 0
What are delusions? Examining the typology problem. 什么是妄想症?研究类型学问题
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1674
Pablo López-Silva, Miguel Núñez de Prado-Gordillo, Victor Fernández-Castro

Delusions are a heterogenous transdiagnostic phenomenon with a higher prevalence in schizophrenia. One of the most fundamental debates surrounding the philosophical understanding of delusions concerns the question about the type of mental state in which reports that we label as delusional are grounded, namely, the typology problem. The formulation of potential answers for this problem seems to have important repercussions for experimental research in clinical psychiatry and the development of psychotherapeutic tools for the treatment of delusions in clinical psychology. Problematically, such alternatives are scattered in the literature, making it difficult to follow the current development and state of the target discussion. This paper offers an updated critical examination of the alternatives to the typology problem currently available in the literature. After clarifying the two main philosophical views underlying the dominant formulation of the debate (interpretivism and functionalism), we follow the usual distinction between doxastic (the idea that delusions are a type of belief) and anti-doxastic views. We then introduce two new sub-distinctions; on the doxastic camp, we distinguish between revisionist and non-revisionist proposals; on the anti-doxastic camp, we distinguish between commonsensical and non-commonsensical anti-doxasticisms. After analyzing the main claims of each view, we conclude with some of the most fundamental challenges that remain open within the discussion. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Philosophy > Consciousness Philosophy > Psychological Capacities Neuroscience > Cognition.

妄想是一种异质的跨诊断现象,在精神分裂症中发病率较高。围绕着对妄想的哲学理解展开的最基本的争论之一,涉及到我们称之为妄想的报告所基于的精神状态的类型问题,即类型学问题。这个问题的潜在答案的提出似乎对临床精神病学的实验研究和临床心理学治疗妄想症的心理治疗工具的开发有着重要的影响。问题是,这些替代方案散见于文献中,很难跟上目标讨论的当前发展和状态。本文对目前文献中类型学问题的替代方案进行了最新的批判性研究。在澄清了这一争论的主要表述所依据的两种主要哲学观点(解释学和功能主义)之后,我们按照惯例区分了 "妄想 "观点(认为妄想是信念的一种)和 "反妄想 "观点。然后,我们引入了两个新的细分;在妄想论阵营,我们区分了修正主义和非修正主义建议;在反妄想论阵营,我们区分了常识性和非常识性反妄想论。在分析了每种观点的主要主张后,我们以讨论中仍未解决的一些最根本的挑战作为结论。本文归类于哲学 > 认知科学基础 哲学 > 意识 哲学 > 心理能力 神经科学 > 认知。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting attentional allocation in real-world environments: The need to investigate crossmodal semantic guidance. 预测真实世界环境中的注意力分配:研究跨模态语义引导的必要性
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1675
Kira Wegner-Clemens, George L Malcolm, Sarah Shomstein

Real-world environments are multisensory, meaningful, and highly complex. To parse these environments in a highly efficient manner, a subset of this information must be selected both within and across modalities. However, the bulk of attention research has been conducted within sensory modalities, with a particular focus on vision. Visual attention research has made great strides, with over a century of research methodically identifying the underlying mechanisms that allow us to select critical visual information. Spatial attention, attention to features, and object-based attention have all been studied extensively. More recently, research has established semantics (meaning) as a key component to allocating attention in real-world scenes, with the meaning of an item or environment affecting visual attentional selection. However, a full understanding of how semantic information modulates real-world attention requires studying more than vision in isolation. The world provides semantic information across all senses, but with this extra information comes greater complexity. Here, we summarize visual attention (including semantic-based visual attention), crossmodal attention, and argue for the importance of studying crossmodal semantic guidance of attention. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics.

现实世界的环境是多感官、有意义和高度复杂的。要想高效地解析这些环境,就必须在各种模态中或跨模态地选择这些信息的子集。然而,大部分注意力研究都是在感官模式内进行的,尤其侧重于视觉。视觉注意力研究取得了长足的进步,一个多世纪以来的研究有条不紊地确定了使我们能够选择关键视觉信息的内在机制。空间注意力、对特征的注意力和基于物体的注意力都得到了广泛的研究。最近,研究发现语义(意义)是在真实世界场景中分配注意力的关键因素,物品或环境的意义会影响视觉注意力的选择。然而,要全面了解语义信息如何调节现实世界的注意力,需要研究的不仅仅是孤立的视觉。世界提供了所有感官的语义信息,但这些额外的信息也带来了更大的复杂性。在此,我们总结了视觉注意(包括基于语义的视觉注意)、跨模态注意,并论证了研究跨模态语义引导注意的重要性。本文归类于心理学 > 注意力心理学 > 知觉与心理物理学。
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引用次数: 0
Functional benefits of cognitively driven pupil-size changes. 认知驱动的瞳孔大小变化带来的功能性益处。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1672
Ana Vilotijević, Sebastiaan Mathôt

Pupil-size changes are typically associated with the pupil light response (PLR), where they are driven by the physical entry of light into the eye. However, pupil-size changes are also influenced by various cognitive processes, where they are driven by higher-level cognition. For example, the strength of the PLR is not solely affected by physical properties of the light but also by cognitive factors, such as whether the source of light is attended or not, which results in an increase or decrease in the strength of the PLR. Surprisingly, although cognitively driven pupil-size changes have been the focus of extensive research, their possible functions are rarely discussed. Here we consider the relative (dis)advantages of small versus large pupils in different situations from a theoretical point of view, and compare these to empirical results showing how pupil size actually changes in these situations. Based on this, we suggest that cognitively driven pupil-size changes optimize vision either through preparation, embodied representations, or a differential emphasis on central or peripheral vision. More generally, we argue that cognitively driven pupil-size changes are a form of sensory tuning: a subtle adjustment of the eyes to optimize vision for the current situation and the immediate future. This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Cognition Neuroscience > Physiology Neuroscience > Behavior.

瞳孔大小的变化通常与瞳孔光反应(PLR)有关,瞳孔光反应是由光线进入眼睛所引起的。然而,瞳孔大小的变化也受各种认知过程的影响,即受高层次认知的驱动。例如,PLR 的强度不仅受光线物理特性的影响,还受认知因素的影响,如光源是否有人注意,这会导致 PLR 强度的增加或减少。令人惊讶的是,尽管认知驱动的瞳孔大小变化一直是广泛研究的焦点,但其可能的功能却很少被讨论。在这里,我们从理论的角度考虑了在不同情况下小瞳孔和大瞳孔的相对(不)优势,并将其与显示瞳孔大小在这些情况下实际变化的经验结果进行了比较。在此基础上,我们认为,认知驱动的瞳孔大小变化可以通过准备、体现或对中心或周边视觉的不同强调来优化视觉。更广泛地说,我们认为认知驱动的瞳孔大小变化是一种感官调谐:眼睛的微妙调节,以优化当前情况和近期未来的视觉。本文归类于神经科学 > 认知 神经科学 > 生理 神经科学 > 行为。
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引用次数: 0
Getting LOST: A conceptual framework for supporting and enhancing spatial navigation in aging. 迷失:支持和增强老龄化空间导航的概念框架。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1669
Steven M Weisberg, Natalie C Ebner, Rachael D Seidler

Spatial navigation is more difficult and effortful for older than younger individuals, a shift which occurs for a variety of neurological, physical, and cognitive reasons associated with aging. Despite a large body of evidence documenting age-related deficits in spatial navigation, comparatively less research addresses how to facilitate more effective navigation behavior for older adults. Since navigation challenges arise for a variety of reasons in old age, a one-size-fits-all solution is unlikely to work. Here, we introduce a framework for the variety of spatial navigation challenges faced in aging, which we call LOST-Location, Orientation, Spatial mapping, and Transit. The LOST framework builds on evidence from the cognitive neuroscience of spatial navigation, which reveals distinct components underpinning human wayfinding. We evaluate research on navigational aids-devices and depictions-which help people find their way around; and we reflect on how navigation aids solve (or fail to solve) specific wayfinding difficulties faced by older adults. In summary, we emphasize a bespoke approach to improving spatial navigation in aging, which focuses on tailoring navigation solutions to specific navigation challenges. Our hope is that by providing precise support to older navigators, navigation opportunities can facilitate independence and exploration, while minimizing the danger of becoming lost. We conclude by delineating critical knowledge gaps in how to improve older adults' spatial navigation capacities that the novel LOST framework could guide to address. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Development and Aging Neuroscience > Cognition Neuroscience > Behavior.

对于老年人来说,空间导航比年轻人更困难、更费力,这种转变是由于与衰老相关的各种神经、身体和认知原因造成的。尽管有大量证据记录了与年龄相关的空间导航缺陷,但相对较少的研究涉及如何促进老年人更有效的导航行为。由于老年人的各种原因导致导航挑战,因此一刀切的解决方案不太可能奏效。在这里,我们为老龄化过程中面临的各种空间导航挑战介绍了一个框架,我们称之为LOST定位、定向、空间映射和运输。LOST框架建立在空间导航认知神经科学的证据之上,揭示了支撑人类寻路的不同组成部分。我们评估了对导航辅助设备和描述的研究,这些设备和描述可以帮助人们找到周围的路;我们反思导航辅助设备如何解决(或未能解决)老年人面临的特定寻路困难。总之,我们强调一种定制的方法来改善老龄化中的空间导航,该方法侧重于为特定的导航挑战量身定制导航解决方案。我们希望,通过为年长的航海家提供精确的支持,航行机会可以促进独立和探索,同时最大限度地减少迷路的危险。最后,我们描绘了如何提高老年人空间导航能力的关键知识差距,新的LOST框架可以指导解决这些差距。本文分类如下:心理学>发展与衰老神经科学>认知神经科学>行为。
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引用次数: 0
Children build their vocabularies in noisy environments: The necessity of a cross-disciplinary approach to understand word learning. 儿童在嘈杂的环境中建立他们的词汇:跨学科的方法来理解单词学习的必要性。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1671
Katherine R Gordon, Tina M Grieco-Calub

Research within the language sciences has informed our understanding of how children build vocabulary knowledge especially during early childhood and the early school years. However, to date, our understanding of word learning in children is based primarily on research in quiet laboratory settings. The everyday environments that children inhabit such as schools, homes, and day cares are typically noisy. To better understand vocabulary development, we need to understand the effects of background noise on word learning. To gain this understanding, a cross-disciplinary approach between researchers in the language and hearing sciences in partnership with parents, educators, and clinicians is ideal. Through this approach we can identify characteristics of effective vocabulary instruction that take into account the background noise present in children's learning environments. Furthermore, we can identify characteristics of children who are likely to struggle with learning words in noisy environments. For example, differences in vocabulary knowledge, verbal working memory abilities, and attention skills will likely influence children's ability to learn words in the presence of background noise. These children require effective interventions to support their vocabulary development which subsequently should support their ability to process and learn language in noisy environments. Overall, this cross-disciplinary approach will inform theories of language development and inform educational and intervention practices designed to support children's vocabulary development. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Language Psychology > Learning Psychology > Theory and Methods.

语言科学领域的研究已经让我们了解了儿童是如何建立词汇知识的,尤其是在儿童早期和上学早期。然而,到目前为止,我们对儿童单词学习的理解主要是基于在安静的实验室环境下的研究。孩子们生活的日常环境,如学校、家庭和日托所,通常都很嘈杂。为了更好地理解词汇的发展,我们需要了解背景噪音对单词学习的影响。为了获得这种理解,语言和听力科学研究人员与家长、教育工作者和临床医生合作的跨学科方法是理想的。通过这种方法,我们可以识别出考虑到儿童学习环境中存在的背景噪音的有效词汇教学的特征。此外,我们可以识别出在嘈杂的环境中学习单词可能会遇到困难的儿童的特征。例如,词汇知识、言语工作记忆能力和注意力技能的差异可能会影响儿童在背景噪音存在下学习单词的能力。这些孩子需要有效的干预来支持他们的词汇发展,从而支持他们在嘈杂环境中处理和学习语言的能力。总的来说,这种跨学科的方法将为语言发展理论提供信息,并为旨在支持儿童词汇发展的教育和干预实践提供信息。本文分类为:心理学>语言心理学>学习心理学>理论与方法。
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引用次数: 0
Revealing visual working memory operations with pupillometry: Encoding, maintenance, and prioritization. 用瞳孔测量揭示视觉工作记忆操作:编码、维护和优先级。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1668
Damian Koevoet, Christoph Strauch, Stefan Van der Stigchel, Sebastiaan Mathôt, Marnix Naber

Pupillary dynamics reflect effects of distinct and important operations of visual working memory: encoding, maintenance, and prioritization. Here, we review how pupil size predicts memory performance and how it provides novel insights into the mechanisms of each operation. Visual information must first be encoded into working memory with sufficient precision. The depth of this encoding process couples to arousal-linked baseline pupil size as well as a pupil constriction response before and after stimulus onset, respectively. Subsequently, the encoded information is maintained over time to ensure it is not lost. Pupil dilation reflects the effortful maintenance of information, wherein storing more items is accompanied by larger dilations. Lastly, the most task-relevant information is prioritized to guide upcoming behavior, which is reflected in yet another dilatory component. Moreover, activated content in memory can be pupillometrically probed directly by tagging visual information with distinct luminance levels. Through this luminance-tagging mechanism, pupil light responses reveal whether dark or bright items receive more attention during encoding and prioritization. Together, conceptualizing pupil responses as a sum of distinct components over time reveals insights into operations of visual working memory. From this viewpoint, pupillometry is a promising avenue to study the most vital operations through which visual working memory works. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Psychology > Memory Psychology > Theory and Methods.

瞳孔动力学反映了视觉工作记忆的不同和重要操作的影响:编码、维持和优先级。在这里,我们回顾了瞳孔大小如何预测记忆表现,以及它如何为每种操作的机制提供新的见解。视觉信息必须首先以足够的精度编码到工作记忆中。这种编码过程的深度分别与唤醒相关的基线瞳孔大小以及刺激开始前后的瞳孔收缩反应有关。随后,随着时间的推移,对编码信息进行维护,以确保其不会丢失。瞳孔扩张反映了对信息的努力维护,其中存储更多的项目伴随着更大的扩张。最后,对与任务最相关的信息进行优先级排序,以指导即将发生的行为,这反映在另一个延迟组件中。此外,通过标记具有不同亮度水平的视觉信息,可以直接对记忆中的激活内容进行瞳孔测量。通过这种亮度标记机制,瞳孔光响应揭示了在编码和排序过程中,暗项目还是亮项目受到更多关注。总之,将瞳孔反应概念化为不同成分随时间的总和,揭示了对视觉工作记忆操作的见解。从这个角度来看,瞳孔测量是研究视觉工作记忆工作的最重要操作的一条很有前途的途径。本文分类为:心理学>注意力心理学>记忆心理学>理论与方法。
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引用次数: 0
The cognitive neuroscience of self-awareness: Current framework, clinical implications, and future research directions. 自我意识的认知神经科学:当前框架、临床意义和未来研究方向。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1670
Daniel C Mograbi, Simon Hall, Beatriz Arantes, Jonathan Huntley

Self-awareness, the ability to take oneself as the object of awareness, has been an enigma for our species, with different answers to this question being provided by religion, philosophy, and, more recently, science. The current review aims to discuss the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying self-awareness. The multidimensional nature of self-awareness will be explored, suggesting how it can be thought of as an emergent property observed in different cognitive complexity levels, within a predictive coding approach. A presentation of alterations of self-awareness in neuropsychiatric conditions will ground a discussion on alternative frameworks to understand this phenomenon, in health and psychopathology, with future research directions being indicated to fill current gaps in the literature. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Consciousness Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction Neuroscience > Cognition.

自我意识,即把自己作为意识对象的能力,一直是我们人类的一个谜,宗教、哲学以及最近的科学为这个问题提供了不同的答案。本文旨在探讨自我意识的神经认知机制。我们将探索自我意识的多维本质,并建议如何将其视为在预测编码方法中,在不同的认知复杂性水平上观察到的一种涌现特性。对神经精神疾病中自我意识改变的介绍,将为在健康和精神病理学中理解这一现象的替代框架的讨论奠定基础,并指出未来的研究方向,以填补目前文献中的空白。本文分类为:哲学>意识心理学>脑功能与功能障碍神经科学>认知学。
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引用次数: 0
Why imagining what could have happened matters for children's social cognition. 为什么想象可能发生的事情对儿童的社会认知很重要?
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1663
Shalini Gautam, Katherine McAuliffe

Counterfactual thinking is a relatively late emerging ability in childhood with key implications for emerging social cognition and behavior.

反事实思维是一种相对较晚出现的儿童能力,对儿童的社会认知和行为具有重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science
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