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Attention as a multi-level system of weights and balances. 注意力是一个多层次的重量和平衡系统。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1633
William Narhi-Martinez, Blaire Dube, Julie D Golomb

This opinion piece is part of a collection on the topic: "What is attention?" Despite the word's place in the common vernacular, a satisfying definition for "attention" remains elusive. Part of the challenge is there exist many different types of attention, which may or may not share common mechanisms. Here we review this literature and offer an intuitive definition that draws from aspects of prior theories and models of attention but is broad enough to recognize the various types of attention and modalities it acts upon: attention as a multi-level system of weights and balances. While the specific mechanism(s) governing the weighting/balancing may vary across levels, the fundamental role of attention is to dynamically weigh and balance all signals-both externally-generated and internally-generated-such that the highest weighted signals are selected and enhanced. Top-down, bottom-up, and experience-driven factors dynamically impact this balancing, and competition occurs both within and across multiple levels of processing. This idea of a multi-level system of weights and balances is intended to incorporate both external and internal attention and capture their myriad of constantly interacting processes. We review key findings and open questions related to external attention guidance, internal attention and working memory, and broader attentional control (e.g., ongoing competition between external stimuli and internal thoughts) within the framework of this analogy. We also speculate about the implications of failures of attention in terms of weights and balances, ranging from momentary one-off errors to clinical disorders, as well as attentional development and degradation across the lifespan. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Neuroscience > Cognition.

这篇观点文章是关于“什么是注意力?”这个主题的合集的一部分。尽管这个词在日常用语中占有一席之地,但“注意力”的一个令人满意的定义仍然难以捉摸。部分挑战在于存在许多不同类型的注意力,它们可能共享也可能不共享共同的机制。在这里,我们回顾了这些文献,并提供了一个直观的定义,该定义借鉴了先前的理论和模型,但足够广泛,可以识别各种类型的注意力和它所作用的模式:注意力是一个多层次的权重和平衡系统。虽然管理加权/平衡的具体机制可能因水平而异,但注意力的基本作用是动态地权衡和平衡所有信号——包括外部产生的和内部产生的——以便选择和增强权重最高的信号。自顶向下、自底向上和经验驱动的因素会动态地影响这种平衡,并且竞争发生在多个处理级别内部和之间。这种多层次的重量和平衡系统的想法旨在结合外部和内部的注意力,并捕捉它们无数的不断相互作用的过程。我们在这个类比的框架内回顾了与外部注意引导、内部注意和工作记忆以及更广泛的注意控制(例如,外部刺激和内部思想之间的持续竞争)相关的主要发现和开放问题。我们还推测了在重量和平衡方面注意力失败的含义,从短暂的一次性错误到临床障碍,以及整个生命周期的注意力发展和退化。本文分类为:心理学>注意神经科学>认知学。
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引用次数: 3
What attention is. The priority structure account. 注意力是什么?优先级结构帐户。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1632
Sebastian Watzl

'Everyone knows what attention is' according to William James. Much work on attention in psychology and neuroscience cites this famous phrase only to quickly dismiss it. But James is right about this: 'attention' was not introduced into psychology and neuroscience as a theoretical concept. I argue that we should therefore study attention with broadly the same methodology that David Marr has applied to the study of perception. By focusing more on Marr's Computational Level of analysis, we arrive at a unified answer to the question of what attention is, what role it plays in the mind, and why organisms like us have that capacity. I propose a methodology for studying attention at Marr's Computational Level that optimizes in a three-dimensional space: it should capture core aspects of our first-person experience of attention, be explanatorily powerful in psychology and neuroscience, and fertile in an interdisciplinary context. I show how this methodology leads to what I call the priority structure account of attention. Attention is what organizes current information to make it more useful for the organism. We can identify it by four features. Attention, in this way, helps a cognitive system to integrate its informational state with its current motivational state. I describe how this account improves on alternatives and shows why attention is a useful concept in many disciplines and for connecting them. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Psychological Capacities Psychology > Attention Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science.

威廉·詹姆斯说:“每个人都知道注意力是什么。”心理学和神经科学中许多关于注意力的研究都引用了这句名言,但很快就把它忽略了。但詹姆斯说得对:“注意力”并不是作为一个理论概念引入心理学和神经科学的。因此,我认为我们应该用David Marr应用于感知研究的大致相同的方法来研究注意力。通过更多地关注Marr的计算水平分析,我们对注意力是什么,它在大脑中扮演什么角色,以及为什么像我们这样的生物体具有这种能力等问题得出了统一的答案。我提出了一种在三维空间中优化的马尔计算水平(Marr’s Computational Level)研究注意力的方法:它应该捕捉到我们第一人称注意力体验的核心方面,在心理学和神经科学中具有强大的解释性,在跨学科背景下具有丰富的内容。我展示了这种方法是如何导致我所谓的注意力优先结构解释的。注意力是组织当前信息使其对机体更有用的东西。我们可以通过四个特征来识别它。通过这种方式,注意帮助认知系统整合其信息状态和当前动机状态。我描述了这种解释是如何改进替代方法的,并说明了为什么注意力在许多学科中都是一个有用的概念,并且可以将它们联系起来。本文分类为:哲学>心理能力心理学>注意哲学>认知科学基础。
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引用次数: 1
What is attention? 什么是注意力?
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1642
Wayne Wu, Anna Fischer
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引用次数: 0
Stop paying attention to "attention". 停止关注“关注”。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1574
Britt Anderson

Conceptual fragmentation is when a term assumed to have one meaning is found to have many. When these different definitions overlap in meaning and application confusion and wasted effort follows. "Attention" is such a fragmented term. The response to conceptual fragmentation is simple. Stop using the original term. Our reticence to do so reflects false beliefs about attention. "Attention" is not an old term, but a modern one. Its original meaning is not related to our contemporary intuitions. Attention is not a necessary concept; psychology made substantial progress, even in cognitive areas, during the years when its use was banished. Attention is just one among many examples of conceptual fragmentation in psychology. The root cause is a dearth of theory driving cognitive experimentation. Theoretical clarity is enhanced when fundamental concepts can be expressed in a mathematical form. When theories are stated in mathematical language it opens the door to rigorous cross-domain comparisons using tools like category theory. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention Neuroscience > Cognition.

概念分裂是指一个被认为只有一个意思的术语被发现有很多意思。当这些不同的定义在意义和应用上重叠时,混乱和浪费的努力随之而来。“注意力”是一个支离破碎的术语。对概念分裂的反应很简单。停止使用原来的术语。我们对此的沉默反映了我们对注意力的错误观念。“注意力”不是一个古老的词,而是一个现代的词。它的原意与我们当代的直觉无关。注意力不是一个必要的概念;在被禁止使用心理学的那些年里,心理学取得了实质性的进步,甚至在认知领域也是如此。注意只是心理学中概念分裂的众多例子之一。根本原因是缺乏推动认知实验的理论。当基本概念可以用数学形式表达时,理论的清晰度就会增强。当理论用数学语言表述时,它为使用范畴论等工具进行严格的跨领域比较打开了大门。本文分类为:心理学>注意神经科学>认知学。
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引用次数: 6
Defining attention from an auditory perspective. 从听觉的角度定义注意力。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1610
Abigail L Noyce, Jasmine A C Kwasa, Barbara G Shinn-Cunningham

Attention prioritizes certain information at the expense of other information in ways that are similar across vision, audition, and other sensory modalities. It influences how-and even what-information is represented and processed, affecting brain activity at every level. Much of the core research into cognitive and neural mechanisms of attention has used visual tasks. However, the same top-down, object-based, and bottom-up attentional processes shape auditory perception, largely through the same underlying, cognitive networks. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention.

注意以牺牲其他信息为代价优先处理某些信息,其方式与视觉、听觉和其他感官模式相似。它影响着信息的呈现和处理方式,甚至影响着信息的内容,影响着大脑各个层面的活动。许多关于注意力的认知和神经机制的核心研究都使用了视觉任务。然而,同样的自上而下的、基于对象的和自下而上的注意过程在很大程度上通过相同的底层认知网络塑造了听觉感知。本文分类为:心理学>注意力。
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引用次数: 5
The study of gesture in cognitive linguistics: How it could inform and inspire other research in cognitive science. 认知语言学中手势的研究:它如何为认知科学的其他研究提供信息和启发。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1623
Alan Cienki

Cognitive linguists are increasingly extending their paradigm to include the study of gestures. The bottom-up, usage-based approach in cognitive linguistics has advanced the methods for identifying gesture functions, starting from a detailed analysis of gesture forms. Theoretical notions from cognitive linguistics also help explain the means by which the forms of gestures can be interpreted as meaningful functions. Principles of conceptual metonymy explain how gestures indicate referents through the partial representation of their features that are relevant in the context of use. Conceptual metaphor theory sheds light on how abstract notions can be represented in gesture via comparison with physical source domains. Furthermore, every gestural representation inherently requires the gesturing speaker to employ a specific viewpoint for their depiction-something which is normally not expressed verbally. These aspects of gesture provide insights into processes of thinking for speaking that can be exploited in various fields of cognitive science research. Referential gestures also normally combine pragmatic and interactive functions (showing stance-taking, for example) with representational or deictic functions. The multiple functions of gesture combined with those of speech raise questions for further research about how viewing-listeners interpret and combine information from the multiple semiotic systems employed by gesturing-speakers. Finally, gesture use has been shown to correlate not only with lexical concepts but also in some ways with grammatical constructions. This gives rise to fundamental questions about what constitutes the grammar of a language. Gesture analysis thus raises issues for consideration in any research in cognitive science that concerns spoken language. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Cognitive Linguistics > Linguistic Theory Psychology > Language.

认知语言学家越来越多地扩展他们的范式,包括对手势的研究。认知语言学中自下而上、基于用法的方法从对手势形式的详细分析出发,提出了识别手势功能的方法。认知语言学的理论概念也有助于解释手势的形式可以被解释为有意义的功能的手段。概念转喻原理解释了手势如何通过在使用语境中相关特征的部分表征来指示指示物。概念隐喻理论通过与物理源域的比较,揭示了抽象概念如何在手势中表现出来。此外,每一种手势的表达都需要手势说话者采用特定的观点来进行描述——这通常不是口头表达的。手势的这些方面提供了对说话思维过程的见解,可以在认知科学研究的各个领域中加以利用。指称手势通常还结合了语用和互动功能(例如表明立场)以及表征或指示功能。手势与言语的多重功能相结合,为进一步研究观看-听者如何解释和组合来自手势说话者使用的多重符号系统的信息提出了问题。最后,手势的使用不仅与词汇概念有关,在某些方面也与语法结构有关。这就产生了一个基本问题,即语言的语法是由什么构成的。因此,手势分析在任何涉及口语的认知科学研究中都提出了值得考虑的问题。本文的分类为:语言学>认知语言学>语言理论心理学>语言。
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引用次数: 3
Transition to language: From agent perception to event representation. 向语言过渡:从代理感知到事件表征
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-31 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1594
Klaus Zuberbühler, Balthasar Bickel

Spoken language, as we have it, requires specific capacities-at its most basic advanced vocal control and complex social cognition. In humans, vocal control is the basis for speech, achieved through coordinated interactions of larynx activity and rapid changes in vocal tract configurations. Most likely, speech evolved in response to early humans perceiving reality in increasingly complex ways, to the effect that primate-like signaling became unsustainable as a sole communication device. However, in what ways did and do humans see the world in more complex ways compared to other species? Although animal signals can refer to external events, in contrast to humans, they usually refer to the agents only, sometimes in compositional ways, but never together with patients. It may be difficult for animals to comprehend events as part of larger social scripts, with antecedent causes and future consequences, which are more typically tie the patient into the event. Human brain enlargement over the last million years probably has provided the cognitive resources to represent social interactions as part of bigger social scripts, which enabled humans to go beyond an agent-focus to refer to agent-patient relations, the likely foundation for the evolution of grammar. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Linguistics > Evolution of Language Psychology > Comparative.

口语需要特定的能力--最基本的是先进的发声控制能力和复杂的社会认知能力。在人类中,发声控制是语言的基础,通过喉部活动的协调互动和声道配置的快速变化来实现。早期人类对现实的感知越来越复杂,类似灵长类动物的信号作为唯一的交流工具已难以为继,因此,语音很可能就是在这种情况下进化而来的。然而,与其他物种相比,人类是如何以更复杂的方式看待世界的呢?虽然动物的信号可以指代外部事件,但与人类相比,它们通常只指代媒介,有时是以构成的方式,但从不与患者一起指代。动物可能很难将事件理解为更大的社会脚本的一部分,包括前因后果,这更典型地将病人与事件联系在一起。在过去的一百万年中,人类大脑的扩大可能提供了将社会互动作为更大的社会脚本的一部分来表示的认知资源,这使人类能够超越对代理人的关注,转而关注代理人与病人之间的关系,这可能是语法进化的基础。本文归类于认知生物学 > 认知的进化根源 语言学 > 语言的进化 心理学 > 比较。
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引用次数: 0
From evolutionary ecosystem simulations to computational models of human behavior. 从进化生态系统模拟到人类行为的计算模型。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1622
Peter J Bentley, Soo Ling Lim

We have a wide breadth of computational tools available today that enable a more ethical approach to the study of human cognition and behavior. We argue that the use of computer models to study evolving ecosystems provides a rich source of inspiration, as they enable the study of complex systems that change over time. Often employing a combination of genetic algorithms and agent-based models, these methods span theoretical approaches from games to complexification, nature-inspired methods from studies of self-replication to the evolution of eyes, and evolutionary ecosystems of humans, from entire economies to the effects of personalities in teamwork. The review of works provided here illustrates the power of evolutionary ecosystem simulations and how they enable new insights for researchers. They also demonstrate a novel methodology of hypothesis exploration: building a computational model that encapsulates a hypothesis of human cognition enables it to be tested under different conditions, with its predictions compared to real data to enable corroboration. Such computational models of human behavior provide us with virtual test labs in which unlimited experiments can be performed. This article is categorized under: Computer Science and Robotics > Artificial Intelligence.

今天,我们有广泛可用的计算工具,可以采用更合乎道德的方法来研究人类认知和行为。我们认为,使用计算机模型来研究进化中的生态系统提供了丰富的灵感来源,因为它们使研究随时间变化的复杂系统成为可能。这些方法通常结合了遗传算法和基于主体的模型,涵盖了从游戏到复杂性的理论方法,从自我复制研究到眼睛进化的自然启发方法,以及人类进化生态系统,从整个经济到团队合作中的个性影响。这里提供的工作综述说明了进化生态系统模拟的力量,以及它们如何为研究人员提供新的见解。他们还展示了一种新颖的假设探索方法:建立一个计算模型,封装人类认知的假设,使其能够在不同条件下进行测试,并将其预测与实际数据进行比较,从而实现确证。这种人类行为的计算模型为我们提供了虚拟的测试实验室,在那里可以进行无限的实验。本文分类为:计算机科学与机器人>人工智能。
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引用次数: 1
Experiential motivation and the linguistics of sitting, standing, and lying. 经验动机和坐、站、卧的语言学。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-02 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1592
John Newman

The three human at-rest postures of sitting, standing, and lying are basic, recurring features of human behavior and may reasonably be called primary postures. The three postures share the property of being stable through time, but they are also differentiated in terms of their overall shape, their physiological properties, and typical associated behaviors such as the association of sitting with social interaction, and lying with sleeping. The experiential realities of the three postures underlie and motivate a range of cross-linguistic phenomena involving morphemes with meanings of "sit", "stand," and "lie". The relevant linguistic phenomena include higher frequencies of occurrence compared with other kinds of posture verbs and differential behavior with respect to some morphosyntactic patterns involving notions such as agentivity. The posture morphemes can also be the source for a variety of semantic extensions reflecting experiential realities of the postures, such as the extension of "lie" to mean "sleep" in some languages. Extensions also include grammaticalizations of the posture morphemes to locative and aspectual markers which reflect the temporal stability and spatial fixedness of the postures themselves. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Cognitive Linguistics Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain.

人类休息时的三种姿势:坐、站和躺是人类行为的基本、反复出现的特征,可以合理地称为基本姿势。这三种姿势都具有稳定的特性,但它们在整体形状、生理特性和典型的相关行为(如坐与社交的关联,躺与睡眠的关联)方面也有所不同。这三种姿势的体验性现实是一系列跨语言现象的基础和动机,涉及具有“坐”、“站”和“躺”意义的语素。相关的语言现象包括与其他类型的姿势动词相比,其出现频率更高,以及涉及能动性等概念的一些形态句法模式的差异行为。姿势语素也可以是反映姿势经验现实的各种语义扩展的来源,例如在某些语言中,“lie”延伸为“sleep”的意思。扩展还包括姿势语素的语法化,以反映姿势本身的时间稳定性和空间固定性的位置和方面标记。这篇文章的分类是:语言学>认知语言学>心灵和大脑中的语言。
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引用次数: 1
Implications of video chat use for young children's learning and social-emotional development: Learning words, taking turns, and fostering familial relationships. 视频聊天对幼儿学习和社会情感发展的影响:学习单词、轮流和培养家庭关系。
IF 3.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1599
Aaron R Glick, Fauzia Saiyed, Katia Kutlesa, K. Onishi, Aparna S Nadig
Parents of young children use video chat differently than other screen media, paralleling expert recommendations (e.g., American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Communications and Media, 2016), which suggest that video chat, unlike other screen media, is acceptable for use by children under 18 months. Video chat is unique among screen media in that it permits contingent (time-sensitive and content-sensitive) social interactions. Contingent social interactions take place between a child and a partner (dyadic), with objects (triadic), and with multiple others (multi-party configurations), which critically underpin development in multiple domains. First, we review how contingent social interaction may underlie video chat's advantages in two domains: for learning (specifically learning new words) and for social-emotional development (specifically taking turns and fostering familial relationships). Second, we describe constraints on video chat use and how using chat with an active adult (co-viewing) may mitigate some of its limitations. Finally, we suggest future research directions that will clarify the potential advantages and impediments to the use of video chat by young children. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Language Acquisition Psychology > Learning Cognitive Biology > Social Development.
与其他屏幕媒体不同,幼儿的父母使用视频聊天的方式与专家建议(例如,美国儿科学会通信和媒体委员会,2016年)相一致,专家建议视频聊天与其他屏幕媒体不同,18个月以下的儿童可以使用视频聊天。视频聊天在屏幕媒体中是独一无二的,因为它允许偶然的(时间敏感和内容敏感的)社交互动。偶然的社会互动发生在儿童与伴侣(二元型)、与对象(三元型)以及与多个他人(多方型)之间,这对多个领域的发展至关重要。首先,我们回顾了偶然的社会互动如何构成视频聊天在两个领域的优势:学习(特别是学习新单词)和社会情感发展(特别是轮流和培养家庭关系)。其次,我们描述了视频聊天使用的限制,以及如何与一个活跃的成年人(共同观看)使用聊天可以减轻它的一些限制。最后,我们提出了未来的研究方向,以澄清幼儿使用视频聊天的潜在优势和障碍。本文分类为:语言学>语言习得心理学>学习认知生物学>社会发展。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science
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