In the article, the problem relevance of solving many methodological issues by means of mathematical modeling is due to the fact that the technological possibilities of controlling remote sensing signals with the necessary accuracy are limited, and considering that the main type of scattering of electromagnetic waves during remote sensing with the help of artificial Earth satellites is Relay scattering and the issue of mathematical modeling of the evaluation of the impact of meteorological factors on this process of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere was solved. For this purpose, the structure of the mathematical model was selected and its adequacy was checked and For a more detailed investigation of the capabilities of the mathematical model, computational experiments were conducted. In order to verify the adequacy of the mathematical model of the assessment of the influence of meteorological factors on the Rayleigh (molecular) scattering of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, the values of the molecular scattering coefficient calculated using the appropriate formula and were reconciled with the data provided in the relevant literature sources. The obtained results show the adequacy of the model. For a more detailed study of the capabilities of the mathematical model, computational experiments were conducted. The obtained results showed that the proposed mathematical model can be successfully used in solving a number of practical problems. Keywords: Remote sensing, electromagnetic waves, Relay scattering, mathematical modeling, meteorological parameters.
{"title":"MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON RELAY SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE","authors":"Aytaj Badalova, Surkhay Safarov Aytaj Badalova, Surkhay Safarov, Kamaladdin Ramazanov Kamaladdin Ramazanov","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-58","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, the problem relevance of solving many methodological issues by means of mathematical modeling is due to the fact that the technological possibilities of controlling remote sensing signals with the necessary accuracy are limited, and considering that the main type of scattering of electromagnetic waves during remote sensing with the help of artificial Earth satellites is Relay scattering and the issue of mathematical modeling of the evaluation of the impact of meteorological factors on this process of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere was solved. For this purpose, the structure of the mathematical model was selected and its adequacy was checked and For a more detailed investigation of the capabilities of the mathematical model, computational experiments were conducted. In order to verify the adequacy of the mathematical model of the assessment of the influence of meteorological factors on the Rayleigh (molecular) scattering of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, the values of the molecular scattering coefficient calculated using the appropriate formula and were reconciled with the data provided in the relevant literature sources. The obtained results show the adequacy of the model. For a more detailed study of the capabilities of the mathematical model, computational experiments were conducted. The obtained results showed that the proposed mathematical model can be successfully used in solving a number of practical problems. Keywords: Remote sensing, electromagnetic waves, Relay scattering, mathematical modeling, meteorological parameters.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A method for technological optimization of centralized combustion of associated hydrocarbon gas from sources with different methane concentrations is proposed. A technological scheme for the centralized combustion of hydrocarbon gas from sources with different concentrations of CH4 has been drawn up. An optimization problem was formulated and solved, the solution of which, under a certain restrictive condition, made it possible to obtain the optimal relationship between the concentration of CH4 in associated gas and wind speed. As a result of the optimization carried out, the optimal procedure for the functioning of the developed technological scheme for the centralized combustion of the associated gas was recommended. To determine the conditions for achieving the maximum functional efficiency of the proposed technological scheme, an optimization problem was compiled and solved, the solution of which, under a certain restrictive condition, made it possible to obtain the optimal relationship between the concentration of CH4 in associated gas and wind speed. As a result of the optimization carried out, the optimal procedure for the functioning of the proposed technological scheme for the centralized combustion of associated gas from various sources was developed. Keywords: Harmful habits, suicide, prevention, advertising, social networks, anonymous, qualified helpers, individual characteristics, psychological services, gender, religion.
{"title":"ISSUES OF TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF CENTRALIZED COMBUSTION OF ASSOCIATED HYDROCARBON GAS FROM SOURCES WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF METHANE.","authors":"Ilgar Asadov, Sevindj Abdullayeva Ilgar Asadov, Sevindj Abdullayeva","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-35","url":null,"abstract":"A method for technological optimization of centralized combustion of associated hydrocarbon gas from sources with different methane concentrations is proposed. A technological scheme for the centralized combustion of hydrocarbon gas from sources with different concentrations of CH4 has been drawn up. An optimization problem was formulated and solved, the solution of which, under a certain restrictive condition, made it possible to obtain the optimal relationship between the concentration of CH4 in associated gas and wind speed. As a result of the optimization carried out, the optimal procedure for the functioning of the developed technological scheme for the centralized combustion of the associated gas was recommended. To determine the conditions for achieving the maximum functional efficiency of the proposed technological scheme, an optimization problem was compiled and solved, the solution of which, under a certain restrictive condition, made it possible to obtain the optimal relationship between the concentration of CH4 in associated gas and wind speed. As a result of the optimization carried out, the optimal procedure for the functioning of the proposed technological scheme for the centralized combustion of associated gas from various sources was developed. Keywords: Harmful habits, suicide, prevention, advertising, social networks, anonymous, qualified helpers, individual characteristics, psychological services, gender, religion.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.36962/piretc27062023-88
Sabina Uzbekzade Sabina Uzbekzade
The application of soft computing technology for diagnosing the functional state of the cardiovascular system is considered. Soft computing technology uses fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, fuzzy neural networks, genetic algorithms and evolutionary modeling as tools. Various methods of soft computing technology in solving various problems often complement each other when used in various combinations. This technology is focused on solving control problems with semi-structured control objects. The main informative indicators (indicator variables) characterizing the functional state of the cardiovascular system and obtained on the basis of statistical information are identified. These informative indicators include the tension index, the vegetative rhythm index, the indicator of the adequacy of regulatory processes, the tension index of regulatory systems, and also special indicators that are derivatives of classical statistical indicators: respiratory modulation index, functional arrhythmia index, cardiorespiratory synchrony index, parasympathetic control destabilization index. The quality of the classification of possible diseases is determined by indicators such as sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and diagnostic efficiency. Keywords: Neural networks, fuzzy inferences, diagnostic conclusion, confidence coefficient.
{"title":"THE USE OF \"SOFT COMPUTING\" FOR THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM","authors":"Sabina Uzbekzade Sabina Uzbekzade","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-88","url":null,"abstract":"The application of soft computing technology for diagnosing the functional state of the cardiovascular system is considered. Soft computing technology uses fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, fuzzy neural networks, genetic algorithms and evolutionary modeling as tools. Various methods of soft computing technology in solving various problems often complement each other when used in various combinations. This technology is focused on solving control problems with semi-structured control objects. The main informative indicators (indicator variables) characterizing the functional state of the cardiovascular system and obtained on the basis of statistical information are identified. These informative indicators include the tension index, the vegetative rhythm index, the indicator of the adequacy of regulatory processes, the tension index of regulatory systems, and also special indicators that are derivatives of classical statistical indicators: respiratory modulation index, functional arrhythmia index, cardiorespiratory synchrony index, parasympathetic control destabilization index. The quality of the classification of possible diseases is determined by indicators such as sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and diagnostic efficiency. Keywords: Neural networks, fuzzy inferences, diagnostic conclusion, confidence coefficient.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.36962/piretc27062023-50
Hasan Askarli, Mahammadali Aliyev Hasan Askarli, Mahammadali Aliyev, Maya Karimova Maya Karimova
Measuring uncertainty is not easy to calculate. Due to the large number of factors and parameters affecting the process during uncertainty assessment of complex objects, it is necessary to perform a correct assessment. In automated processes and automatically controlled systems, the factors affecting the measurement result are different. Engineers have trouble estimating uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose an exclusive six-step process to calculate the measurement uncertainty and put together these instructions. Learn how to calculate measurement uncertainty in six easy-to-use steps. Also, what information is needed to calculate the uncertainty, how to obtain the uncertainty capability, and how to use calculations to obtain an overestimation or underestimation of the uncertainty. In addition, you can get some exclusive tips to help you calculate uncertainty like a pro with the help of the extract. Both production equipment and production systems can never be completely described or predicted. It is a contradiction for an engineer to get an accurate measurement and get the process right. Even if the engineer performs the measurement at a very high level, there will still be additional effects on the measurement result and the measurement process. Accordingly, this article can be used to estimate uncertainty. Keywords: Uncertainty, uncertainty calculation, distribution, budget, standard deviation, A and B type of uncertainty, expanded and combined uncertainty.
{"title":"CALCULATING THE UNCERTAINTY OF MULTI-FUNCTIONAL EQUIPMENT AND PREPARATION OF THE UNCERTAINTY BUDGET","authors":"Hasan Askarli, Mahammadali Aliyev Hasan Askarli, Mahammadali Aliyev, Maya Karimova Maya Karimova","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-50","url":null,"abstract":"Measuring uncertainty is not easy to calculate. Due to the large number of factors and parameters affecting the process during uncertainty assessment of complex objects, it is necessary to perform a correct assessment. In automated processes and automatically controlled systems, the factors affecting the measurement result are different. Engineers have trouble estimating uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose an exclusive six-step process to calculate the measurement uncertainty and put together these instructions. Learn how to calculate measurement uncertainty in six easy-to-use steps. Also, what information is needed to calculate the uncertainty, how to obtain the uncertainty capability, and how to use calculations to obtain an overestimation or underestimation of the uncertainty. In addition, you can get some exclusive tips to help you calculate uncertainty like a pro with the help of the extract. Both production equipment and production systems can never be completely described or predicted. It is a contradiction for an engineer to get an accurate measurement and get the process right. Even if the engineer performs the measurement at a very high level, there will still be additional effects on the measurement result and the measurement process. Accordingly, this article can be used to estimate uncertainty. Keywords: Uncertainty, uncertainty calculation, distribution, budget, standard deviation, A and B type of uncertainty, expanded and combined uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As it was shown in the nature investigations,the most area of water in the Azerbaijan shore of Caspian Sea is covered by oil film, the square of which depends on direction of wind. The research of pollution's of environment by the mean of optical apparatus of remote sounding, mounted on the board of flying apparatus or space satellites is one of intensely developing directions. The theory of measuring of oil film's thickens by the help of laser location in detail described. The principles of straight¬-line spreading of electromagnetic waves, reflecting of electromagnetic energy by objects and constant speed of their propagation are laid in the basic of location. We have developed lidar for controlling of pollutions of water surface, where helium-neon laser “LGI-102” having power 3mW working in the pulse regime is used as beam radiator. During the experiment the laser was mounted on the plain ground on the distance 1-meter from water surface. The prism was placed in the road of propagation of laser beam and used for direction of radiation under the angle 45 on water surface. Integral photo transducer on the base of local mono-and polycrystalline silicon films with linear output was used in the photo detector device. Photo transducer was made in hybrid form on the base of two crystals: photo sensitive poly-silicon film and unpack operational amplifier 740UD4. Keywords: Pollution, water surface, oil film, laser location, lidar, photo detector.
{"title":"REMOTE MEASUREMENTS OF WATER SURFACE POLLUTION BY THE METHOD OF LASER LOCATION","authors":"Gunel Aliyeva, Fakhraddin Agayev Gunel Aliyeva, Fakhraddin Agayev","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-102","url":null,"abstract":"As it was shown in the nature investigations,the most area of water in the Azerbaijan shore of Caspian Sea is covered by oil film, the square of which depends on direction of wind. The research of pollution's of environment by the mean of optical apparatus of remote sounding, mounted on the board of flying apparatus or space satellites is one of intensely developing directions. The theory of measuring of oil film's thickens by the help of laser location in detail described. The principles of straight¬-line spreading of electromagnetic waves, reflecting of electromagnetic energy by objects and constant speed of their propagation are laid in the basic of location. We have developed lidar for controlling of pollutions of water surface, where helium-neon laser “LGI-102” having power 3mW working in the pulse regime is used as beam radiator. During the experiment the laser was mounted on the plain ground on the distance 1-meter from water surface. The prism was placed in the road of propagation of laser beam and used for direction of radiation under the angle 45 on water surface. Integral photo transducer on the base of local mono-and polycrystalline silicon films with linear output was used in the photo detector device. Photo transducer was made in hybrid form on the base of two crystals: photo sensitive poly-silicon film and unpack operational amplifier 740UD4. Keywords: Pollution, water surface, oil film, laser location, lidar, photo detector.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.36962/piretc27062023-131
Arzu Ibragimova Arzu Ibragimova
The development of the oil and gas complex is one of the priority areas of the Azerbaijan economy. Oil and gas are among the most competitive Azerbaijan goods and are in high and stable demand from global consumers. Therefore, increased attention is paid to product quality. One of the methods for quality control of petroleum products is gas chromatography. Today it is a widely used physical and chemical research method. The capabilities of a gas chromatography are mainly determined by the enormous separating power of the chromatographic columns and the characteristics of the detectors. If the chromatographic column is sometimes called the heart of the chromatograph, then the detector can be called the brain of the chromatograph [1,2]. Effective development of an analysis technique, its successful implementation, troubleshooting of a chromatograph, and metrological certification are impossible without the ability to make the right choice of a detector, operate it competently, and correctly interpret the detector signal. About 50 detectors have been proposed for gas chromatography, but only a few of them are used in practice. The most used are the flame ionization detector and the thermal conductivity detector. The article shows the advantage of using a flame ionization detector to measure important physical and chemical properties, such as density, caloric content, the ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of hydrogen atoms C/H. Keywords: Chromatography, gas-mixture, density, hydrocarbon, heat of combustion, calorific value, flame ionization detector, number of carbon atoms, sensitivity, quality.
{"title":"BENEFITS OF USING A FID TO MEASURE THE MULTICOMPONENT GAS MIXTURES","authors":"Arzu Ibragimova Arzu Ibragimova","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-131","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the oil and gas complex is one of the priority areas of the Azerbaijan economy. Oil and gas are among the most competitive Azerbaijan goods and are in high and stable demand from global consumers. Therefore, increased attention is paid to product quality. One of the methods for quality control of petroleum products is gas chromatography. Today it is a widely used physical and chemical research method. The capabilities of a gas chromatography are mainly determined by the enormous separating power of the chromatographic columns and the characteristics of the detectors. If the chromatographic column is sometimes called the heart of the chromatograph, then the detector can be called the brain of the chromatograph [1,2]. Effective development of an analysis technique, its successful implementation, troubleshooting of a chromatograph, and metrological certification are impossible without the ability to make the right choice of a detector, operate it competently, and correctly interpret the detector signal. About 50 detectors have been proposed for gas chromatography, but only a few of them are used in practice. The most used are the flame ionization detector and the thermal conductivity detector. The article shows the advantage of using a flame ionization detector to measure important physical and chemical properties, such as density, caloric content, the ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of hydrogen atoms C/H. Keywords: Chromatography, gas-mixture, density, hydrocarbon, heat of combustion, calorific value, flame ionization detector, number of carbon atoms, sensitivity, quality.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The oil refining industry is one of the most important industries in our country, a kind of locomotive for economic development. Automation issues in the field of oil refining and petrochemistry are not at the proper level yet. Therefore, the topic can be considered an urgent research problem. This paper is devoted to the development of an inferential mechanism of dynamic expert system for managing the technological processes of polypropylene production by leaching, washing, and drying an oil refinery, which can be considered a scientific novelty. At the beginning, an enlarged structure of the created dynamic expert system is given and their contents are revealed. Then the general structure of the inferential mechanism is given. A special place is allocated to building a knowledge base. The knowledge base consists of products in the form of "if-then". They were divided into two groups: products for emergency situations and products of a technological nature. Specific products are given. To organize a logical conclusion, the apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets was used and a mathematical description of the scheme developed by us for making a decision from a situation that arose in production was given. Keywords: expert system, inferential mechanism.
{"title":"DYNAMIC EXPERT SYSTEM INFERENTIAL MECHANISM FOR POLYPROPYLENE PRODUCTION PROCESS","authors":"Yagub Sardarov, Ilaha Zafarli Yagub Sardarov, Ilaha Zafarli, Mazahim Guliyev Mazahim Guliyev","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-156","url":null,"abstract":"The oil refining industry is one of the most important industries in our country, a kind of locomotive for economic development. Automation issues in the field of oil refining and petrochemistry are not at the proper level yet. Therefore, the topic can be considered an urgent research problem. This paper is devoted to the development of an inferential mechanism of dynamic expert system for managing the technological processes of polypropylene production by leaching, washing, and drying an oil refinery, which can be considered a scientific novelty. At the beginning, an enlarged structure of the created dynamic expert system is given and their contents are revealed. Then the general structure of the inferential mechanism is given. A special place is allocated to building a knowledge base. The knowledge base consists of products in the form of \"if-then\". They were divided into two groups: products for emergency situations and products of a technological nature. Specific products are given. To organize a logical conclusion, the apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets was used and a mathematical description of the scheme developed by us for making a decision from a situation that arose in production was given. Keywords: expert system, inferential mechanism.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.36962/piretc27062023-162
Oleksiy Penkov, Mingfeng Li Oleksiy Penkov, Mingfeng Li, Pengyuan Wu, Jiong Jin Pengyuan Wu, Jiong Jin
Periodical multilayer mirrors (PMMs) are coatings used in various industrial and scientific applications for the manipulation of X-Rays. PPMs consist of periodically repeated stacks; every stack comprises nanolayers of several different materials. The number of stacks may vary from 50 to 500. Manufacturing such coatings, consisting of hundreds of nanolayers, needs precise sputtering deposition systems. A deposition system must provide a stable deposition rate and accurate deposition time control. This paper developed a new process control system to satisfy these requirements. Before running the deposition process, the final script is saved automatically to a backup folder; the file name is created automatically and includes the date and time that is why every deposition can be repeated with the same parameters. Multithreading and precise microcontrollers allowed real-time management of the deposition process and increased user interface responsiveness. System architecture and hardware structure schemes for robust PMMs manufacturing were designed. Corresponding operator software having custom script language was developed to provide flexibility and simplicity of operation. The architecture of the software allowed high responsiveness of the user interfaces. The system was tested to verify the reliability of the deposition process and the high quality of PMMs. Keywords: Process control, vacuum, sputtering, automation, SCADA, user interface.
{"title":"DESIGN OF CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MANUFACTURING OF PERIODICAL MULTILAYER X-RAY MIRRORS","authors":"Oleksiy Penkov, Mingfeng Li Oleksiy Penkov, Mingfeng Li, Pengyuan Wu, Jiong Jin Pengyuan Wu, Jiong Jin","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-162","url":null,"abstract":"Periodical multilayer mirrors (PMMs) are coatings used in various industrial and scientific applications for the manipulation of X-Rays. PPMs consist of periodically repeated stacks; every stack comprises nanolayers of several different materials. The number of stacks may vary from 50 to 500. Manufacturing such coatings, consisting of hundreds of nanolayers, needs precise sputtering deposition systems. A deposition system must provide a stable deposition rate and accurate deposition time control. This paper developed a new process control system to satisfy these requirements. Before running the deposition process, the final script is saved automatically to a backup folder; the file name is created automatically and includes the date and time that is why every deposition can be repeated with the same parameters. Multithreading and precise microcontrollers allowed real-time management of the deposition process and increased user interface responsiveness. System architecture and hardware structure schemes for robust PMMs manufacturing were designed. Corresponding operator software having custom script language was developed to provide flexibility and simplicity of operation. The architecture of the software allowed high responsiveness of the user interfaces. The system was tested to verify the reliability of the deposition process and the high quality of PMMs. Keywords: Process control, vacuum, sputtering, automation, SCADA, user interface.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.36962/piretc27062023-05
Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov, Elchin Isgandarzada Elchin Isgandarzada
As we know, one of the trends in the development of metrological control activities of enterprises and organizations is the calibration of measuring instruments through the assessment of measurement uncertainty. This process is an important factor to increase the accuracy of measurements, ensuring product quality, minimize the amount of waste products and increase the competitiveness of the organization. Such a parameter can be, for example, the standard deviation (mean squared error of the measurement results) or a number that is exactly divisible by it, or the width of the confidence interval. Measurement uncertainty combines several components. Some of these components can be estimated based on the statistical distribution of the results of a series of observations and characterized by their standard deviations. Considering that more than 50% of the measurements performed during technological processes are covered by temperature measurements, then we can say that the errors occurring during temperature measurements directly affect the quality of the product significantly. In the conducted research, the uncertainty in the temperature measurements performed during the technological processes was determined and the importance of determining this uncertainty was analyzed. Keywords: Metrological assurance, temperature measurements, technological process, statistical distribution, thermodynamics, uncertainty, metrology, accuracy, error, calibration.
{"title":"THE IMPORTANCE OF UNCERTAINTY DETERMINATION DURING TECHNOLOGICAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS","authors":"Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov Nabi Iskandarov, Elmin Baghishov, Elchin Isgandarzada Elchin Isgandarzada","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-05","url":null,"abstract":"As we know, one of the trends in the development of metrological control activities of enterprises and organizations is the calibration of measuring instruments through the assessment of measurement uncertainty. This process is an important factor to increase the accuracy of measurements, ensuring product quality, minimize the amount of waste products and increase the competitiveness of the organization. Such a parameter can be, for example, the standard deviation (mean squared error of the measurement results) or a number that is exactly divisible by it, or the width of the confidence interval. Measurement uncertainty combines several components. Some of these components can be estimated based on the statistical distribution of the results of a series of observations and characterized by their standard deviations. Considering that more than 50% of the measurements performed during technological processes are covered by temperature measurements, then we can say that the errors occurring during temperature measurements directly affect the quality of the product significantly. In the conducted research, the uncertainty in the temperature measurements performed during the technological processes was determined and the importance of determining this uncertainty was analyzed. Keywords: Metrological assurance, temperature measurements, technological process, statistical distribution, thermodynamics, uncertainty, metrology, accuracy, error, calibration.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyzes and calculates informative parameters of surface electromyographic signals (sEMS), which can be used to control biotechnical systems, as well as to diagnose the state of the musculoskeletal system. The analysis parameters in the time and frequency-time domains of the signal are considered. A program has been developed for calculating the informative indicators of the signal in the indicated areas. The program is implemented in the LabVIEW environment. To analyze the sEMG signal in the time domain, using the developed program, such indicators as Integral EMG, Average amplitude change, Wavelength, Simple quadratic integral, Absolute value of the 3rd time moment, and others were calculated; and to describe the signal spectrum by methods of time-frequency analysis, the average frequency of the spectrum (mean power frequency-MPF), the median frequency of the spectrum (median Frequency-MF), root mean square (RMS), power density spectrum (PDS), half width - the width of the spectrum at half maximum amplitude (HW). To test the program, files of real sEMQ signals were used. The calculated parameters of the sEMG analysis in the time and frequency-time domains make it possible to non-invasively and objectively assess the state of the musculoskeletal system. Keywords: Surface electromyographic signals, biotechnical systems, time-frequency analysis, Labvıew software.
{"title":"PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING THE INFORMATIVE PARAMETERS OF SURFACE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC SIGNALS","authors":"Akif Khidirov, Elgun Salahli Akif Khidirov, Elgun Salahli","doi":"10.36962/piretc27062023-122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36962/piretc27062023-122","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes and calculates informative parameters of surface electromyographic signals (sEMS), which can be used to control biotechnical systems, as well as to diagnose the state of the musculoskeletal system. The analysis parameters in the time and frequency-time domains of the signal are considered. A program has been developed for calculating the informative indicators of the signal in the indicated areas. The program is implemented in the LabVIEW environment. To analyze the sEMG signal in the time domain, using the developed program, such indicators as Integral EMG, Average amplitude change, Wavelength, Simple quadratic integral, Absolute value of the 3rd time moment, and others were calculated; and to describe the signal spectrum by methods of time-frequency analysis, the average frequency of the spectrum (mean power frequency-MPF), the median frequency of the spectrum (median Frequency-MF), root mean square (RMS), power density spectrum (PDS), half width - the width of the spectrum at half maximum amplitude (HW). To test the program, files of real sEMQ signals were used. The calculated parameters of the sEMG analysis in the time and frequency-time domains make it possible to non-invasively and objectively assess the state of the musculoskeletal system. Keywords: Surface electromyographic signals, biotechnical systems, time-frequency analysis, Labvıew software.","PeriodicalId":477255,"journal":{"name":"Piretc","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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