Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-18
Tania Miluska CERRON OYAGUE, Andres Cesar Cerrón Estares, Gonzalo Alberto Torres Zules
The present study evaluates the contribution of the use of sustainable construction techniques with plant fibers: bamboo and ichu straw in the architectural identity of Tarma, Junín region. For which the research method considers two phases, in the first, sustainable construction techniques are evaluated and developed, taking into account two dimensions: "the use of local bamboo and ichu straw", with the selection of three species of bamboo from the environment: a native of the genus Chusquea, and two exotics of the genera Guadua and Phillostachys, and the species Stipa ichu; and the “design and application”, with the construction of three architectural models, using the four species, in which the local population participated by adapting traditional weaving techniques with ichu straw. In the second phase, a semi-structured survey is prepared to collect data related to the identity of the local people regarding their territory and the architecture, and the perception and impact generated by the three models. Among the results of the first and second phase, the possibilities of using bamboo as a construction material according to the species, the adaptability and fusion of traditional techniques in contemporary designs, the identification of the local’s people with the proposed models, as well as verification of sustainable guidelines applied in design and construction.
{"title":"SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES WITH BAMBOO AND ICHU STRAW AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ANDEAN ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY","authors":"Tania Miluska CERRON OYAGUE, Andres Cesar Cerrón Estares, Gonzalo Alberto Torres Zules","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-18","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluates the contribution of the use of sustainable construction techniques with plant fibers: bamboo and ichu straw in the architectural identity of Tarma, Junín region. For which the research method considers two phases, in the first, sustainable construction techniques are evaluated and developed, taking into account two dimensions: \"the use of local bamboo and ichu straw\", with the selection of three species of bamboo from the environment: a native of the genus Chusquea, and two exotics of the genera Guadua and Phillostachys, and the species Stipa ichu; and the “design and application”, with the construction of three architectural models, using the four species, in which the local population participated by adapting traditional weaving techniques with ichu straw. In the second phase, a semi-structured survey is prepared to collect data related to the identity of the local people regarding their territory and the architecture, and the perception and impact generated by the three models. Among the results of the first and second phase, the possibilities of using bamboo as a construction material according to the species, the adaptability and fusion of traditional techniques in contemporary designs, the identification of the local’s people with the proposed models, as well as verification of sustainable guidelines applied in design and construction.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"450 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140275115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-07
Víctor González-Jaramillo, Antonio González-Bustán
At present, in industry or research, engineering projects demand continuous spatial data from the Earth's surface. Depending on the required level of detail, collecting such data through traditional methods like topographic surveying can be prohibitively expensive. Moreover, these methods often involve extended timeframes and challenges in accessing difficult terrains, such as steep slopes. The use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly referred to as a drone, equipped with sensors like photographic cameras, offers a means of consistently acquiring very high spatial resolution data from the Earth's surface. The incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) ensures the data 's spatial accuracy. Photogrammetric process like structure from motion (SfM), generate various spatial products, including orthophotos and point clouds. This research centers on the application of a fixed-wing UAV to survey a 120 ha area to generate spatial data. The study demonstrates the high precision of the derived spatial data, validated against ground true data, using a flight height of 100 m over the above ground with an 80% overlap. The results include the generation of an orthophoto, a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and a Digital Surface Model (DSM), with both terrain models derived from the point cloud.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL DATA OBTAINED BY MEANS OF THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)","authors":"Víctor González-Jaramillo, Antonio González-Bustán","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-07","url":null,"abstract":"At present, in industry or research, engineering projects demand continuous spatial data from the Earth's surface. Depending on the required level of detail, collecting such data through traditional methods like topographic surveying can be prohibitively expensive. Moreover, these methods often involve extended timeframes and challenges in accessing difficult terrains, such as steep slopes. The use of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly referred to as a drone, equipped with sensors like photographic cameras, offers a means of consistently acquiring very high spatial resolution data from the Earth's surface. The incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) ensures the data 's spatial accuracy. Photogrammetric process like structure from motion (SfM), generate various spatial products, including orthophotos and point clouds. This research centers on the application of a fixed-wing UAV to survey a 120 ha area to generate spatial data. The study demonstrates the high precision of the derived spatial data, validated against ground true data, using a flight height of 100 m over the above ground with an 80% overlap. The results include the generation of an orthophoto, a Digital Terrain Model (DTM), and a Digital Surface Model (DSM), with both terrain models derived from the point cloud.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"15 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-17
Tania Miluska CERRON OYAGUE, Gonzalo Alberto Torres Zules, Andres Cesar Cerrón Estares
This contribution presents the results of research carried out in two areas of the Peruvian Amazon within the framework of two community projects for technology transfer and capacity development in construction with bamboo, with the objective of designing and building a modular prototype with bamboo for 1/1 scale with the function of a community center, capable of incorporating sustainable strategies, replicability and adaptability, as an architectural alternative to the deterioration of the Amazonian natural and cultural habitat. The methodology contemplates two phases of experimentation, the first of design and construction of the Model Prototype in the Southwest Amazon (Pilcopata), studying the local context, the bamboo species, the participatory construction process, to formulate the modular proposal with the function of a Center Tourist Community; the second validation of the Prototype, identifying the bamboo species and adding a module in the design format for use in the Communal Transformation Center in the Central Amazon (Native Community of Pampa Michi), both executed with the local population. Among the results, the efficiency, practicality and flexibility of the design and construction stand out, and the verification of sustainable strategies, with the use of carbon neutral materials such as bamboo, the revaluation of traditional knowledge with palm leaves and the replicability in similar conditions with models of participatory learning, which validate the Prototype. In a third phase, the construction processes are systematized, being part of the Manual for the construction of light structures with bamboo in Peru.
{"title":"SUSTAINABLE MODULAR PROTOTYPE WITH BAMBOO FOR COMMUNITY CENTERS","authors":"Tania Miluska CERRON OYAGUE, Gonzalo Alberto Torres Zules, Andres Cesar Cerrón Estares","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aae-17","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution presents the results of research carried out in two areas of the Peruvian Amazon within the framework of two community projects for technology transfer and capacity development in construction with bamboo, with the objective of designing and building a modular prototype with bamboo for 1/1 scale with the function of a community center, capable of incorporating sustainable strategies, replicability and adaptability, as an architectural alternative to the deterioration of the Amazonian natural and cultural habitat. The methodology contemplates two phases of experimentation, the first of design and construction of the Model Prototype in the Southwest Amazon (Pilcopata), studying the local context, the bamboo species, the participatory construction process, to formulate the modular proposal with the function of a Center Tourist Community; the second validation of the Prototype, identifying the bamboo species and adding a module in the design format for use in the Communal Transformation Center in the Central Amazon (Native Community of Pampa Michi), both executed with the local population. Among the results, the efficiency, practicality and flexibility of the design and construction stand out, and the verification of sustainable strategies, with the use of carbon neutral materials such as bamboo, the revaluation of traditional knowledge with palm leaves and the replicability in similar conditions with models of participatory learning, which validate the Prototype. In a third phase, the construction processes are systematized, being part of the Manual for the construction of light structures with bamboo in Peru.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"15 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140269111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-02
Wilson Cando, INES GARCIA, Jorge Bucheli, C. Cando
This research focuses on guadua cane, one of the most representative bamboo species in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its importance lies in the physical-mechanical characteristics of each cluster, which will be presented in the development of this research. The study includes results for different structural solicitations, such as compression, flexural, and tensile strength, characterizing it as a suitable material for use in construction, distinguishing itself from wood due to its rapid growth. This research work outlines the criteria used for the experimental analysis of the material. Laboratory tests are employed to determine the physical-mechanical characteristics of guadua bamboo, including compressive strength, flexural strength, material elasticity modulus, and natural moisture content. The resulting experimental values obtained through laboratory tests will be compared with the permissible values indicated by the Ecuadorian Construction Standard NEC–SE–GUADÚA. If the values are lower than the permissible ones, the permissible value is considered. This process allows the use of these results in the structural design of houses with guadua bamboo.
{"title":"ASSESSING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR STRUCTURAL UTILIZATION OF GUADUA ANGUSTIFOLIA KUNT","authors":"Wilson Cando, INES GARCIA, Jorge Bucheli, C. Cando","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-02","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on guadua cane, one of the most representative bamboo species in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its importance lies in the physical-mechanical characteristics of each cluster, which will be presented in the development of this research. The study includes results for different structural solicitations, such as compression, flexural, and tensile strength, characterizing it as a suitable material for use in construction, distinguishing itself from wood due to its rapid growth. This research work outlines the criteria used for the experimental analysis of the material. Laboratory tests are employed to determine the physical-mechanical characteristics of guadua bamboo, including compressive strength, flexural strength, material elasticity modulus, and natural moisture content. The resulting experimental values obtained through laboratory tests will be compared with the permissible values indicated by the Ecuadorian Construction Standard NEC–SE–GUADÚA. If the values are lower than the permissible ones, the permissible value is considered. This process allows the use of these results in the structural design of houses with guadua bamboo.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140270756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-03
M. Cely, Verónica Sotomayor, Giovanny Constante, Santiago Haro
The purpose of this document is to elucidate the methodology employed in analyzing the impact of unsharpness resulting from an X-ray generator on the assessment of steel welded joints. The presence of unsharpness significantly affects the accuracy of welded joint inspections conducted through industrial radiographic techniques, distorting actual measurements of potential discontinuities within the weld. To address this issue, a series of welded joint testing specimens were fabricated using a Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process. Each specimen was intentionally designed to contain simulated discontinuities whose dimensions adhered to the acceptance or rejection criteria outlined in the API 1104 standard. Subsequently, radiographic testing was conducted on each specimen, and the dimensions of the simulated discontinuities captured on the radiographic films were measured using the "ISee!" software, as recommended by the ASTM E1165 standard. Upon comparison of the actual and theoretical measurements, it was observed that the maximum unsharpness along the X-axis was recorded in specimens featuring elongated slag inclusions (ESI), with a value of 0.1948 mm. Conversely, the maximum unsharpness along the Y-axis was attributed to individual porosities (P), with a recorded value of 0.1041 mm.
本文件旨在阐明分析 X 射线发生器产生的不清晰度对钢材焊接接头评估的影响所采用的方法。不清晰度的存在严重影响了通过工业射线照相技术进行的焊点检测的准确性，扭曲了对焊缝内潜在不连续性的实际测量。为了解决这个问题，我们使用金属保护弧焊（SMAW）工艺制作了一系列焊点测试试样。每个试样都有意设计成包含模拟不连续性，其尺寸符合 API 1104 标准中规定的验收或剔除标准。随后，根据 ASTM E1165 标准的建议，对每个试样进行了射线照相测试，并使用 "ISee!"软件测量了射线照相胶片上捕获的模拟不连续面的尺寸。通过比较实际测量值和理论测量值，可以发现在具有细长熔渣夹杂物（ESI）的试样中，X 轴的最大不清晰度为 0.1948 毫米。相反，沿 Y 轴的最大不清晰度则归因于单个孔隙 (P)，记录值为 0.1041 毫米。
{"title":"STUDY OF GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS PHENOMENON IN WELDED PLATES USING INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY METHOD","authors":"M. Cely, Verónica Sotomayor, Giovanny Constante, Santiago Haro","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).aac-03","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this document is to elucidate the methodology employed in analyzing the impact of unsharpness resulting from an X-ray generator on the assessment of steel welded joints. The presence of unsharpness significantly affects the accuracy of welded joint inspections conducted through industrial radiographic techniques, distorting actual measurements of potential discontinuities within the weld. To address this issue, a series of welded joint testing specimens were fabricated using a Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process. Each specimen was intentionally designed to contain simulated discontinuities whose dimensions adhered to the acceptance or rejection criteria outlined in the API 1104 standard. Subsequently, radiographic testing was conducted on each specimen, and the dimensions of the simulated discontinuities captured on the radiographic films were measured using the \"ISee!\" software, as recommended by the ASTM E1165 standard. Upon comparison of the actual and theoretical measurements, it was observed that the maximum unsharpness along the X-axis was recorded in specimens featuring elongated slag inclusions (ESI), with a value of 0.1948 mm. Conversely, the maximum unsharpness along the Y-axis was attributed to individual porosities (P), with a recorded value of 0.1041 mm.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"176 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).inf-03
Carlos Javier Vásquez Monteros, Gino Flor Chavez, Lizbeth Michelle Machuca Ordóñez
This study focused on the evaluation of the condition of the unpaved rural road: Sauces Norte-Imbana in the province of Loja, using two main indicators: Unsurfaced Road Condition Index (URCI) and the International Roughness Index (IRI). The IRI was measured using three different devices: MERLIN, Roughometer III, and a mobile application. The collected data were statistically analyzed to determine their distribution and the correlation between the variables. The results revealed a weak correlation between these variables, indicating that each methodology may be assessing different aspects of the road condition or due to the particular conditions of the road. The lack of a strong relationship may be related to the specific characteristics of the studied road, such as its sinuosity and the influence of environmental conditions on roughness measurements. This study underscores the importance of considering a variety of factors when evaluating the condition of unpaved roads and the need to develop and apply suitable evaluation techniques for the specific conditions of each road.
这项研究的重点是评估洛哈省未铺设路面的乡村公路的状况：洛哈省的 Sauces Norte-Imbana 未铺设路面的农村公路的状况：未铺设路面的道路状况指数（URCI）和国际粗糙度指数（IRI）。IRI 使用三种不同的设备进行测量：MERLIN、Roughometer III 和一个移动应用程序。对收集到的数据进行了统计分析，以确定其分布情况以及变量之间的相关性。结果显示，这些变量之间的相关性较弱，这表明每种方法可能对道路状况的不同方面进行了评估，或者是由于道路的特定条件所致。缺乏强有力的关系可能与所研究道路的具体特点有关，如其蜿蜒程度和环境条件对粗糙度测量的影响。这项研究强调了在评估未铺设路面的道路状况时考虑各种因素的重要性，以及针对每条道路的具体条件开发和应用合适的评估技术的必要性。
{"title":"COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR UNPAVED RURAL ROADS: A CASE STUDY","authors":"Carlos Javier Vásquez Monteros, Gino Flor Chavez, Lizbeth Michelle Machuca Ordóñez","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).inf-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).inf-03","url":null,"abstract":"This study focused on the evaluation of the condition of the unpaved rural road: Sauces Norte-Imbana in the province of Loja, using two main indicators: Unsurfaced Road Condition Index (URCI) and the International Roughness Index (IRI). The IRI was measured using three different devices: MERLIN, Roughometer III, and a mobile application. The collected data were statistically analyzed to determine their distribution and the correlation between the variables. The results revealed a weak correlation between these variables, indicating that each methodology may be assessing different aspects of the road condition or due to the particular conditions of the road. The lack of a strong relationship may be related to the specific characteristics of the studied road, such as its sinuosity and the influence of environmental conditions on roughness measurements. This study underscores the importance of considering a variety of factors when evaluating the condition of unpaved roads and the need to develop and apply suitable evaluation techniques for the specific conditions of each road.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"217 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140275264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-09
Miguel Andrés Andrés Guerra, Holbeein Velásquez, Estefanía Cervantes
Interdisciplinary and sustainable solutions are the long-awaited response to the multifaceted problems of the contemporary world. Multiple investigations suggest that the interaction of the medley of disciplines promotes sustainability thanks to its solutions, since there is a direct relationship between the interdisciplinary level of the team and the impact that the proposed solution and its development will have. The qualitative approach of this article helps to better understand the importance of developing interdisciplinary teams in sustainable solutions that compete with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Two different sustainable design proposals are examined and compared. Both designs specifically address SDGs 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 17. The results allude to the fact that interdisciplinary designs promote and maximize sustainability in multiple SDGs through the same solutions, making it a more efficient design with a greater impact on society and the world. The significance of this research and the practice of it will focus on understanding the individual contributions of each disciplinary member and their different observations in their area of study.
{"title":"SDG LENS TO ASSESS INTERDISCIPLINARY SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS","authors":"Miguel Andrés Andrés Guerra, Holbeein Velásquez, Estefanía Cervantes","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).epe-09","url":null,"abstract":"Interdisciplinary and sustainable solutions are the long-awaited response to the multifaceted problems of the contemporary world. Multiple investigations suggest that the interaction of the medley of disciplines promotes sustainability thanks to its solutions, since there is a direct relationship between the interdisciplinary level of the team and the impact that the proposed solution and its development will have. The qualitative approach of this article helps to better understand the importance of developing interdisciplinary teams in sustainable solutions that compete with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Two different sustainable design proposals are examined and compared. Both designs specifically address SDGs 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 17. The results allude to the fact that interdisciplinary designs promote and maximize sustainability in multiple SDGs through the same solutions, making it a more efficient design with a greater impact on society and the world. The significance of this research and the practice of it will focus on understanding the individual contributions of each disciplinary member and their different observations in their area of study.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"86 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140275636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-01
S. Kravanja, T. Zula, Z. Kravanja
This paper presents the parametric optimization of single-story steel buildings subjected to high loads. In the parametric study, high loads of snow and wind are determined for different altitudes up to 3000 meters above sea level. The Alpine region and the Eurocode 1 standard are considered. The discrete mixed-integer non-linear programming optimization is performed for different altitude alternatives. The optimization model for the steel structure is developed and used. The mass objective function of the structure is subjected to dimensioning and deflection constraints defined by the Eurocode standards. The modified outer-approximation and equality-relaxation algorithm is applied. The optimal results obtained include the minimal possible mass of the structure, the optimal topology, the steel sections and the steel grade. In the case of a medium-sized single-story steel building, it was found that the structural mass increases by 2.7 times and the number of main portal frames increases by 80 % when the altitude of the building site is increased from 500 to 3000 meters above sea level. The optimal results clearly show how the structural mass and cross-sections increase with increasing load.
{"title":"OPTIMAL SINGLE-STORY STEEL BUILDINGS UNDER HIGH LOADS","authors":"S. Kravanja, T. Zula, Z. Kravanja","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-01","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the parametric optimization of single-story steel buildings subjected to high loads. In the parametric study, high loads of snow and wind are determined for different altitudes up to 3000 meters above sea level. The Alpine region and the Eurocode 1 standard are considered. The discrete mixed-integer non-linear programming optimization is performed for different altitude alternatives. The optimization model for the steel structure is developed and used. The mass objective function of the structure is subjected to dimensioning and deflection constraints defined by the Eurocode standards. The modified outer-approximation and equality-relaxation algorithm is applied. The optimal results obtained include the minimal possible mass of the structure, the optimal topology, the steel sections and the steel grade. In the case of a medium-sized single-story steel building, it was found that the structural mass increases by 2.7 times and the number of main portal frames increases by 80 % when the altitude of the building site is increased from 500 to 3000 meters above sea level. The optimal results clearly show how the structural mass and cross-sections increase with increasing load.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"400 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140280416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-17
Destiny S. Villa, Felipe J. Perez, G. Lomiento
This research develops analytical axial load-bending moment (P-M) interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete (RC) walls retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A 12-inch thick, 1-foot strip of RC wall section is considered with varying reinforcement ratios, varying axial compressive loading, and varying number of CFRP layers. The CFRP material is treated as externally bonded onto the tension face of the RC wall to investigate its impact on the flexural capacity of the section. Each P-M interaction diagram was generated considering a discretized compression zone and by satisfying principles of static equilibrium and strain compatibility. An elastic-plastic steel stress-strain relationship is used for Grade 60 reinforcement; a uniaxial nonlinear compressive stress-strain relationship is used for concrete; and a linear stress-strain relationship is used for CFRP in tension. The failure modes considered are steel yielding, concrete crushing, and CFRP debonding. The computed P-M interaction diagrams are normalized for their general use in the retrofit of existing RC walls using CFRP. Results show that as the axial compressive force on the RC wall increases, the less effective CFRP is. CFRP is more effective in sections with beam-like behavior, where the reinforcement ratio tends to be the smallest.
{"title":"P-M INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS RETROFITTED WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED CARBON-FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER","authors":"Destiny S. Villa, Felipe J. Perez, G. Lomiento","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).str-17","url":null,"abstract":"This research develops analytical axial load-bending moment (P-M) interaction diagrams for reinforced concrete (RC) walls retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). A 12-inch thick, 1-foot strip of RC wall section is considered with varying reinforcement ratios, varying axial compressive loading, and varying number of CFRP layers. The CFRP material is treated as externally bonded onto the tension face of the RC wall to investigate its impact on the flexural capacity of the section. Each P-M interaction diagram was generated considering a discretized compression zone and by satisfying principles of static equilibrium and strain compatibility. An elastic-plastic steel stress-strain relationship is used for Grade 60 reinforcement; a uniaxial nonlinear compressive stress-strain relationship is used for concrete; and a linear stress-strain relationship is used for CFRP in tension. The failure modes considered are steel yielding, concrete crushing, and CFRP debonding. The computed P-M interaction diagrams are normalized for their general use in the retrofit of existing RC walls using CFRP. Results show that as the axial compressive force on the RC wall increases, the less effective CFRP is. CFRP is more effective in sections with beam-like behavior, where the reinforcement ratio tends to be the smallest.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"345 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140281319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).cen-01
George Evans, Amarjit Singh
The issue of global warming captures the imagination of researchers and media people, as well as government leaders. It is in this light that a study was undertaken to discover the changes in ocean temperature off the coast of Hawaii for the years between 1988-1992 and 2018-2022. Data was collected of the top 100 m of the water column in what is known as the mixed layer, from a long-term study sponsored by the National Science Foundation, 100 km off the north coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The study is ongoing and is tasked to collect temperatures roughly once a month, through summer and winter. The scope is limited to this one location with the statistical belief that this comprehensive sample serves as a representative of the population comprising all oceans. If the oceans are warming, the continents should also scientifically be warming. The temperature data for every monthly reading along the entire column at every two meters is averaged for 1988-1992 and then for 2018-2022. The statistical difference between means is calculated and ascertained for 99.49% confidence. The result clearly shows that there is a statistically significant difference in ocean temperatures in the mixed layer over the past 30 years, thus proving beyond a reasonable doubt that ocean temperature increase is taking place.
{"title":"CONFIRMING HEATING TRENDS OF NEAR-SURFACE OCEAN TEMPERATURES, 1988 TO 2022","authors":"George Evans, Amarjit Singh","doi":"10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).cen-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14455/isec.2024.11(1).cen-01","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of global warming captures the imagination of researchers and media people, as well as government leaders. It is in this light that a study was undertaken to discover the changes in ocean temperature off the coast of Hawaii for the years between 1988-1992 and 2018-2022. Data was collected of the top 100 m of the water column in what is known as the mixed layer, from a long-term study sponsored by the National Science Foundation, 100 km off the north coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The study is ongoing and is tasked to collect temperatures roughly once a month, through summer and winter. The scope is limited to this one location with the statistical belief that this comprehensive sample serves as a representative of the population comprising all oceans. If the oceans are warming, the continents should also scientifically be warming. The temperature data for every monthly reading along the entire column at every two meters is averaged for 1988-1992 and then for 2018-2022. The statistical difference between means is calculated and ascertained for 99.49% confidence. The result clearly shows that there is a statistically significant difference in ocean temperatures in the mixed layer over the past 30 years, thus proving beyond a reasonable doubt that ocean temperature increase is taking place.","PeriodicalId":477265,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction","volume":"277 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140274073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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