Purpose: To investigate the clinical indications and prognostic significance of surgical interventions after chemotherapy using trastuzumab-containing regimens for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC).
Methods: A total of 146 patients with AGC who underwent chemotherapy were enrolled in this retrospective study. Tumors with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 3 + or an IHC score of 2 + plus fluorescence in situ hybridization positivity were defined as HER2-positive AGC. We devised a scoring system for predicting prognosis associated with conversion surgery.
Results: Thirty-three patients received trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for HER2-positive tumors. Multivariate analyses identified advanced age, peritoneal dissemination, histologically undifferentiated tumors, and tumor response of progressive disease as independent prognostic factors for a worse prognosis. Twelve patients with HER2-positive AGC underwent conversion surgery. The conversion surgery group of patients with HER2-positive AGC had a better prognosis than the chemotherapy-alone group. A prognostic scoring system based on age, peritoneal dissemination, and histological type was significantly correlated with the presence or absence of conversion surgery and the prognosis of patients with HER2-positive AGC.
Conclusions: Our scoring system has the clinical potential to predict prognosis associated with conversion surgery after trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy for patients with HER2-positive AGC.
{"title":"A prognostic scoring system for conversion surgery after trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced gastric cancer.","authors":"Takaaki Arigami, Daisuke Matsushita, Keishi Okubo, Masataka Shimonosono, Ken Sasaki, Yusuke Tsuruda, Yoshiaki Kita, Kan Tanabe, Shinichiro Mori, Shigehiro Yanagita, Yoshikazu Uenosono, Akihiro Nakajo, Hiroshi Kurahara, Takao Ohtsuka","doi":"10.1007/s00595-022-02515-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00595-022-02515-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the clinical indications and prognostic significance of surgical interventions after chemotherapy using trastuzumab-containing regimens for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer (AGC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 146 patients with AGC who underwent chemotherapy were enrolled in this retrospective study. Tumors with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 3 + or an IHC score of 2 + plus fluorescence in situ hybridization positivity were defined as HER2-positive AGC. We devised a scoring system for predicting prognosis associated with conversion surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-three patients received trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for HER2-positive tumors. Multivariate analyses identified advanced age, peritoneal dissemination, histologically undifferentiated tumors, and tumor response of progressive disease as independent prognostic factors for a worse prognosis. Twelve patients with HER2-positive AGC underwent conversion surgery. The conversion surgery group of patients with HER2-positive AGC had a better prognosis than the chemotherapy-alone group. A prognostic scoring system based on age, peritoneal dissemination, and histological type was significantly correlated with the presence or absence of conversion surgery and the prognosis of patients with HER2-positive AGC.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our scoring system has the clinical potential to predict prognosis associated with conversion surgery after trastuzumab-containing chemotherapy for patients with HER2-positive AGC.</p>","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":"15 1","pages":"1721-1730"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9700637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82738766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The investment protection treaty concluded between Germany and Pakistan in 1959 is generally regarded as a milestone in the development of international investment law. It has entered the collective memory as the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT). In this article, we analyse archival sources to investigate why Germany and Pakistan concluded this agreement at that specific time and what makes this treaty the first of its kind. Through historical analysis, we trace the domestic and related foreign policies that led to the BIT and discuss the negotiation process. Our analysis shows that the BIT was so closely linked with the German federal investment guarantee scheme (Bundesgarantien) that it is best understood as an extension of that policy. This also helps us to specify the underlying rationale for the treaties. We further highlight the influence of the financial industry – especially of Hermann Josef Abs – on the genesis of the BIT, which was less decisive than is often suggested. We identify features of the 1959 BIT that do characterize it as a new international legal instrument, but nuance claims about its degree of innovation as well as underlying motivations, and counter considerable retrospective myth making.
德国和巴基斯坦于1959年缔结的投资保护条约被普遍认为是国际投资法发展的一个里程碑。它作为第一个双边投资协定(BIT)进入了集体记忆。在这篇文章中，我们分析了档案来源，以调查为什么德国和巴基斯坦在那个特定的时间达成了这一协议，以及是什么使这一条约成为第一个此类条约。通过历史分析，我们追溯了导致BIT的国内和相关外交政策，并讨论了谈判过程。我们的分析表明，BIT与德国联邦投资担保计划(Bundesgarantien)联系如此紧密，以至于最好将其理解为该政策的延伸。这也有助于我们明确条约的基本理由。我们进一步强调了金融业——尤其是赫尔曼•约瑟夫•阿布斯(Hermann Josef Abs)——对双边投资协定起源的影响，该协定并不像人们通常认为的那样具有决定性。我们确定了1959年BIT作为一项新的国际法律文书的特征，但对其创新程度和潜在动机的细微差别主张，并反驳了相当多的回顾性神话。
{"title":"International Investment Protection Made in Germany? On the Domestic and Foreign Policy Dynamics behind the First BITs","authors":"Ingo Venzke, Philipp Günther","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac066","url":null,"abstract":"The investment protection treaty concluded between Germany and Pakistan in 1959 is generally regarded as a milestone in the development of international investment law. It has entered the collective memory as the first bilateral investment treaty (BIT). In this article, we analyse archival sources to investigate why Germany and Pakistan concluded this agreement at that specific time and what makes this treaty the first of its kind. Through historical analysis, we trace the domestic and related foreign policies that led to the BIT and discuss the negotiation process. Our analysis shows that the BIT was so closely linked with the German federal investment guarantee scheme (Bundesgarantien) that it is best understood as an extension of that policy. This also helps us to specify the underlying rationale for the treaties. We further highlight the influence of the financial industry – especially of Hermann Josef Abs – on the genesis of the BIT, which was less decisive than is often suggested. We identify features of the 1959 BIT that do characterize it as a new international legal instrument, but nuance claims about its degree of innovation as well as underlying motivations, and counter considerable retrospective myth making.","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138528155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"739. I Many Times Thought Peace Had Come","authors":"Emily Dickinson","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac074","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43714382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial: On My Way In III: It’s Not All About Me: Writing a Cover Letter for an Academic Position; In This Issue; In This Issue – Reviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41528614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By employing stylometric data analysis, Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc underpin the narrative of a power-mongering World Trade Organization (WTO) Secretariat. As ‘holder of the pen’ in writing WTO rulings, the Secretariat would absorb control over WTO adjudicators and the dispute settlement procedure. This reply disagrees. First, with stylometric analysis informing style rather than substance, this technique does not encrypt the intellectual ownership of WTO rulings, nor does it offer account of the deliberation between bureaucrats and adjudicators. Second, with public power typically deriving legitimacy from both political or judicial accountability as well as rational and de-politicized bureaucracies, an assertive WTO Secretariat under the direction of panellists is normatively desirable. Third, a WTO Secretariat pursuing consistent application of the growing WTO acquis does not impair the members-driven adjudication process.
{"title":"Are the Fingerprints of WTO Staff on Panel Rulings a Problem? A Reply to Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc","authors":"Armin Steinbach","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 By employing stylometric data analysis, Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc underpin the narrative of a power-mongering World Trade Organization (WTO) Secretariat. As ‘holder of the pen’ in writing WTO rulings, the Secretariat would absorb control over WTO adjudicators and the dispute settlement procedure. This reply disagrees. First, with stylometric analysis informing style rather than substance, this technique does not encrypt the intellectual ownership of WTO rulings, nor does it offer account of the deliberation between bureaucrats and adjudicators. Second, with public power typically deriving legitimacy from both political or judicial accountability as well as rational and de-politicized bureaucracies, an assertive WTO Secretariat under the direction of panellists is normatively desirable. Third, a WTO Secretariat pursuing consistent application of the growing WTO acquis does not impair the members-driven adjudication process.","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45655854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite a general push for greater transparency, opacity continues to play an important function in international tribunals. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a case in point. While it has done much to increase its openness, the very design of its dispute settlement body is premised on anonymity in some essential respects. We examine two such instances, each dealing with the authorship of dispute rulings. First, we use text analysis tools to demonstrate that the WTO’s panel reports appear to be largely drafted by WTO Secretariat staff rather than the panellists themselves. This appears especially true for the WTO’s most systemically important disputes. Second, we show that the formal anonymity of dissenting opinions, which is required by the WTO’s rules, is a thin veil. Using the most recent Appellate Body’s dissent for demonstration, we use text analysis to pinpoint its likely author. In both these instances, we argue that anonymity exists by design: it serves to strike a balance between judicial autonomy and political control. Yet, in both settings, due to increased scrutiny and widespread access to text analysis tools, the equilibrium relying on anonymity is likely to be upset, with implications for the institution’s future design. We argue that the ultimate result may be a beneficial one and offer a menu of reform options.
{"title":"WTO Rulings and the Veil of Anonymity","authors":"Joost Pauwelyn, Krzysztof J. Pelc","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac027","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite a general push for greater transparency, opacity continues to play an important function in international tribunals. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a case in point. While it has done much to increase its openness, the very design of its dispute settlement body is premised on anonymity in some essential respects. We examine two such instances, each dealing with the authorship of dispute rulings. First, we use text analysis tools to demonstrate that the WTO’s panel reports appear to be largely drafted by WTO Secretariat staff rather than the panellists themselves. This appears especially true for the WTO’s most systemically important disputes. Second, we show that the formal anonymity of dissenting opinions, which is required by the WTO’s rules, is a thin veil. Using the most recent Appellate Body’s dissent for demonstration, we use text analysis to pinpoint its likely author. In both these instances, we argue that anonymity exists by design: it serves to strike a balance between judicial autonomy and political control. Yet, in both settings, due to increased scrutiny and widespread access to text analysis tools, the equilibrium relying on anonymity is likely to be upset, with implications for the institution’s future design. We argue that the ultimate result may be a beneficial one and offer a menu of reform options.","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43582657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In international legal thought and practice, anything that is related to the real or is grounded in the real is given discursive primacy. This discursive primacy is the manifestation of a common scientistic hierarchy of discourses inherited from Modernity that accords primacy to discourses about the real and grounded in the real. Anne Orford’s International Law and the Politics of History can be read as yet another expression of discontent with such primacy of the real and its scientistic methods. With an emphasis on international lawyers’ engagements with history, Orford specifically takes issue with the use of contextualist and empirical methods in the study of the history of international law. And, yet, as is argued in this review essay, scienticism leaves no way out for those seeking to contest it: Orford’s charge against contextualism and empiricism itself needs to be contextualized and empirically supported.
在国际法律思想和实践中，任何与现实有关或基于现实的东西都被赋予话语优先权。这种话语至上是从现代性继承下来的一种常见的科学主义话语层次的表现，这种话语层次将关于真实的话语置于首位，并以真实为基础。安妮·奥福德（Anne Orford）的《国际法与历史政治》（International Law and the Politics of History）可以被解读为对现实至上及其科学主义方法不满的又一次表达。奥尔福德强调国际律师与历史的接触，特别反对在国际法史研究中使用情境主义和实证方法。然而，正如这篇评论文章中所说，科学主义没有给那些试图对其提出质疑的人留下任何出路：奥尔福德对情境主义和经验主义的指控本身需要情境化和实证支持。
{"title":"International Law and the Rage against Scienticism","authors":"Jean d’Aspremont","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In international legal thought and practice, anything that is related to the real or is grounded in the real is given discursive primacy. This discursive primacy is the manifestation of a common scientistic hierarchy of discourses inherited from Modernity that accords primacy to discourses about the real and grounded in the real. Anne Orford’s International Law and the Politics of History can be read as yet another expression of discontent with such primacy of the real and its scientistic methods. With an emphasis on international lawyers’ engagements with history, Orford specifically takes issue with the use of contextualist and empirical methods in the study of the history of international law. And, yet, as is argued in this review essay, scienticism leaves no way out for those seeking to contest it: Orford’s charge against contextualism and empiricism itself needs to be contextualized and empirically supported.","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46125259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alexandra Hofer, Review of Gavin Sullivan, The Law of the List: UN Counterterrorism Sanctions and the Politics of Global Security Law","authors":"A. Hofer","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48566763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘The times are urgent; let’s slow down.’ This is how Bayo Akomolafe recently summed up his keynote address at a summit of civil society organizations.1 He implored his audience to think deeper, to drive at more radical proposals for seeing and making the world differently in view of interlocking crises. The argument is well received among those who view international law as part of the problem and who resist reform proposals that, against their liking, buy into too many questionable assumptions and mistaken narratives about the law – about where the law comes from, what it has done and what it can still do. The climate crisis, in particular, has not only raised demands to develop international law but also posed uncomfortable questions about law’s role. Sigrid Boysen’s The Postcolonial Constellation: Natural Resources and Modern International Law intervenes to slow us down. She argues convincingly that international lawyers have enlisted the law in quests to curb global warming, but they have done so without having analysed law’s roots. Boysen now makes up for this lack. She focuses on international environmental law as a gateway for her analysis of international law generally. The law took its present shape – Boysen puts forth as her main thesis – because it helped powerful actors to stabilize economic relations when formal colonial rule dissolved. Environmental law, she argues, has taken over patterns of resource exploitation that existed during colonial rule and, to the present day, continues to subject environmental problems to the logic of the market in a way that locks countries in the global North and South in a tilted relationship. International law’s origins have been placed within the context of colonialism before, as Boysen knows.2 The field of international environmental law has not escaped scrutiny in this regard either, as she also knows.3 But that body of law is often claimed to be of a more recent vintage and to be wired differently. It is one of Boysen’s strongest contributions to not only correct still-prevailing beliefs about international environmental law’s origins but also showcase the problematic theoretical and practical consequences that have so far flown from those beliefs, such as the mistaken (in her view)
{"title":"Ingo Venzke, Review of Sigrid Boysen, Die postkoloniale Konstellation: Natürliche Ressourcen und das Völkerrecht der Moderne","authors":"Ingo Venzke","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac036","url":null,"abstract":"‘The times are urgent; let’s slow down.’ This is how Bayo Akomolafe recently summed up his keynote address at a summit of civil society organizations.1 He implored his audience to think deeper, to drive at more radical proposals for seeing and making the world differently in view of interlocking crises. The argument is well received among those who view international law as part of the problem and who resist reform proposals that, against their liking, buy into too many questionable assumptions and mistaken narratives about the law – about where the law comes from, what it has done and what it can still do. The climate crisis, in particular, has not only raised demands to develop international law but also posed uncomfortable questions about law’s role. Sigrid Boysen’s The Postcolonial Constellation: Natural Resources and Modern International Law intervenes to slow us down. She argues convincingly that international lawyers have enlisted the law in quests to curb global warming, but they have done so without having analysed law’s roots. Boysen now makes up for this lack. She focuses on international environmental law as a gateway for her analysis of international law generally. The law took its present shape – Boysen puts forth as her main thesis – because it helped powerful actors to stabilize economic relations when formal colonial rule dissolved. Environmental law, she argues, has taken over patterns of resource exploitation that existed during colonial rule and, to the present day, continues to subject environmental problems to the logic of the market in a way that locks countries in the global North and South in a tilted relationship. International law’s origins have been placed within the context of colonialism before, as Boysen knows.2 The field of international environmental law has not escaped scrutiny in this regard either, as she also knows.3 But that body of law is often claimed to be of a more recent vintage and to be wired differently. It is one of Boysen’s strongest contributions to not only correct still-prevailing beliefs about international environmental law’s origins but also showcase the problematic theoretical and practical consequences that have so far flown from those beliefs, such as the mistaken (in her view)","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44250143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial: Altneueland – European Law Open published by Cambridge University Press: Welcome; In This Issue; In This Issue – Reviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ejil/chac042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chac042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47727,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of International Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41756202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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