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Transgender History, Part II: A Brief History of Medical and Surgical Gender-Affirming Care.
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2719
Norah Oles, Rodrigo Fontenele, Margarita Abi Zeid Daou

The history of gender-affirming care (GAC) dates back millennia. Ancient records acknowledged gender variance and early attempts at medical/surgical treatment. The twentieth century saw significant advancements in GAC, particularly in the success of gender-affirming surgeries. The emergence of centers like the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in the 1970s marked a turning point in GAC's recognition and acceptance. However, their sudden closure after just a few years hampered progress in GAC for the next several decades. In 2014, the Department of Health and Human Services overturned its prohibition on Medicare coverage for gender-affirming surgery, leading to greater access. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) guidelines have played a significant role in shaping contemporary GAC. The Standards of Care 8 (2022) emphasises patient-centered care and guideline flexibility. While challenges have marked the historical trajectory of GAC, it has also witnessed significant evolution which we review in this article.

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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence and Identification of the Deceased: a Narrative Review With Implications in Forensic Science.
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2718
Damini Siwan, Akansha Rana, Peehul Krishan, Vishal Sharma, Kewal Krishan

Identification of the dead is of utmost importance in mass disasters, war crimes, and forensic examinations. The biological profile, established by a forensic anthropologist is one the necessary steps involved in the identification of the dead. Several parameters can be estimated such as sex, age, stature, biogeographical affinity, and DNA profile of the unknown person. It is crucial to estimate these parameters of identification which may narrow down the investigation process. On the other hand, Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the modern world is showing magical uses in different fields. This communication aims to highlight the uses of AI tools for predicting parameters such as sex, age, stature, biogeographical affinity, and DNA profile of unknown persons with more accuracy and in less time. A literature search was conducted using databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for analyzing the use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms for establishing the biological profile in disaster victim identification (DVI) and forensic casework. Moreover, this research foresees a paradigm shift in investigative techniques as technology advances, highlighting the convergence of AI and anthropological ideas for an improved understanding of the biological profiles of unknown deceased individuals.

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引用次数: 0
Transgender History, Part I: An Anthropology of Gender-Nonconformity Across Ages and Cultures.
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2714
Rodrigo Fontenele, Margarita Abi Zeid Daou

Transgender experiences have been attested since the dawn of civilization. Long before gender was reinterpreted as socially constructed and non-binary by 20th-century Western scholarship, concepts such as not belonging to the gender assigned at birth, transitioning, and being "neither a man nor a woman" integrated the belief systems and practices of various societies worldwide. This review examines anthropological and historical records of trans, non-binary, and gender-nonconforming behavior spanning six continents and five millennia. Moreover, we investigate how trans experiences interact with local traditions, family structures, laws, religions, and other social institutions. Finally, we explore trans-inclusive historiographical trends and discuss the relevance of transgender history awareness for professional and academic endeavors beyond the social sciences.

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引用次数: 0
Relative Impact of Underreporting and Desistance on the Dark Figure of Sexual Recidivism.
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2715
Nicholas Scurich, Richard S John

Sexual recidivism rates based on arrests or convictions underestimate actual reoffending due to underreporting. A previous Monte Carlo simulation estimated actual recidivism rates under various reporting and conviction assumptions but did not account for desistance-the decreasing likelihood of reoffending over time. This study addresses that gap by incorporating a 12.3% annual desistance rate (from a well-known empirical study) and exploring its impact alongside varying charge rates (100%-5%). The results showed that reductions in charge rates lead to disproportionately large increases in recidivism. For instance, lowering the charge rate from 50% to 25% results in a much larger increase in actual recidivism than reducing it from 100% to 75%, despite both being 25% reductions. This indicates that as charge rates decrease, actual recidivism grows more sharply. A sensitivity analysis also examined desistance rates of 0%, 5%, 12.3%, and 20%. Higher desistance rates cause reoffending to occur earlier but have little impact on long-term totals. Over 25 years, reoffending rates remain similar across desistance rates, suggesting desistance affects the timing, but not the overall amount of reoffending.

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引用次数: 0
Rituals of Harm: Castration and Genealogies of Sacred Wound Cultures in the Hijra Communities of India.
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2713
Ina Goel

Existing within hierarchical kinship networks, requiring patronage of gurus, hijras, a 'third' gender community, undergo mandatory apprenticeship to a commune life through a discipleship-lineage system where castration is seen as a necessary truth and final rite of passage to achieve a virtuous hijra identity. This article examines the subjectivities of hijras from working-class backgrounds and narrows its focus to analyse how individual hijras develop an understanding of themselves from their occupied subject positions in the larger hijra community shaped by internal hijra cultural traditions (parampara) manifested through rituals of harm. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork of 10 years in New Delhi and its neighbouring states, this article discusses the genealogies of wound cultures through castration in the hijra community acquired through their experiential and vernacular knowledge systems of self-flagellation as a practice of ethical self-making for their sacred rebirth in a nirvana (a state of freedom from all suffering) body.

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引用次数: 0
Pareto in Prison. 监狱中的帕累托。
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2716
Mark A Morgan, Joshua S Long, Matthew W Logan, Frank Benton

The Pareto principle is based on the concept that roughly 80% of outcomes are generated by 20% of inputs, efforts, or contributors within a group. Using a national sample of U.S. prison inmates, we examined various percentile rankings of self-reported institutional misconduct to determine how much disorder is created behind bars by the most prolific offenders. Findings revealed that, regardless of sex, the top 20% of inmates were responsible for approximately 90% of all rule violations and write-ups received. These general patterns remained similar even after adjusting infractions for time served in prison. Further analyses indicated that membership within these high-rate groups was often significantly predicted by those who were younger, black, had more extensive criminal histories, committed violent crimes, resided in state facilities, anticipated being released, used drugs prior to their arrest, were diagnosed with a personality disorder or ADHD, and exhibited worse negative affect. Some sex-specific effects were also observed. The disproportionate impact these chronic offenders have on the prison environment is detrimental to all individuals who live and work around them. Future research should investigate specific types of misconduct, distinct time intervals of incarceration, and facility effects such as management style, security levels, or offender composition.

帕累托原则是基于这样一个概念:大约80%的结果是由一个群体中20%的投入、努力或贡献者产生的。我们以美国全国监狱囚犯为样本,研究了自我报告的机构不当行为的不同百分位数排名,以确定最多产的罪犯在监狱里制造了多少混乱。调查结果显示,无论性别如何,前20%的囚犯要为大约90%的违规行为和记录负责。即使在根据服刑时间调整了违规行为后,这些总体模式仍然相似。进一步的分析表明,这些高比率群体的成员通常是那些更年轻、黑人、有更广泛的犯罪史、暴力犯罪、在州立机构居住、预计被释放、在被捕前使用过毒品、被诊断患有人格障碍或多动症、表现出更严重的负面情绪的人。还观察到一些性别特异性效应。这些长期罪犯对监狱环境造成的不成比例的影响对在他们周围生活和工作的所有人都是有害的。未来的研究应该调查特定类型的不当行为,监禁的不同时间间隔,以及管理风格、安全级别或罪犯构成等设施影响。
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引用次数: 0
The development of legal rights for intersex persons: Part II: Advancement. 阴阳人法律权利的发展:第二部分:进步。
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-12 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2701
Alan R Felthous, Chanchal Kahlon

Having addressed the nature and complexity of intersexuality including commonalities with and differences from the transgender condition, we now address major legal challenges to the bisexual status quo through the legal advancement of rights for intersexual persons. Identified here are four domains in which the rights of intersex individuals are being advanced through litigation and legislation: (a) Sex assignment at birth and in early childhood, including the individual's right to consent and self-determination and to be spared from surgery that is not needed for medical reasons; (b) the right to change one's legal sex on legal documents such as birth certificates and passports, (c) the right of intersex persons to marry, and (d) the right not to be discriminated against. Within this legal framework, we identify commonalities with and differences from the struggle for rights within the transgender community.

在讨论了双性恋的本质和复杂性,包括与跨性别者的共性和差异之后,我们现在通过在法律上推进双性恋者的权利来解决双性恋现状面临的主要法律挑战。以下是通过诉讼和立法推进双性人权利的四个领域:(a)出生时和幼儿期的性别指定,包括个人的同意权和自决权,以及免于因医疗原因不需要的手术的权利;(b)在出生证明和护照等法律文件上更改法定性别的权利;(c)双性人结婚的权利;以及(d)不受歧视的权利。在这个法律框架内,我们确定了与跨性别群体争取权利斗争的共同点和不同点。
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引用次数: 0
Surgical Treatment of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Individuals and Health Outcomes. 跨性别和性别多样化个体的手术治疗和健康结果。
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2712
Elizabeth R Boskey, Jessica D Kant

Gender affirming surgeries are procedures that are used by transgender and gender diverse individuals to align their bodies to their gender identities. These have been shown to improve the mental health and wellbeing of those individuals who choose to access them. Rates of regret associated with gender affirming surgeries are low, and in addition to improving mental health and quality of life, these procedures have the potential to make it safer for transgender and gender diverse people to move through the world. This article provides a narrative review that places gender affirming surgeries in the current sociopolitical context of the United States. It describes common types of gender affirming surgery, protocols for surgical assessment, and the risks and benefits of surgery.

性别确认手术是由跨性别者和性别多样化的个人使用的程序,以使他们的身体符合他们的性别认同。这些已经被证明可以改善那些选择使用它们的人的心理健康和福祉。与性别确认手术相关的后悔率很低,除了改善心理健康和生活质量外,这些手术有可能使跨性别者和性别多样化的人在世界上更安全。这篇文章提供了一个叙述性的回顾,把性别确认手术在当前的社会政治背景下的美国。它描述了常见类型的性别确认手术,手术评估的协议,以及手术的风险和收益。
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引用次数: 0
The Development of Legal Rights for Intersex Persons: Part I: The Diversity of Intersex Conditions. 阴阳人法律权利的发展:第一部分:阴阳人状况的多样性。
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2705
Alan R Felthous, Chanchal Kahlon

As the nature of transgender condition becomes better understood and the legal rights of transgender individuals are defined through court decisions and legislation, intersexuality ought not be overlooked. Potential commonalities as well as differences between intersexual and transgender individuals, clinically and psychosexually, may be mutually informing and relevant to their legal rights in ways that could implicate mental health services. In this review, the concepts of intersexuality and Disorders of Sexual Development are defined followed by a brief synopsis of the evolution of ancient conception of hermaphroditism into the vastly heterogenous biological conditions of today referred to as DSDs. A growing corpus of scholarly literature today argues that intersex persons should be regarded as having diverse sexual characteristics and as not disordered. Nonetheless, various conditions require understanding if the intersex person is to make informed decisions and if health providers are to recognize those conditions that constitute medical emergencies. This review and analysis compares intersex with transgender persons and provides current clinical and scientific knowledge as essential background for Part II, our following article on the advancement of legal rights of intersex persons.

随着人们对跨性别状况的本质有了更好的理解,以及跨性别者的合法权利通过法院判决和立法得到了界定,中间性人不应被忽视。在临床和性心理方面,双性人和变性人之间的潜在共性和差异可能相互影响,并与他们的法律权利相关,从而可能涉及心理健康服务。在这篇综述中,定义了间性和性发育障碍的概念,然后简要介绍了古代雌雄同体概念到今天被称为dsd的巨大异质生物学条件的演变。如今,越来越多的学术文献认为,阴阳人应该被视为具有多种性特征,而不是精神错乱。然而,如果双性人要做出明智的决定,如果保健提供者要认识到这些情况构成医疗紧急情况,就需要了解各种情况。这篇综述和分析比较了双性人和变性人,并提供了当前的临床和科学知识作为第二部分的基本背景,我们接下来的文章是关于双性人法律权利的进展。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of Sexual Behavior and Health in German Prisons and Forensic Psychiatric Hospitals. 德国监狱和法医精神病院的性行为和健康管理。
IF 1 3区 社会学 Q2 LAW Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2711
Hanna H Hanss, Susanne Bründl, Maria Krasnova, Johannes Fuss

Individuals housed in prisons or forensic hospitals experience significant restrictions on their sexual rights. There is a lack of data on how sexual behavior and sexual health of institutionalized persons are managed and to what extent they are based on shared guidelines or decisions of the individual staff. Using a standardized online questionnaire, the heads of 35 prisons and 32 forensic psychiatric hospitals across 14 German federal states were surveyed, reflecting the situation of 16,902 inmates and patients. The findings reveal an absence of shared guidelines as well as an institution-specific approach to sexual behavior and sexual health. Exploratory multiple linear regression identified four variables that predict differences in the regulation of individual's sexual behavior and sexual health: type of institution (prison or forensic hospital), percentage of institutionalized sex offenders, number of housed individuals, and an item concerning the sexuality-related attitudes of the respondent. Respondents, particularly in the field of forensic psychiatry, expressed a general desire for guidelines. Our study shows that possibilities for sexual expression and sexual health vary strongly, depending on the institution. Therefore, it appears useful and desirable to develop guidelines on how to regulate sexual behavior and sexual health of institutionalized individuals.

被关押在监狱或法医医院的人的性权利受到很大限制。关于如何管理被收容人员的性行为和性健康,以及在多大程度上是基于共同的指导方针还是个别工作人员的决定,目前还缺乏相关数据。通过标准化的在线问卷,我们对德国 14 个联邦州的 35 所监狱和 32 所法医精神病院的负责人进行了调查,反映了 16902 名囚犯和病人的情况。调查结果显示,在性行为和性健康问题上,缺乏共同的指导原则,而且各机构的做法也各不相同。探索性多元线性回归确定了四个变量,它们可以预测个人性行为和性健康监管方面的差异:机构类型(监狱或法医医院)、机构性犯罪者的比例、被收容者的数量以及受访者与性有关的态度项目。受访者,尤其是法医精神病学领域的受访者,普遍表示希望得到相关指南。我们的研究表明,性表达和性健康的可能性因机构而异,差别很大。因此,就如何规范精神病院人员的性行为和性健康制定指导方针似乎是有益和可取的。
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引用次数: 0
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Behavioral Sciences & the Law
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