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Structured instruments for insanity defense evaluations: Opportunities and limitations 精神错乱防御评估的结构化工具:机会和局限性。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2618
Giovanna Parmigiani, Gabriele Mandarelli, Gerben Meynen, Stefano Ferracuti

Insanity evaluations are often criticized for their—alleged—lack of objectivity, reliability and transparency. Structured tools to guide and support forensic evaluators during these evaluations have been developed—but they are rarely employed in forensic practice. In the present article, we consider the value of these tools for forensic practice in terms of opportunities and limitations. First, we briefly describe different insanity criteria used in Western countries. Next, we will review five structured instruments to guide insanity assessment together with their performance measures. Finally, we draw conclusions on the value of such instruments for forensic practice.

精神错乱评估经常因其所谓的缺乏客观性、可靠性和透明度而受到批评。在这些评估过程中,已经开发了指导和支持法医评估人员的结构化工具,但很少在法医实践中使用。在本文中,我们从机会和局限性的角度考虑了这些工具在法医实践中的价值。首先,我们简要介绍了西方国家使用的不同精神错乱标准。接下来,我们将回顾五种结构化工具,以指导精神错乱评估及其绩效指标。最后,我们得出结论,这些文书对法医实践的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Forensic assessment instruments: Their reliability and applicability to criminal forensic issues 法医评估工具:它们在刑事法医问题上的可靠性和适用性。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2613
Richard Rogers, Kamar Y. Tazi, Eric Y. Drogin

Forensic evaluations have advanced considerably with the development of specialized measures validated on forensic and correctional samples. Prior to this progress, such evaluations relied heavily on extrapolations from general psychological tests to crucial, legally relevant questions. Since then, decades of empirical work have produced forensic assessment instruments (FAIs) addressing psycholegal standards in addition to forensically relevant instruments (FRIs) examining issues central to forensic practice (e.g., malingering) but not the standards themselves. This article provides a critical examination of the development, validation, and modern applications of six published FAIs that each address one of three broad criminal forensic issues (i.e., insanity, competency to stand trial, and Miranda abilities and waivers). Evaluations of the measures' reliability and validity particularly in forensic samples are highlighted. To complement FAIs, FRIs related to response styles are briefly explored. As a primary goal, forensic practitioners are provided with the knowledge and background about FAIs to enhance their criminal forensic practices.

随着对法医和惩教样本进行验证的专门措施的制定,法医评估工作取得了长足进展。在取得这一进展之前,这种评估在很大程度上依赖于从一般心理测试到关键的法律相关问题的推断。从那时起,几十年的实证工作产生了解决心理法律标准的法医评估工具(FAI),以及审查法医实践核心问题(例如,装病)但不是标准本身的法医相关工具(FRI)。本文对六个已发表的FAI的开发、验证和现代应用进行了批判性的审查,每个FAI都涉及三个广泛的刑事司法问题之一(即精神错乱、受审能力以及米兰达能力和豁免)。重点评估了这些措施的可靠性和有效性,特别是在法医样本中。为了补充FAI,简要探讨了与响应风格相关的FRI。作为一个主要目标,为法医从业人员提供有关FAI的知识和背景,以加强他们的刑事法医实践。
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引用次数: 0
Risk, resilience, and recovery in forensic mental health: An integrated conceptual model 法医心理健康的风险、复原力和恢复:一个综合概念模型。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2615
Stephanie R. Penney, Suraya Faziluddin, Alexander I. F. Simpson, Patti Socha, Treena Wilkie
In this paper we describe a novel, integrated conceptual model that brings together core elements across structured tools assessing risk for future violence, protective factors, and progress in treatment and recovery in forensic mental health settings. We argue that the value of such a model lies in its ability to improve clinical efficiencies and streamline assessment protocols, facilitate meaningful participation of patients in assessment and treatment planning activities and increase the accessibility of clinical assessments to principal users of this information. The four domains appearing in the model (treatment engagement, stability of illness and behavior, insight, and professional and personal support) are described, and common clinical manifestations of each domain within a forensic context are illustrated. We conclude with a discussion of the types of research that would be needed to validate a concept model such as the one presented here as well as implications for clinical practice and implementation.
在这篇论文中,我们描述了一个新颖的、综合的概念模型,该模型将结构化工具中的核心元素结合在一起,评估未来暴力的风险、保护因素以及法医心理健康环境中的治疗和康复进展。我们认为,这种模式的价值在于它能够提高临床效率,简化评估协议,促进患者有意义地参与评估和治疗计划活动,并增加这些信息的主要用户获得临床评估的机会。描述了模型中出现的四个领域(治疗参与、疾病和行为的稳定性、洞察力以及专业和个人支持),并说明了法医学背景下每个领域的常见临床表现。最后,我们讨论了验证本文中提出的概念模型所需的研究类型,以及对临床实践和实施的影响。
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引用次数: 0
From “below chance” to “a single error is one too many”: Evaluating various thresholds for invalid performance on two forced choice recognition tests 从“机会不足”到“一个错误太多”:在两次强迫选择识别测试中评估无效性能的各种阈值。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2609
Laszlo A. Erdodi

This study was designed to empirically evaluate the classification accuracy of various definitions of invalid performance in two forced-choice recognition performance validity tests (PVTs; FCRCVLT-II and Test of Memory Malingering [TOMM-2]). The proportion of at and below chance level responding defined by the binomial theory and making any errors was computed across two mixed clinical samples from the United States and Canada (N = 470) and two sets of criterion PVTs. There was virtually no overlap between the binomial and empirical distributions. Over 95% of patients who passed all PVTs obtained a perfect score. At chance level responding was limited to patients who failed ≥2 PVTs (91% of them failed 3 PVTs). No one scored below chance level on FCRCVLT-II or TOMM-2. All 40 patients with dementia scored above chance. Although at or below chance level performance provides very strong evidence of non-credible responding, scores above chance level have no negative predictive value. Even at chance level scores on PVTs provide compelling evidence for non-credible presentation. A single error on the FCRCVLT-II or TOMM-2 is highly specific (0.95) to psychometrically defined invalid performance. Defining non-credible responding as below chance level scores is an unnecessarily restrictive threshold that gives most examinees with invalid profiles a Pass.

本研究旨在实证评估两种强迫选择识别性能有效性测试(PVTs;FCRCVLT-II和记忆恶意测试[TOM-2])中各种无效性能定义的分类准确性。在来自美国和加拿大的两个混合临床样本(N=470)和两组标准PVT中,计算了由二项式理论定义的处于或低于机会水平的反应和出现任何错误的比例。二项式分布和经验分布之间几乎没有重叠。超过95%通过所有PVT的患者获得了完美的分数。在偶然水平上,反应仅限于2次以上PVT失败的患者(91%的患者3次PVT失败)。没有人在FCRCVLT-II或TOMM-2中得分低于机会水平。所有40名痴呆症患者的得分均高于机会。尽管处于或低于机会水平的表现提供了非常有力的不可信反应证据,但高于机会水平的分数没有负面预测价值。即使在PVT的偶然水平上,分数也为不可信的陈述提供了令人信服的证据。FCRCVLT-II或TOMM-2上的单个错误对心理测量定义的无效性能具有高度特异性(0.95)。将不可信的回答定义为低于机会水平的分数是一个不必要的限制性阈值,它会让大多数档案无效的考生通过考试。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluating the HCR-20V3 violence risk assessment measure with mentally disordered offenders and civil psychiatric patients in China HCR-20V3暴力风险评估方法在中国精神障碍罪犯和民事精神病患者中的评估
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2614
Yifan Chen, Kevin S. Douglas, Zhuo Zhang, Cunli Xiao, Haiyan Wang, Yuhao Wang, Ai Ma

The current prospective risk assessment study evaluated the application of the Chinese translation of the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 Version 3 (HCR-20V3) in a sample of 152 offenders with mental disorders and civil psychiatric patients. The ratings of the presence and relevance of risk factors were compared, as well as summary risk ratings (SRRs), both across offenders and civil psychiatric patients, and across male and female sub-samples. Interrater reliability was consistently “excellent” for the presence and relevance of risk factors and for SRRs. Concurrent validity analyses indicated that HCR-20V3 was strongly correlated with Violence Risk Scale (from r = 0.53 to 0.71). The results of predictive validity analyses provided strong support for the bivariate associations between the main indices of HCR-20V3 and violence within 6 weeks, 7–24 weeks, and 6 months; SRRs added incrementally to both relevance and presence ratings across three follow-up lengths.

目前的前瞻性风险评估研究评估了《历史临床风险管理-20第3版》(HCR-20V3)的中文翻译在152名精神障碍罪犯和民事精神病患者中的应用。比较了罪犯和民事精神病患者以及男性和女性子样本对风险因素的存在和相关性的评级,以及总结风险评级(SRR)。在风险因素的存在和相关性以及SRR方面,询问机的可靠性始终“极好”。同时有效性分析表明,HCR-20V3与暴力风险量表呈正相关(r=0.53-0.71)。预测有效性分析结果有力地支持了HCR-20V3主要指标与6周、7-24周和6个月内暴力之间的双变量关联;SRR在三个随访时间段内逐渐增加相关性和存在性评级。
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引用次数: 0
Prediction of violence: Part contagious disease, part unpredictable individual: Is a public health assessment approach an additional option and at what cost? 暴力预测:部分是传染性疾病,部分是不可预测的个人:公共卫生评估方法是一种额外的选择吗?代价是什么?
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2611
Ryan C. W. Hall, Gregory Iannuzzi

On a population level, violence shares many similarities with communicable disease states and other public health issues. Therefore, there has been a push to apply public health interventions to the problem of societal violence and for some to even identify violence as the product of a disease state (e.g., changed brain). This conceptualization could lead to the development of new risk violence assessment tools and approaches predicated more on the public health model rather than existing instruments that have often been based on inpatient mental health populations or incarcerated populations. In this article, we will discuss aspects of legal obligation for risk violence “prediction/stratification”, the application of the public health communicable disease model to violence, as well as identify why it may not always translate to the individual with whom a clinician or forensic mental health evaluator interacts.

在人口层面上,暴力与传染病国家和其他公共卫生问题有很多相似之处。因此,人们一直在推动将公共卫生干预措施应用于社会暴力问题,有些人甚至将暴力视为疾病状态(例如大脑改变)的产物。这种概念化可能导致开发新的风险暴力评估工具和方法,这些工具和方法更多地基于公共卫生模式,而不是通常基于住院精神健康人群或被监禁人群的现有工具。在这篇文章中,我们将讨论风险暴力的法律义务“预测/分层”,公共卫生传染病模型在暴力中的应用,以及为什么它可能并不总是转化为临床医生或法医心理健康评估师与之互动的个人。
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引用次数: 0
Falling through the cracks: Failing to identify compromised Miranda abilities for defendants with limited cognitive capacities 陷入困境:未能识别认知能力有限的被告的米兰达能力受损。
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-02 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2610
Kamar Y. Tazi, Richard Rogers

Custodial suspects must be informed of their Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 1966) prior to police questioning. Since this landmark decision, scholars have rigorously studied Miranda comprehension and reasoning among vulnerable groups including those with intellectual disabilities (ID). However, the focus on ID has left arrestees with limited cognitive capacities (i.e., LCCs with IQs between 70 and 85) entirely overlooked. The current dataset addressed this oversight using a large (N = 820) sample of pretrial defendants who had completed the Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities (SAMA). Traditional (i.e., ID and no-ID) criterion groups were first analyzed with the standard error of measurement (SEM) removed. Second, a nuanced three-group framework included defendants with LCCs. Results indicate that LCC defendants are vulnerable to impaired Miranda comprehension (i.e., limited recall of the Miranda warning and deficits in Miranda-related vocabulary knowledge). Not surprisingly, their waiver decisions were often impaired by crucial misconceptions (e.g., seeing the investigating officers as beneficently on their side). The practical implications of these findings were underscored with respect to Constitutional safeguards for this critically important group, who have appeared to fall through the cracks in the criminal justice system.

在警方审问之前,必须告知在押嫌疑人他们的米兰达权利(米兰达诉亚利桑那州,1966年)。自这一具有里程碑意义的决定以来,学者们对包括智力残疾(ID)在内的弱势群体的米兰达理解和推理进行了严格的研究。然而,对身份证的关注使认知能力有限的被捕者(即智商在70至85之间的LCC)完全被忽视。目前的数据集使用了大量(N=820)审前被告样本来解决这一监督问题,这些被告已完成米兰达能力标准化评估(SAMA)。首先分析了传统(即ID和无ID)标准组,去除了标准测量误差(SEM)。其次,一个细致入微的三组框架包括有LCC的被告。结果表明,LCC被告容易受到米兰达理解障碍的影响(即,对米兰达警告的回忆有限和米兰达相关词汇知识的缺陷)。毫不奇怪,他们的弃权决定经常受到关键误解的影响(例如,认为调查官员站在他们一边是有益的)。这些调查结果的实际影响在宪法保障这一至关重要的群体方面得到了强调,他们似乎已经从刑事司法系统的裂缝中跌落。
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引用次数: 1
Childhood trauma as a mediator between attachment and recidivism risk: A study of Canadian offenders with mental disorders 童年创伤在依恋与再犯风险之间的中介作用:加拿大精神障碍罪犯的研究
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2612
G. Camelia Adams, Andrew J. Wrath, Mansfield Mela, Andrea DesRoches, Stephen Adams, Anita Andreen, Anne McKenna

The current study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment and childhood trauma on recidivism risk in a sample of Canadian offenders with mental disorder (OMDs). N = 56 OMDs completed the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire, a measure of adult attachment (Experiences in Close Relationships Scale), and interview to determine recidivism risk (Level of Service/Case Management Inventory; LS/CMI). The variables of interest had small to moderate correlations. Multivariable regression analysis found that ACE scores but not attachment insecurity were associated with LS/CMI scores. Mediation analyses demonstrated that ACE scores fully mediated the association between attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance and recidivism risk. Results demonstrate that as exposure to diverse ACEs increased so did the risk to recidivate and this exposure mediated the relationship between attachment insecurity and recidivism risk. This study highlights the necessity of addressing both attachment insecurity and the experience of ACE when providing psychiatric services to OMDs.

本研究旨在探讨依恋与童年创伤对加拿大精神障碍罪犯再犯风险的关系。N = 56名omd完成了不良童年经历(ACE)问卷、成人依恋测量(亲密关系体验量表)和确定再犯风险的访谈(服务水平/病例管理量表;LS / CMI)。感兴趣的变量具有小到中等的相关性。多变量回归分析发现,ACE得分与LS/CMI得分相关,而依恋不安全感与LS/CMI得分无关。中介分析表明,ACE分数完全中介了依恋焦虑、依恋回避和再犯风险之间的关系。结果表明,随着接触不同类型不良经历的增加,再犯风险也随之增加,并且这种暴露介导了依恋不安全感与再犯风险之间的关系。本研究强调在为强迫症患者提供精神服务时,需要同时处理依恋不安全感和ACE体验。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the effect of prison time on landlords' willingness to rent to exonerees: A test of the stigma-by-association framework 考察监禁时间对房东出租给无罪犯人意愿的影响:对联想污名框架的检验
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2608
Leah Hamovitch, Samantha Pejic, Lesley Zannella, Jason C. Deska

Researchers posit that stigma-by-association may account for the discrimination that exonerees experience post-release. Exonerees who serve a longer prison sentence may experience more stigma than exonerees who spent less time in prison. Across two studies, we examined whether criminal history (exoneree, releasee, or control) or prison time (5 or 25 years) impacted landlords' willingness to rent their apartment. Authors responded to one-bedroom apartment listings in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, inquiring about unit availability. The rental inquiries were identical except for criminal history and prison time. Across both studies, results demonstrated that landlords were significantly less likely to respond, and indicate availability, to exonerees and releasees compared to control. Landlords discriminated against exonerees when the exoneree did not mention a formal exoneration (Study 1) and explicitly mentioned that he was exonerated by DNA evidence (Study 2). Prison time had no significant impact. A content analysis of landlords' replies revealed that exonerees and releasees experienced more subtle forms of discrimination compared to individuals without a criminal history. Together, our results demonstrate that individuals who were formerly incarcerated and associated with prison—whether it be for 5 years or 25 years or a rightful or wrongful conviction—experience housing discrimination upon their release.

研究人员认为,联想的耻辱可能解释了无罪释放后遭受的歧视。服刑时间较长的无罪囚犯可能比服刑时间较短的无罪囚犯遭受更多的耻辱。在两项研究中,我们调查了犯罪历史(无罪、释放或控制)或监禁时间(5年或25年)是否会影响房东出租公寓的意愿。笔者回复了加拿大大多伦多地区的一居室公寓列表,询问房源情况。除了犯罪记录和入狱时间外,租房调查都是一样的。在这两项研究中,结果表明,与对照组相比,房东对无罪犯和释放犯的回应和表明可用性的可能性显着降低。当被无罪释放者没有提到正式的无罪释放(研究1),并明确提到他通过DNA证据被无罪释放(研究2)时,房东会歧视被无罪释放者。监禁时间没有显著影响。对房东回复的内容分析显示,与没有犯罪记录的人相比,无罪释放者和被释放者经历了更微妙的歧视。总之,我们的研究结果表明,以前被监禁并与监狱有关的个人——无论是5年还是25年,还是合法或错误的定罪——在释放后都会经历住房歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Violence risk assessment of Sovereign Citizens: An exploratory examination of the HCR-20 Version 3 and the TRAP-18 主权公民的暴力风险评估:对HCR-20第三版和TRAP-18的探索性检查
IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-15 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2607
Lee M. Vargen, Darin J. Challacombe

Sovereign Citizens comprise an understudied right-wing extremist movement in the United States who have grown in notoriety in recent years due to several high-profile instances of violence. Despite this, little empirical research has been conducted on Sovereign Citizens, including research on assessing their risk for violence. In this study, we sought to replicate and extend a prior study on Sovereign Citizen violence. Using open-source data, we added several new cases to a pre-existing dataset of violent and non-violent Sovereign Citizen incidents, yielding a total sample of 107 cases, 69 of which were scored using the HCR-20V3, and 83 of which were scored using the TRAP-18. Our findings indicated that higher scores on both instruments were significantly associated with greater odds of cases being violent. We also observed that several risk factors occurred with significantly more frequency among violent cases than non-violent ones. Implications for future research and professional practice are discussed.

主权公民是美国一个未被充分研究的右翼极端主义运动,近年来由于几起备受瞩目的暴力事件而臭名昭著。尽管如此,对主权公民进行的实证研究很少,包括评估其暴力风险的研究。在这项研究中,我们试图复制和扩展先前对主权公民暴力的研究。使用开源数据,我们将几个新案例添加到已有的暴力和非暴力主权公民事件数据集中,得到107个案例的总样本,其中69个案例使用HCR-20V3评分,83个案例使用TRAP-18评分。我们的研究结果表明,两项指标的得分越高,暴力事件发生的几率就越大。我们还观察到,一些危险因素在暴力案件中出现的频率明显高于非暴力案件。讨论了对未来研究和专业实践的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Behavioral Sciences & the Law
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