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Examining the effect of knowledge hiding towards individual task performance: the moderating role of transformational leadership 知识隐藏对个体任务绩效的影响:变革型领导的调节作用
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-06-2023-0305
Ika Atma Kurniawanti, Djumilah Zain, Armanu Thoyib, Mintarti Rahayu
Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of knowledge hiding on individual task performance and examine the moderating influence of transformational leadership. Design/methodology/approach This study included 256 participants employed by financing companies in Indonesia. In addition, to analyze the data, descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS 25, and the structural equation model-partial least square (SEM-PLS) was used for hypothesis testing. Findings The findings revealed the negative effects of knowledge hiding on individual task performance and its potential consequences for individuals and organizations. However, it also suggested that transformational leadership may not be sufficient to reduce the negative effects of knowledge hiding on individual task performance. Research limitations/implications This study only focused on the context of a specific industry or country, which limited the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications This study enriches the understanding of the importance of addressing knowledge-hiding behaviors and investigating additional factors that can enhance task performance in organizations. Originality/value This study adds value to the existing literature by emphasizing the importance of investigating supplementary factors other than transformational leadership that have the potential to reduce the negative effects of knowledge hiding on organizational performance.
目的本研究旨在探讨知识隐藏对个体任务绩效的影响,并考察变革型领导的调节作用。设计/方法/方法本研究包括256名参与者,他们受雇于印度尼西亚的融资公司。此外,对数据进行分析,使用SPSS 25进行描述性统计,并使用结构方程模型-偏最小二乘法(SEM-PLS)进行假设检验。研究结果揭示了知识隐藏对个人任务绩效的负面影响及其对个人和组织的潜在影响。然而,这也表明变革型领导可能不足以减少知识隐藏对个人任务绩效的负面影响。本研究仅关注特定行业或国家的背景,这限制了研究结果的普遍性。本研究丰富了对解决知识隐藏行为的重要性的理解,并调查了可以提高组织任务绩效的其他因素。原创性/价值本研究通过强调调查除变革型领导之外的补充因素的重要性,从而增加了现有文献的价值,这些因素有可能减少知识隐藏对组织绩效的负面影响。
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引用次数: 1
The impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior: a mediated moderation model 包容性领导对创新工作行为的影响:一个中介调节模型
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-05-2023-0224
Abdullah Fahad AlMulhim, Sanaa Mostafa Mohammed
Purpose Applicable to telecom companies operating in Saudi Arabia, this study aims to investigate the mediating role of workplace dignity (WD) in the relationship between inclusive leadership and innovative work behavior (IWB) as well as the moderate role of workplace inclusion (WI) in said relationship. Design/methodology/approach A total of 364 telecom companies in Saudi Arabia participated in the survey study. SmartPLS was employed to evaluate the data and test the research variables. Findings According to this study, inclusive leadership has a favorable impact on IWB. Additionally, the study concluded that inclusive leadership enhances WD. Furthermore, the authors discovered that WD has a favorable impact on IWB. The findings showed that the association between inclusive leadership and IWB is mediated by WD. Finally, WI has a statistically positive moderating effect between WD and IWB on the moderation side of the analysis. Originality/value This study is the first to consider WD as a mediator in the relationship between inclusive leadership and IWB. Examining WI's role as a moderator also deepens the authors' comprehension of the connection between WD and IWB.
本研究以沙特电信公司为研究对象,探讨工作场所尊严(WD)在包容性领导与创新工作行为(IWB)关系中的中介作用,以及工作场所包容(WI)在这种关系中的调节作用。沙特阿拉伯共有364家电信公司参与了调查研究。采用SmartPLS对数据进行评价,并对研究变量进行检验。本研究发现,包容性领导对IWB有良好的影响。此外,研究还得出结论,包容性领导可以增强WD。此外,作者发现WD对IWB有良好的影响。研究结果表明,包容性领导与IWB之间的关系是由WD介导的。最后,在分析的调节方面,WI在WD和IWB之间具有统计学上的正调节作用。本研究首次将WD作为包容性领导与IWB之间关系的中介。研究WI的调节作用也加深了作者对WD和IWB之间联系的理解。
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引用次数: 1
Employee goal orientation and knowledge sharing: the moderating effect of leader boundary spanning behavior 员工目标导向与知识共享:领导者跨界行为的调节作用
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-05-2023-0268
Myungsun Kim, Seckyoung Loretta Kim
Purpose The research aims to examine the impacts of two different types of goal orientation, i.e. leaning goal orientation (LGO) and performance-prove goal orientation (PPGO), on employee knowledge sharing, and whether these relationships are altered by leaders' boundary spanning behavior (BSB). Design/methodology/approach A sample of 170 employees and 93 leaders were collected from South Korean organizations. Data were analyzed using path analysis. Findings The results demonstrated that employees with a high LGO are more likely to engage in knowledge sharing, while employees with a high PPGO are less likely to show knowledge sharing. Moreover, the findings showed that highly learning oriented employees tend to engage in knowledge sharing when they are under leaders who show active BSB. Practical implications To encourage knowledge sharing between employees, organizations need to promote a mastery-structured work environment to help employees develop a stronger LGO. Also, organizations could benefit from implementing training programs for leaders that promote their BSB. Originality/value The research aims to provide a more articulate account for how LGO and PPGO affect employee knowledge sharing in opposite ways. More importantly, this research provides new insights regarding the role of leaders' BSB as a contextual factor in promoting employee knowledge sharing. Using social learning theory as a theoretical framework, this study indicates how employees with a high LGO learn the behaviors of boundary spanning leaders and are more willing to engage in knowledge sharing.
本研究旨在探讨学习目标导向(LGO)和绩效证明目标导向(PPGO)两种不同类型的目标导向对员工知识共享的影响,以及领导者的边界跨越行为是否会改变这两种关系。设计/方法/方法从韩国的组织中收集了170名员工和93名领导者的样本。采用通径分析法对数据进行分析。结果表明,高LGO的员工更有可能参与知识共享,而高PPGO的员工则不太可能参与知识共享。此外,研究结果还显示,当高度学习导向的员工在表现出积极的BSB的领导下时,他们倾向于参与知识分享。为了鼓励员工之间的知识共享,组织需要促进一个掌握结构的工作环境,以帮助员工建立更强的LGO。此外,组织也可以从为领导者实施培训计划中受益,以促进他们的BSB。原创性/价值本研究旨在为LGO和PPGO如何以相反的方式影响员工知识共享提供一个更清晰的解释。更重要的是,本研究提供了关于领导者的BSB作为促进员工知识共享的语境因素的作用的新见解。本研究以社会学习理论为理论框架,揭示了高LGO的员工如何学习跨界领导者的行为,并更愿意参与知识共享。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of gender diversity in strategic orientation and strategy execution 性别多样性对战略导向和战略执行的影响
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-10-2021-0494
Korhan Arun, Saniye Yildirim Özmutlu
Purpose This paper aims to analyze the impact of gender in leadership on strategic orientation and the relative impact of these strategic orientations on organizational performance with the leadership of each gender. Design/methodology/approach Cross-sectional survey-based data were collected from 1,260 logistics companies, and 503 responses were found suitable for further data evaluation. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and regression analysis were used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Findings Results show that managers' gender affects only the aggressiveness subdimension ( p = 0.018 and ß = 0.114) in strategic orientation decisions and that male managers tend to be more aggressive-oriented than female managers. Strategic orientation is more effective on organizational performance. More clearly, when female executives use the same strategic orientation as their male counterparts, organizational performance is higher than that of male executives. Research limitations/implications Managers' power is related to social norms about their valuable contribution to the organization and roles are associated with experiences. Thus, at different levels of management, different results will be obtained. Practical implications Organizations should only define leadership roles in masculine terms with information or research that explains how women leaders can contribute to the organization's outcomes. Social implications The lack of fit model should not be expected when determining executive-level female leaders' performance. Originality/value There is a significant potential in studying strategic decision-making and whether the ability to provide effective organizational outcomes is related to a person's gender. Even if previous literature suggests that gender stereotypes affect perceptions of men's and women's fit for executive positions, the strategic conception of organizational decisions is immune to gender, but strategy execution is not.
本文旨在分析领导性别对战略导向的影响,以及在不同性别领导下这些战略导向对组织绩效的相对影响。设计/方法/方法从1,260家物流公司收集了基于横断面调查的数据,其中503家回复适合进一步的数据评估。采用结构方程模型(SEM)和回归分析对数据进行分析和假设检验。研究结果表明,管理者的性别只影响战略导向决策的攻击性维度(p = 0.018, ß = 0.114),男性管理者比女性管理者更倾向于侵略性导向。战略导向对组织绩效更有效。更明显的是,当女性高管使用与男性高管相同的战略取向时,其组织绩效高于男性高管。研究局限/启示管理者的权力与社会规范有关,社会规范认为他们对组织有价值的贡献,而角色则与经验有关。因此,在不同的管理层次,将获得不同的结果。实际意义组织应该用男性化的术语来定义领导角色,并通过信息或研究来解释女性领导者如何为组织的结果做出贡献。在确定高管级女性领导者的绩效时,不应期望缺乏契合模型。在研究战略决策以及提供有效组织结果的能力是否与个人的性别有关方面有很大的潜力。即使先前的文献表明性别刻板印象会影响对男性和女性是否适合执行职位的看法,但组织决策的战略概念不受性别的影响,但战略执行却不受性别的影响。
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引用次数: 0
An empirical study on the leadership traits that enable successful six sigma implementation 成功实施六西格玛的领导特质的实证研究
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-10-2022-0452
Anthony Bagherian, Mark Gershon, Sunil Kumar
Purpose Some Six Sigma (SS) efforts have not been entirely successful. This research paper aims to investigate the leadership style and the elements of it that positively influence the attainment of Six Sigma programs within the automobile industry. Design/methodology/approach The study used a Likert-scale questionnaire and a simple random sampling method. 2,325 potential participants were approached, resulting in 573 responses, primarily from Germany, the United Kingdom and Sweden. 260 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis, utilizing an exploratory and mixed-methods research design to examine the impact of leadership style on Six Sigma success. Statistical methods such as SEM, EFA and CFA were used for data analysis. Findings The study utilized numerous SEM methods, including Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and identified three key elements of leadership traits: (1) leadership support for long-term improvement strategies; (2) leadership commit to the supplier's organization to maintain quality and supply defect-free products. Research limitations/implications Due to limited participants, the outcome of the research could lead to inadequacies in data interpretation regarding the contextual predispostions, and the research could develop weaknesses in the form of cross-sectional instead of longitudinal data and design. Practical implications The practical implications of this study suggest that institutions, practitioners and researchers can incorporate these two identified factors into leadership traits to promote the sustainable implementation of Six Sigma (SS) initiatives. Originality/value This study makes an original contribution to the assessment of leadership style and its elements in the European automobile industry, utilizing a mixed-methods research design along with descriptive statistics to provide valuable insights.
目的:一些六西格玛(SS)的努力并没有完全成功。本研究旨在探讨领导风格及其对汽车行业六西格玛项目实现的积极影响。设计/方法/方法本研究采用李克特量表问卷和简单的随机抽样方法。我们接触了2325名潜在的参与者,得到了573份回复,主要来自德国、英国和瑞典。260份完成的问卷被纳入分析,利用探索性和混合方法的研究设计来检验领导风格对六西格玛成功的影响。采用SEM、EFA、CFA等统计方法进行数据分析。研究利用探索性因子分析(EFA)和验证性因子分析(CFA)等多种SEM方法,确定了领导特质的三个关键要素:(1)领导对长期改进战略的支持;(2)领导承诺供应商组织保持质量并提供无缺陷产品。由于参与者有限,研究结果可能导致有关情境倾向的数据解释不足,并且研究可能以横断面而不是纵向数据和设计的形式出现弱点。本研究的实际意义表明,机构、从业者和研究人员可以将这两个确定的因素纳入领导特质,以促进六西格玛(SS)倡议的可持续实施。原创性/价值本研究对欧洲汽车行业的领导风格及其要素的评估做出了原创性贡献,利用混合方法的研究设计以及描述性统计来提供有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms of cross-level impact of leadership rapport orientation on employees' innovative behaviour 领导关系导向对员工创新行为的跨层级影响机制
3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-03-2023-0132
Hui Jin, Zheng Wang
Purpose To reveal the effective ways for leaders to motivate employees' innovative behaviour in complex environmental situations, the leadership rapport orientation is subdivided into two types of values-based/instrumental rapport orientation. The mechanism of supervisor developmental feedback in mediating between leadership rapport orientation and employees' innovative behaviour and the moderating effect of ambidextrous environments is explored. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned objective. Design/methodology/approach Leadership rapport orientation is divided into value-based and instrumental rapport orientation to reveal effective ways for leaders to motivate employees' innovative behaviour in complex environmental situations. Findings The results show that the values-based (instrumental) rapport orientation of leaders impacts employees' innovative behaviour positively (negatively). Originality/value Leaders' values-based/instrumental rapport orientation indirectly influences employees' innovative behaviour through supervisor developmental feedback, which positively moderates the relationship between the values-based or instrumental rapport orientation of leaders and employees' innovative behaviour and further moderates the partially mediating role of supervisor developmental feedback between leaders' values-based/instrumental rapport orientation and employees' innovative behaviour.
为了揭示领导者在复杂环境下激励员工创新行为的有效途径,将领导关系取向细分为基于价值观/工具性关系取向两种类型。研究了主管发展反馈在领导融洽取向与员工创新行为之间的中介作用机制,以及双灵巧环境的调节作用。本文旨在探讨上述目标。设计/方法/方法将领导关系导向分为价值导向和工具导向,揭示领导者在复杂环境下激励员工创新行为的有效途径。研究结果表明,领导者价值观导向(工具性)对员工创新行为有正向(负向)影响。创新/价值领导者的价值观导向/工具性关系导向通过主管发展反馈间接影响员工的创新行为;正调节了领导者价值观型/工具型融洽取向与员工创新行为之间的关系,并进一步调节了主管发展反馈在领导者价值观型/工具型融洽取向与员工创新行为之间的部分中介作用。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the predictor and the consequence of digital organisational culture: a quantitative investigation using sufficient and necessity approach 探索数字组织文化的预测因素和后果:一项使用充分性和必要性方法的定量调查
IF 4.9 3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-11-2021-0516
Astadi Pangarso, A. Winarno, P. Aulia, Dinda Aulia Ritonga
PurposeDigital organisational culture is essential for organisations in the digital era. However, examination of the role of digital organisational culture in government institutions remains limited. Thus, this study aims to investigate the influence of digital organisational culture on employee performance by considering empowering leadership as a predictor.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyses the research framework on the basis of a survey of 76 employees at the Indonesian Ministry of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform. The framework relating to the influence of digital organizational culture is tested using a mix of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and an examination of the essential circumstances (necessary condition analysis/ NCA).FindingsThe findings indicate that empowering leadership is a sufficient condition for digital organisational culture. Empowering leadership positively and significantly affects digital organisational culture. Digital organisational culture positively and significantly affects employee performance. Empowering leadership represents a necessary condition for digital organisational culture. A digital organisational culture is necessary and sufficient for government employee performance.Practical implicationsResults of this study practically suggest that digital organisational culture can be considered vital to a strategy for improving government employee performance. Empowering leadership is a key success factor in improving digital organisational culture. This study initiated the identification of the role of digital organisational culture in the government institution context.Originality/valueMethodologically, this study stated a paradigm that combines the PLS-SEM and NCA approaches in public administration research by identifying the influence on sufficient and necessary digital organisational culture government employee performance.
目的数字化组织文化对数字化时代的组织至关重要。然而,对数字组织文化在政府机构中的作用的研究仍然有限。因此,本研究旨在通过将授权领导作为预测因素来调查数字组织文化对员工绩效的影响。设计/方法/方法本研究基于对印尼行政改革和官僚改革部76名员工的调查,分析了研究框架。采用偏最小二乘结构方程建模(PLS-SEM)和必要条件分析(必要条件分析/NCA)相结合的方法,对与数字组织文化影响相关的框架进行了测试。赋予领导权力会对数字化组织文化产生积极而显著的影响。数字化组织文化对员工绩效产生积极而显著的影响。赋予领导力是数字化组织文化的必要条件。数字化的组织文化对于政府雇员的表现是必要和充分的。实际含义本研究的结果实际上表明,数字组织文化可以被认为是提高政府雇员绩效的战略的关键。增强领导力是改善数字化组织文化的一个关键成功因素。这项研究开始识别数字组织文化在政府机构背景下的作用。独创性/价值在方法上,本研究提出了一种范式,通过确定对充分和必要的数字组织文化政府雇员绩效的影响,将公共行政研究中的PLS-SEM和NCA方法相结合。
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引用次数: 6
Emergence and outcomes of shared leadership: unraveling the role of transactive memory system and team mindfulness using mixed-methods approach 共享领导的出现和结果:用混合方法揭示交互记忆系统和团队正念的作用
IF 4.9 3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-02-14 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-05-2021-0202
Shiji Lyndon, Ashish Pandey, Ajinkya Navare
PurposeShared leadership literature has primarily focused on investigating its positive impact on performance. Thus, the existing understanding of the emergence of shared leadership is limited. Also, there is a dearth of literature identifying the impact of shared leadership on affective outcomes. This study investigates the impact of transactive memory system and team mindfulness on shared leadership, and subsequently, the impact of shared leadership on team satisfaction through the mediating mechanism of thriving.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a mixed-methods approach with sequential explanatory research design. Quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 40 teams. Data were collected at four different time points. Qualitative interviews with 10 teams were carried out to provide insights about the relationships which emerged from the quantitative study.FindingsThe study found support for the impact of transactive memory on shared leadership. However, contrary to our hypothesis, the study found that the interaction effect of transactive memory system and team mindfulness on shared leadership is such that team mindfulness has preventive impact on lack of transactive memory. The results indicate that shared leadership influences team satisfaction through the mediating mechanism of employee thriving.Originality/valueThe study examines under-explored antecedent and boundary condition of emergence of shared leadership, i.e. transactive memory system and team mindfulness. Also, the study makes a methodological contribution by examining the dynamics of shared leadership through both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
目的共享领导力文献主要集中于研究其对绩效的积极影响。因此,目前对共同领导的出现的理解是有限的。此外,缺乏文献表明共同领导对情感结果的影响。本研究探讨了交互记忆系统和团队正念对共享领导的影响,以及共享领导通过繁荣的中介机制对团队满意度的影响。设计/方法论/方法本研究采用了混合方法和顺序解释研究设计。定量研究是以40个团队为样本进行的。数据是在四个不同的时间点收集的。对10个团队进行了定性访谈,以深入了解定量研究中出现的关系。研究发现,交互记忆对共同领导能力的影响得到了支持。然而,与我们的假设相反,研究发现,交互记忆系统和团队正念对共享领导的交互作用是这样的,即团队正念对于缺乏交互记忆具有预防作用。结果表明,共享领导通过员工成长的中介机制影响团队满意度。独创性/价值本研究考察了在探索不足的前提和边界条件下出现共同领导力,即交互记忆系统和团队正念。此外,该研究通过定量和定性方法研究了共同领导的动态,从而在方法上做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 5
How does coaching leadership promote employee's constructive deviance? Affective events perspective 辅导领导如何促进员工的建设性偏差?情感事件视角
IF 4.9 3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-04-2020-0153
Zhisong Cui, Hongyu Wang, C. N. Nanyangwe
PurposeAdopting an affective events perspective, this paper proposes and tests a moderated-mediation model linking coaching leadership (CL), positive emotion at work (PEW), proactive personality (PP) and constructive deviance (CD).Design/methodology/approachAltogether, 225 supervisor-subordinate pairs from 45 teams within a large Chinese manufacturing enterprise took part in our study. To keep common method bias to a minimal, two sources of data were used (subordinates and their direct supervisors).Findings(1) CL and employee CD have a positive association; (2) employee PEW mediates the connection between CL and employee CD; (3) the positive association between CL and follower PEW is moderated by employee PP such that PP strengthens the CL-PEW relationship (4) employee PP accentuates the indirect impact of CL on employee CD via employee PEW. Specifically, the indirect link is insignificant when PP is low.Originality/value(1) The results of this study enrich the CD literature; (2) the work puts forward a simple but foundational framework for understanding the CL process; (3) the third contribution arises from examining the influence of employee PP on the relationship between CL and employee CD.
目的采用情感事件视角,提出并检验了教练领导力(CL)、工作积极情绪(PEW)、主动性人格(PP)和建设性偏差(CD)之间的调节-中介模型。设计/方法/方法来自中国一家大型制造企业45个团队的225对主管-下属对参与了我们的研究。为了将常用方法的偏差降到最低,我们使用了两个数据来源(下属和他们的直接主管)。研究发现(1)员工的学习能力和员工的学习能力呈正相关;(2)员工皮尤在员工敬业度与员工敬业度之间起中介作用;(3)员工的个人满意度与员工的个人满意度之间存在正相关关系,员工的个人满意度强化了员工的个人满意度与员工的个人满意度之间的关系。(4)员工的个人满意度通过员工的个人满意度强化了员工的个人满意度对员工的个人满意度的间接影响。(1)本研究的结果丰富了CD文献;(2)本研究提出了一个简单但基本的框架来理解CL过程;(3)第三个贡献来自于考察员工PP对CL和员工CD之间关系的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Transformational leadership promoting employees' informal learning and job involvement: the moderating role of self-efficacy 转变型领导促进员工非正式学习和工作参与:自我效能的调节作用
IF 4.9 3区 管理学 Q2 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2022-01-31 DOI: 10.1108/lodj-06-2021-0286
M. Zia, Julian Decius, M. Naveed, Adnan Anwar
PurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between transformational leadership (TL), informal learning and job involvement. The study delineates two pathways from TL to job involvement. The first is an indirect link through informal learning on job involvement, while the second pathway focuses on the moderating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between TL and informal learning.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were gathered from 596 employees of small services firms in Pakistan. The proposed hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results reveal that TL is indirectly related to job involvement through informal learning. The study also shows that self-efficacy strengthens the relationship between TL and informal learning.Originality/valuePrevious studies have overlooked the potential influence of TL on job involvement through the mechanism of informal learning. The current study addresses this gap by examining informal learning as a mediator between TL and job involvement. Furthermore, the study provides several theoretical and managerial implications for research and practice.
目的本研究旨在探讨变革型领导(TL)、非正式学习与工作参与之间的关系。该研究描绘了从TL到工作参与的两条途径。第一种途径是通过非正式学习对工作参与的间接联系,而第二种途径则侧重于自我效能感对TL和非正式学习之间关系的调节作用。设计/方法/方法调查数据来自巴基斯坦小型服务公司的596名员工。使用结构方程模型对所提出的假设进行了检验。研究结果表明,TL通过非正式学习与工作投入间接相关。研究还表明,自我效能感强化了TL与非正式学习之间的关系。原创性/价值以往的研究忽视了TL通过非正式学习机制对工作参与的潜在影响。目前的研究通过将非正式学习作为TL和工作参与之间的中介来解决这一差距。此外,该研究为研究和实践提供了一些理论和管理启示。
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引用次数: 5
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Leadership & Organization Development Journal
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