Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1490571/v1
Irvin Rojas, Jisang Yu
The labor markets in the US and Mexico are closely linked through migrant workers and remittances. In this paper, we investigate how the prevalence of the Covid-19 epidemic in the US affected the Mexican labor market. We construct a Mexican municipality-level measure of the exposure to Covid-19 in the US using migration data. We find a positive effect of the Covid-19 exposure in the US on work hours among workers in Mexico. We also find that the effect varies across subgroups which indicates that the responses in worked hours depend on the household dynamics, employment opportunities, and the nature of the occupation-specific tasks.
{"title":"A Pandemic Crossing the Border: The Impact of Covid-19 in the US on the Mexican Labor Market","authors":"Irvin Rojas, Jisang Yu","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1490571/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1490571/v1","url":null,"abstract":"The labor markets in the US and Mexico are closely linked through migrant workers and remittances. In this paper, we investigate how the prevalence of the Covid-19 epidemic in the US affected the Mexican labor market. We construct a Mexican municipality-level measure of the exposure to Covid-19 in the US using migration data. We find a positive effect of the Covid-19 exposure in the US on work hours among workers in Mexico. We also find that the effect varies across subgroups which indicates that the responses in worked hours depend on the household dynamics, employment opportunities, and the nature of the occupation-specific tasks.","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67955515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Addressing Gender-Based Segregation through Information: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in the Republic of Congo","authors":"L. Rouanet, Marine Gassier, L. Traoré","doi":"10.1086/726710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726710","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46656872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditional family structures often have persistent effects on household decisions. We question whether kinship ancestries of post-marital residence – i.e. living with the parents of the groom (patrilocality) or the bride (matrilocality) – still affect household consumption sharing and individual poverty. We focus on Ghana and Malawi, two countries in which patrilocal and matrilocal traditions coexist in the present-day ethnic distribution. We estimate a model of resource allocation using household expenditure surveys and information on prevalent ethnic norms. Estimations show that ancestral patrilocality, relative to matrilocality, corresponds to a 10 percent lower share of resources accruing to women on average and a substantially higher prevalence of poverty for women at most household consumption levels. Women’s resource shares tend to increase with age, a pattern more pronounced for matrilocal groups. These results indicate how a combination of cultural and demographic factors can be used to improve policies targeted at poor individuals (rather than poor households).
{"title":"Culture, Intra-household Distribution and Individual Poverty","authors":"U. Aminjonov, O. Bargain, M. Colacce, L. Tiberti","doi":"10.1086/726656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726656","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional family structures often have persistent effects on household decisions. We question whether kinship ancestries of post-marital residence – i.e. living with the parents of the groom (patrilocality) or the bride (matrilocality) – still affect household consumption sharing and individual poverty. We focus on Ghana and Malawi, two countries in which patrilocal and matrilocal traditions coexist in the present-day ethnic distribution. We estimate a model of resource allocation using household expenditure surveys and information on prevalent ethnic norms. Estimations show that ancestral patrilocality, relative to matrilocality, corresponds to a 10 percent lower share of resources accruing to women on average and a substantially higher prevalence of poverty for women at most household consumption levels. Women’s resource shares tend to increase with age, a pattern more pronounced for matrilocal groups. These results indicate how a combination of cultural and demographic factors can be used to improve policies targeted at poor individuals (rather than poor households).","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49461461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foreword by the Guest Editors","authors":"David Mckenzie, Çaḡlar Özden, Hillel Rapoport","doi":"10.1086/719743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/719743","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":"71 1","pages":"1279 - 1281"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45931586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lottery Wins and Employment in a Low-Income Country: Impacts and Mechanisms","authors":"Cuong Viet Nguyen, T. Phung","doi":"10.1086/726536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726536","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45461281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Leaky Bucket: Transition Costs from Cash to Deposits in a Mexican Transfer Program","authors":"Fernanda Marquez-Padilla, S. Parker","doi":"10.1086/726538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46941658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The most dramatic outcomes of protracted civil conflict include increased malnutrition among children and the resulting consequences for lifelong health and prosperity. Little is known about how to mitigate the nutritional impact of conflict. Knowing the potential of economic interventions is particularly important for post-conflict reconstruction, when the threat of violence resurgence is high. We use quarterly panel data from Yemen to estimate the impact of civil conflict on child nutrition in Yemen and the effects of unconditional cash transfers in mitigating the adverse nutritional impact. Our results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in armed conflict intensity reduces the weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) of children by 9.6%, on average. We also find that the studied cash transfer program reduces the nutritional impact by 35.8% for WHZ. Our analysis suggests that if relative stability is restored, unconditional cash transfer programs can be an effective tool to curb rising acute child malnutrition in situations of complex emergencies.
{"title":"Civil Conflict, Cash Transfers, and Child Nutrition in Yemen","authors":"O. Ecker, A. Al-Malk, Jean-François Maystadt","doi":"10.1086/726294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726294","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The most dramatic outcomes of protracted civil conflict include increased malnutrition among children and the resulting consequences for lifelong health and prosperity. Little is known about how to mitigate the nutritional impact of conflict. Knowing the potential of economic interventions is particularly important for post-conflict reconstruction, when the threat of violence resurgence is high. We use quarterly panel data from Yemen to estimate the impact of civil conflict on child nutrition in Yemen and the effects of unconditional cash transfers in mitigating the adverse nutritional impact. Our results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in armed conflict intensity reduces the weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) of children by 9.6%, on average. We also find that the studied cash transfer program reduces the nutritional impact by 35.8% for WHZ. Our analysis suggests that if relative stability is restored, unconditional cash transfer programs can be an effective tool to curb rising acute child malnutrition in situations of complex emergencies.","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46737865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most countries around the world implement some form of a safety net program for poor households. A widespread concern is that such programs crowd out private-sector jobs. But they could also improve workers' welfare by allowing them to take on more risk, for example through self-employment. This paper analyzes the employment impacts of the world's largest public-works program using a novel regression-discontinuity design. The analysis exploits detailed institutional information to describe the allocation formula of the program and to construct a benefit calculator that predicts early and late treatment of districts. The results show that there is little evidence of a crowding out of private-sector jobs. Instead, the scheme functions as a safety net after a bad rainfall shock. Male workers also take on more risk by moving into family employment. This self-revealed preference for a different type of job suggests other potential benefits of safety net programs which so far have received little attention in the literature.
{"title":"Why Guarantee Employment? Evidence from a Large Indian Public-Works Program","authors":"Laura V. Zimmermann","doi":"10.1086/726251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/726251","url":null,"abstract":"Most countries around the world implement some form of a safety net program for poor households. A widespread concern is that such programs crowd out private-sector jobs. But they could also improve workers' welfare by allowing them to take on more risk, for example through self-employment. This paper analyzes the employment impacts of the world's largest public-works program using a novel regression-discontinuity design. The analysis exploits detailed institutional information to describe the allocation formula of the program and to construct a benefit calculator that predicts early and late treatment of districts. The results show that there is little evidence of a crowding out of private-sector jobs. Instead, the scheme functions as a safety net after a bad rainfall shock. Male workers also take on more risk by moving into family employment. This self-revealed preference for a different type of job suggests other potential benefits of safety net programs which so far have received little attention in the literature.","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47541142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-08eCollection Date: 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x
Hui Qiao, Jingze Tan, Shaoqing Wen, Menghan Zhang, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin
Phenotypic diversity, especially that of facial morphology, has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese, which is the largest ethnic group in the world. In this study, we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 facial traits representing 15 categories with both a large-scale three-dimensional (3D) manual landmarking database and computer-aided facial segmented phenotyping in 2379 Han Chinese individuals. Our results illustrate that homogeneous and heterogeneous facial morphological traits exist among Han Chinese populations across the three geographical regions: Zhengzhou, Taizhou, and Nanning. We identified 1560 shared features from extracted phenotypes, which characterized well the basic facial morphology of the Han Chinese. In particular, heterogeneous phenotypes showing population structures corresponded to geographical subpopulations. The greatest facial variation among these geographical populations was the angle of glabella, left subalare, and right cheilion (p = 3.4 × 10-161). Interestingly, we found that Han Chinese populations could be classified into northern Han, central Han, and southern Han at the phenotypic level, and the facial morphological variation pattern of central Han Chinese was between the typical differentiation of northern and southern Han Chinese. This result was highly consistent with the results revealed by the genetic data. These findings provide new insights into the analysis of multidimensional phenotypes as well as a valuable resource for further facial phenotype-genotype association studies in Han Chinese and East Asian populations.
Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x.
{"title":"De Novo Dissecting the Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology of 2379 Han Chinese Individuals.","authors":"Hui Qiao, Jingze Tan, Shaoqing Wen, Menghan Zhang, Shuhua Xu, Li Jin","doi":"10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenotypic diversity, especially that of facial morphology, has not been fully investigated in the Han Chinese, which is the largest ethnic group in the world. In this study, we systematically analyzed a total of 14,838 facial traits representing 15 categories with both a large-scale three-dimensional (3D) manual landmarking database and computer-aided facial segmented phenotyping in 2379 Han Chinese individuals. Our results illustrate that homogeneous and heterogeneous facial morphological traits exist among Han Chinese populations across the three geographical regions: Zhengzhou, Taizhou, and Nanning. We identified 1560 shared features from extracted phenotypes, which characterized well the basic facial morphology of the Han Chinese. In particular, heterogeneous phenotypes showing population structures corresponded to geographical subpopulations. The greatest facial variation among these geographical populations was the angle of glabella, left subalare, and right cheilion (<i>p</i> = 3.4 × 10<sup>-161</sup>). Interestingly, we found that Han Chinese populations could be classified into northern Han, central Han, and southern Han at the phenotypic level, and the facial morphological variation pattern of central Han Chinese was between the typical differentiation of northern and southern Han Chinese. This result was highly consistent with the results revealed by the genetic data. These findings provide new insights into the analysis of multidimensional phenotypes as well as a valuable resource for further facial phenotype-genotype association studies in Han Chinese and East Asian populations.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00109-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":48055,"journal":{"name":"Economic Development and Cultural Change","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11003940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82126093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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