This article examines UK immigrant-native wage differentials for men across major first- and second-generation immigrant groups with the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) pooling cross-sections over the years 2009–19. I find that first-generation immigrants with UK human capital experience less of a wage disadvantage than their immigrant counterparts with foreign language proficiency, qualifications, and work experience. Conditional on the heterogeneity in these productivity characteristics of first-generation immigrants, I observe no intergenerational economic progress across the two generations relative to UK natives. Using a conditional decomposition shows that UK work experience and not the source country of study for the qualification is a key factor in reducing first-generation, immigrant-native wage differentials in the UK.
{"title":"Wages of UK immigrant men across generations: who catches up?","authors":"Nico Ochmann","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines UK immigrant-native wage differentials for men across major first- and second-generation immigrant groups with the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) pooling cross-sections over the years 2009–19. I find that first-generation immigrants with UK human capital experience less of a wage disadvantage than their immigrant counterparts with foreign language proficiency, qualifications, and work experience. Conditional on the heterogeneity in these productivity characteristics of first-generation immigrants, I observe no intergenerational economic progress across the two generations relative to UK natives. Using a conditional decomposition shows that UK work experience and not the source country of study for the qualification is a key factor in reducing first-generation, immigrant-native wage differentials in the UK.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48292001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore the economic determinants of individual voting behaviour in five UK electoral cycles during 1992–2014. Using the Understanding Society and the British Household Panel Surveys, we investigate the importance of political sentiments and subjective economic evaluations disentangling persistence of party support and unobserved heterogeneity effects. We estimate joint dynamic tripartite models of party support and egocentric perceptions of current and prospective finances, permitting longitudinal simultaneous determination of perceptions of personal finances and political preferences. The results validate the economic voting hypothesis in cycles adjacent to economic downturns: support for the governing political party is positively related to individual perceptions of own financial well-being. Failing to account for simultaneity and not accounting for dynamics and initial political party support inflate the impact of personal financial evaluations.
{"title":"Identifying the economic determinants of individual voting behaviour in UK general elections","authors":"G. Chrysanthou, M. Guilló","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We explore the economic determinants of individual voting behaviour in five UK electoral cycles during 1992–2014. Using the Understanding Society and the British Household Panel Surveys, we investigate the importance of political sentiments and subjective economic evaluations disentangling persistence of party support and unobserved heterogeneity effects. We estimate joint dynamic tripartite models of party support and egocentric perceptions of current and prospective finances, permitting longitudinal simultaneous determination of perceptions of personal finances and political preferences. The results validate the economic voting hypothesis in cycles adjacent to economic downturns: support for the governing political party is positively related to individual perceptions of own financial well-being. Failing to account for simultaneity and not accounting for dynamics and initial political party support inflate the impact of personal financial evaluations.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48140343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Understanding the mechanisms that guide non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) managerial decisions is a key to effective development policies. One fundamentally strategic decision is the number of activities an NGO offers. We provide a conceptual framework based on the agency theory to study the motivations underlying strategic decisions of development NGOs in Uganda. We test whether diversifying into many activities is driven by operational reasons or by personal gains of NGO managers. Following a historic flood in 2007, NGOs that rely more on contractual income offer fewer activities than their counterparts in less affected areas. The results support theoretical explanations that operational motives such as risk-reduction or cost complementarity dominate personal and for-profit-like motives. Our article contributes to the debates around the ethical and governmental foundation of the non-profit sector, highlighting the different roles of personal and operational aspects in the decision-making process.
{"title":"Non-governmental organizations’ motivation to diversify: self-interest or operation-related? Evidence from Uganda","authors":"Canh Thien Dang, Trudy Owens","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Understanding the mechanisms that guide non-governmental organizations’ (NGOs) managerial decisions is a key to effective development policies. One fundamentally strategic decision is the number of activities an NGO offers. We provide a conceptual framework based on the agency theory to study the motivations underlying strategic decisions of development NGOs in Uganda. We test whether diversifying into many activities is driven by operational reasons or by personal gains of NGO managers. Following a historic flood in 2007, NGOs that rely more on contractual income offer fewer activities than their counterparts in less affected areas. The results support theoretical explanations that operational motives such as risk-reduction or cost complementarity dominate personal and for-profit-like motives. Our article contributes to the debates around the ethical and governmental foundation of the non-profit sector, highlighting the different roles of personal and operational aspects in the decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135306664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article evaluates the interactions between housing, the credit market, and the ECB’s asset purchase program (APP) from 2015 until 2020 and then in the course of the ECB’s pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) in 2020. The model is calibrated for the euro area. The findings illustrate the way in which macrohousing channels affect bank portfolio rebalancing which is the main channel for asset purchases to influence the economy. The results show that asset purchasing performs better during a crisis, particularly if it is conducted for an appropriate extent of time. The findings suggest that the PEPP alone is not sufficient to accelerate recovery. As a result, further actions such as timely targeted fiscal policies are required to step up recovery. However, to protect the financial sector, the PEPP should be extended until the Covid-19 crisis phase is over.
{"title":"Housing, the credit market, and unconventional monetary policies: from the sovereign crisis to the great lockdown","authors":"Hamed Ghiaie","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article evaluates the interactions between housing, the credit market, and the ECB’s asset purchase program (APP) from 2015 until 2020 and then in the course of the ECB’s pandemic emergency purchase program (PEPP) in 2020. The model is calibrated for the euro area. The findings illustrate the way in which macrohousing channels affect bank portfolio rebalancing which is the main channel for asset purchases to influence the economy. The results show that asset purchasing performs better during a crisis, particularly if it is conducted for an appropriate extent of time. The findings suggest that the PEPP alone is not sufficient to accelerate recovery. As a result, further actions such as timely targeted fiscal policies are required to step up recovery. However, to protect the financial sector, the PEPP should be extended until the Covid-19 crisis phase is over.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135306665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The USA has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and a wide spatial variation can be seen in its spread and mortality. This raises the question of why some regions are more resilient to the pandemic than others? We hypothesize that the individualism–collectivism cleavage explains the disparity in COVID-19 cases observed across sub-national units in the USA. Cultural disparity among different groups of people leads to differences in how they perceive health crises and thereby shapes the way they respond to pandemics. A heightened sense of obligation and responsibility increases in-group sociability and interdependence and raises the perceived vulnerability towards disease transmission among collectivistic individuals, and this leads to greater adherence to containment measures and social distancing rules. Our results provide evidence that more individualistic states tend to have more COVID-19 cases across the USA.
{"title":"COVID-19 and culture","authors":"A. Mohanty, James B. Ang","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The USA has been particularly hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and a wide spatial variation can be seen in its spread and mortality. This raises the question of why some regions are more resilient to the pandemic than others? We hypothesize that the individualism–collectivism cleavage explains the disparity in COVID-19 cases observed across sub-national units in the USA. Cultural disparity among different groups of people leads to differences in how they perceive health crises and thereby shapes the way they respond to pandemics. A heightened sense of obligation and responsibility increases in-group sociability and interdependence and raises the perceived vulnerability towards disease transmission among collectivistic individuals, and this leads to greater adherence to containment measures and social distancing rules. Our results provide evidence that more individualistic states tend to have more COVID-19 cases across the USA.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46902004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous research finds a positive association between electoral fraud and post-election protests, violence, and civil conflict. This article contends that the effect of electoral fraud on peace can be heterogeneous. I investigate elections after civil wars that stalemated. My contribution is to present a theory and suggestive evidence that, in this context, electoral fraud by unpopular incumbents can be peace-promoting. An important policy implication is that international efforts to prevent electoral fraud (e.g. electoral observers), in this specific setting, may increase the odds that a civil war continues.
{"title":"Ending civil wars through fraudulent elections","authors":"Michael Christian Lehmann","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpad002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous research finds a positive association between electoral fraud and post-election protests, violence, and civil conflict. This article contends that the effect of electoral fraud on peace can be heterogeneous. I investigate elections after civil wars that stalemated. My contribution is to present a theory and suggestive evidence that, in this context, electoral fraud by unpopular incumbents can be peace-promoting. An important policy implication is that international efforts to prevent electoral fraud (e.g. electoral observers), in this specific setting, may increase the odds that a civil war continues.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136082819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore the relationship between household welfare and informality, measuring household informality as the share of members’ activities (hours worked or income) without social insurance. We discretize these measures into four bins or portfolios and assess their influence on consumption, as a measure of welfare. Cross-sectional regressions for five urban Sub-Saharan African countries reveal a non-linear relationship between the depth of informality and household welfare. A mixed formality household portfolio has at least the same welfare as a fully formal one. Using panel data for Nigeria, we assess household switches in informality portfolios, accounting for the selection on unobservables, and find it explains most welfare differences. Switching informality portfolios does not change welfare trajectories, with the notable exception of welfare gains for fully informal households becoming fully formal. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that policies incentivizing the formalization of the marginal worker may not result in perceivable welfare effects.
{"title":"Does the depth of informality influence welfare in urban Sub-Saharan Africa?","authors":"Eva-Maria Egger, Cecilia Poggi, H. Rufrancos","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We explore the relationship between household welfare and informality, measuring household informality as the share of members’ activities (hours worked or income) without social insurance. We discretize these measures into four bins or portfolios and assess their influence on consumption, as a measure of welfare. Cross-sectional regressions for five urban Sub-Saharan African countries reveal a non-linear relationship between the depth of informality and household welfare. A mixed formality household portfolio has at least the same welfare as a fully formal one. Using panel data for Nigeria, we assess household switches in informality portfolios, accounting for the selection on unobservables, and find it explains most welfare differences. Switching informality portfolios does not change welfare trajectories, with the notable exception of welfare gains for fully informal households becoming fully formal. From a policy perspective, our results suggest that policies incentivizing the formalization of the marginal worker may not result in perceivable welfare effects.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48336804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We study an infinitely repeated oligopoly game in which firms compete on quantity and one of them is capacity-constrained. We show that collusion sustainability is non-monotonic in the size of the capacity-constrained firm, which has little incentive to deviate from a cartel. We also present conditions for the emergence of a partial cartel, with the capacity-constrained firm being excluded by the large firms or self-excluded. In the latter case, we show under which circumstances the small firm induces a partial conspiracy that is Pareto-dominant. Implications for cartel identification and enforcement are finally discussed.
{"title":"Collusion sustainability with a capacity-constrained firm","authors":"Leonardo Madio, Aldo Pignataro","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We study an infinitely repeated oligopoly game in which firms compete on quantity and one of them is capacity-constrained. We show that collusion sustainability is non-monotonic in the size of the capacity-constrained firm, which has little incentive to deviate from a cartel. We also present conditions for the emergence of a partial cartel, with the capacity-constrained firm being excluded by the large firms or self-excluded. In the latter case, we show under which circumstances the small firm induces a partial conspiracy that is Pareto-dominant. Implications for cartel identification and enforcement are finally discussed.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135703677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homeownership status has a broad range of positive outcomes that accrue to both individuals and society. Although the determinants of homeownership have been studied in the past, there was little attention to the effect of family size. Using a twin birth as an exogenous change in the number of children, we examine the effect of increasing family size on the likelihood of owning a house. We found that having an additional child after the first birth increases the likelihood of homeownership approximately by 4.3%, but the impact faded out in subsequent births. In addition, family size is more likely to increase homeownership for less educated households and those who had first births at older ages.
{"title":"Do children increase the likelihood of homeownership? Evidence from a sample with twins","authors":"Seolah Kim, Hanbyul Ryu","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Homeownership status has a broad range of positive outcomes that accrue to both individuals and society. Although the determinants of homeownership have been studied in the past, there was little attention to the effect of family size. Using a twin birth as an exogenous change in the number of children, we examine the effect of increasing family size on the likelihood of owning a house. We found that having an additional child after the first birth increases the likelihood of homeownership approximately by 4.3%, but the impact faded out in subsequent births. In addition, family size is more likely to increase homeownership for less educated households and those who had first births at older ages.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45713030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine bargaining legislation effects on the union and management reconciliation decisions following announcement of a strike using a bivariate duration model. The durations associated with the two groups are latent, and we argue that under weak assumptions the key parameters are identified. Simulation studies show that the latent parameters are reliably estimable in finite samples. We use a large Canadian dataset to estimate effects of several policies on the strike continuation probabilities of workers and management. Our results suggest that several of these policies affect workers’ decision to continue stoppage or not. On the other hand, management reconciliation decision is largely unaffected by most of these policies. Our study also reveals interesting behavioural differences among management and workers depending on jurisdiction, sector, and firm characteristics.
{"title":"Effects of bargaining legislation on worker and management reconciliation decisions—a bivariate duration analysis","authors":"Sadat Reza, Paul Rilstone","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We examine bargaining legislation effects on the union and management reconciliation decisions following announcement of a strike using a bivariate duration model. The durations associated with the two groups are latent, and we argue that under weak assumptions the key parameters are identified. Simulation studies show that the latent parameters are reliably estimable in finite samples. We use a large Canadian dataset to estimate effects of several policies on the strike continuation probabilities of workers and management. Our results suggest that several of these policies affect workers’ decision to continue stoppage or not. On the other hand, management reconciliation decision is largely unaffected by most of these policies. Our study also reveals interesting behavioural differences among management and workers depending on jurisdiction, sector, and firm characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43392862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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