We put forward differences in the form of national identity across natives as a key mechanism explaining the sharp public divide on immigration issues. We show that inflows of migrants into local areas can be harmful for the self-reported well-being of natives, but this is only true for natives who self-identify with an ethnic form of national identity. On the other hand, we provide some evidence to suggest that immigration may be utility enhancing for natives with a civic form of national identity. We also show how differences in national identity significantly predict voting preferences in the UK referendum on European Union membership where concern with immigration issues were a salient factor. Drawing on identity economics, our proposed explanation is that for natives with an ethnic form of national identity, any positive economic benefits associated with immigration may not be enough to outweigh losses in identity-based utility.
{"title":"Identity, immigration, and subjective well-being: why are natives so sharply divided on immigration issues?","authors":"P. Howley, M. Waqas","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We put forward differences in the form of national identity across natives as a key mechanism explaining the sharp public divide on immigration issues. We show that inflows of migrants into local areas can be harmful for the self-reported well-being of natives, but this is only true for natives who self-identify with an ethnic form of national identity. On the other hand, we provide some evidence to suggest that immigration may be utility enhancing for natives with a civic form of national identity. We also show how differences in national identity significantly predict voting preferences in the UK referendum on European Union membership where concern with immigration issues were a salient factor. Drawing on identity economics, our proposed explanation is that for natives with an ethnic form of national identity, any positive economic benefits associated with immigration may not be enough to outweigh losses in identity-based utility.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46348291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We exploit police and crime data from California over 26 years to construct a dynamic panel, which is then estimated using Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond techniques to address concerns about simultaneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and inertial effects in the policing-crime relationship. We find no evidence that increases in police staffing lead to meaningful reductions in crime through either deterrence or incapacitation. Estimates are not wholly supportive of a compelling relationship between prior criminal offending and current police staffing; providing suggestive evidence that, at least within our sample, simultaneity bias may be more modest in nature than has been previously supposed in prior studies.
{"title":"Policing and crime: dynamic panel evidence from California","authors":"N. Lovett, David M. Welsch, Yuhan Xue","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We exploit police and crime data from California over 26 years to construct a dynamic panel, which is then estimated using Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond techniques to address concerns about simultaneity, unobserved heterogeneity, and inertial effects in the policing-crime relationship. We find no evidence that increases in police staffing lead to meaningful reductions in crime through either deterrence or incapacitation. Estimates are not wholly supportive of a compelling relationship between prior criminal offending and current police staffing; providing suggestive evidence that, at least within our sample, simultaneity bias may be more modest in nature than has been previously supposed in prior studies.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45774932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the role of long-term relatedness between countries, captured by an index of genetic distance, in driving worldwide differences in income inequality. The main hypothesis is that genetic distance gives rise to barriers to the international diffusion of redistributive policies and measures, and institutions, leading to greater income disparities. Using cross-country data, I consistently find that countries that are genetically distant to Denmark—the world frontier of egalitarian income distribution—tend to suffer from higher inequality, ceteris paribus. I also demonstrate that genetic distance is associated with greater bilateral differences in income inequality between countries. Employing data from the European Social Survey, I document that second-generation Europeans descending from countries with greater genetic distance to Denmark are less likely to exhibit positive attitudes towards equality. Further evidence suggests that effective fiscal redistribution is a key mechanism through which genetic distance to Denmark transmits to greater income inequality.
{"title":"Long-term relatedness and income distribution: understanding the deep roots of inequality","authors":"Trung V. Vu","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the role of long-term relatedness between countries, captured by an index of genetic distance, in driving worldwide differences in income inequality. The main hypothesis is that genetic distance gives rise to barriers to the international diffusion of redistributive policies and measures, and institutions, leading to greater income disparities. Using cross-country data, I consistently find that countries that are genetically distant to Denmark—the world frontier of egalitarian income distribution—tend to suffer from higher inequality, ceteris paribus. I also demonstrate that genetic distance is associated with greater bilateral differences in income inequality between countries. Employing data from the European Social Survey, I document that second-generation Europeans descending from countries with greater genetic distance to Denmark are less likely to exhibit positive attitudes towards equality. Further evidence suggests that effective fiscal redistribution is a key mechanism through which genetic distance to Denmark transmits to greater income inequality.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46778757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The income share of the top 1% of earners in the USA increased to 20% in 2014. The increase in income inequalities is contemporaneous with the rising market concentration across industries. This article shows that both developments are linked: top executives in more concentrated markets receive more pay than those in less concentrated markets. Superstars—the best-paid and most experienced chief executive officers—are paid significantly more than other executives in concentrated markets. Investors also receive higher returns in more concentrated markets, while the average worker’s wage does not increase. The link between market concentration and top executive pay is higher in information-technology and R&D-intensive industries. While larger firms pay their executives more, they pay relatively less (more) than smaller firms if their market is more (less) concentrated. We do not find effects of the governance quality and trends in firm stock market valuation on the executive pay premium from concentration.
{"title":"Do US top executives benefit from market concentration?","authors":"Maria Bas, Caroline Paunov","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac034","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The income share of the top 1% of earners in the USA increased to 20% in 2014. The increase in income inequalities is contemporaneous with the rising market concentration across industries. This article shows that both developments are linked: top executives in more concentrated markets receive more pay than those in less concentrated markets. Superstars—the best-paid and most experienced chief executive officers—are paid significantly more than other executives in concentrated markets. Investors also receive higher returns in more concentrated markets, while the average worker’s wage does not increase. The link between market concentration and top executive pay is higher in information-technology and R&D-intensive industries. While larger firms pay their executives more, they pay relatively less (more) than smaller firms if their market is more (less) concentrated. We do not find effects of the governance quality and trends in firm stock market valuation on the executive pay premium from concentration.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42288273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic insecurity has attracted growing attention, but there is no consensus as to its definition. We characterize a class of individual economic-insecurity measures based on the time profile of economic resources. We apply this economic-insecurity measure to political-preference data in the USA, UK, and Germany. Conditional on current economic resources, economic insecurity is associated with both greater political participation (support for a party or the intention to vote) and more support for conservative parties. In particular, economic insecurity predicts greater support for both Donald Trump before the 2016 US Presidential election and the UK leaving the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum.
{"title":"Economic insecurity and political preferences","authors":"W. Bossert, A. Clark, C. D’Ambrosio, A. Lepinteur","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Economic insecurity has attracted growing attention, but there is no consensus as to its definition. We characterize a class of individual economic-insecurity measures based on the time profile of economic resources. We apply this economic-insecurity measure to political-preference data in the USA, UK, and Germany. Conditional on current economic resources, economic insecurity is associated with both greater political participation (support for a party or the intention to vote) and more support for conservative parties. In particular, economic insecurity predicts greater support for both Donald Trump before the 2016 US Presidential election and the UK leaving the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42228854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A growing body of research has contributed to understanding the labour market and political effects of globalization. This article explores an overlooked feature of trade-induced adjustments in the labour market: the institutional aspect. We take advantage of the Italian collectively bargained minimum wage system, which is based on a two-tier structure, whereby the first tier entails setting minimum wages at the national contract level. Using an instrumental variable strategy and exploiting variations in contract-level exposure to trade, we find for the 1995–2003 period that, on average, the surge in imports decreased contractual minimum wages by 1.5%. This impact increases in the share of unskilled workers employed in the contract. This negative institutional effect contrasts with a non-significant effect of trade on total wages, with the latter becoming positive and large only for highly skilled workers.
{"title":"The institutional wage adjustment to import competition: evidence from the Italian collective bargaining system","authors":"A. Matanó, Paolo Naticchioni, F. Vona","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac033","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A growing body of research has contributed to understanding the labour market and political effects of globalization. This article explores an overlooked feature of trade-induced adjustments in the labour market: the institutional aspect. We take advantage of the Italian collectively bargained minimum wage system, which is based on a two-tier structure, whereby the first tier entails setting minimum wages at the national contract level. Using an instrumental variable strategy and exploiting variations in contract-level exposure to trade, we find for the 1995–2003 period that, on average, the surge in imports decreased contractual minimum wages by 1.5%. This impact increases in the share of unskilled workers employed in the contract. This negative institutional effect contrasts with a non-significant effect of trade on total wages, with the latter becoming positive and large only for highly skilled workers.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49359635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article studies the impact of the Great Recession on the relationship between reallocation and productivity dynamics in Lithuania. Using detailed micro-level data, we first document the aggregate contribution of firm dynamics and employment reallocation to productivity growth. Next, we estimate firm-level regressions to confirm the findings and to perform a heterogeneity analysis. The analysis shows that productivity shielded firms from exit, and that this relationship became stronger during the Great Recession. Moreover, we demonstrate that more productive firms experienced on average lower employment losses, especially during the economic slump. Taken together, our results suggest that reallocation was productivity-enhancing during the Great Recession. However, the analysis also indicates that the intensity varied with the sector’s dependence on external financing or international trade as well as market concentration.
{"title":"Productivity-enhancing reallocation during the Great Recession: evidence from Lithuania","authors":"Jose Garcia-Louzao, Linas Tarasonis","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac032","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies the impact of the Great Recession on the relationship between reallocation and productivity dynamics in Lithuania. Using detailed micro-level data, we first document the aggregate contribution of firm dynamics and employment reallocation to productivity growth. Next, we estimate firm-level regressions to confirm the findings and to perform a heterogeneity analysis. The analysis shows that productivity shielded firms from exit, and that this relationship became stronger during the Great Recession. Moreover, we demonstrate that more productive firms experienced on average lower employment losses, especially during the economic slump. Taken together, our results suggest that reallocation was productivity-enhancing during the Great Recession. However, the analysis also indicates that the intensity varied with the sector’s dependence on external financing or international trade as well as market concentration.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43080678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theologos Dergiades, C. Milas, Elias Mossialos, Theodore Panagiotidis
Current literature assumes that non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) reduce COVID-19 infections uniformly, that is, irrespectively of their strength. The role of economic support measures (ESM) in controlling the virus is also overlooked. Using a panel threshold model of COVID-19 cases in the US states, we identify three distinct regimes of ‘low’, ‘medium’, and ‘high’ severity interventions; the latter being more effective towards reducing infections growth. ESM increase the efficacy of NPIs through a behavioural channel that lowers the workplace hours supplied by individuals. Nonetheless, when containment policies are not very stringent (‘low’ regime) or are too draconian (‘high’ regime), ESM are less effective towards suppressing the pandemic. Finally, we find that the largest impact towards reducing the growth of infections comes jointly from school closures, workplace closures, cancelation of public events, and restrictions on internal movement, followed by the stay-at-home requirements, and the closure of public transport.
{"title":"COVID-19 anti-contagion policies and economic support measures in the USA","authors":"Theologos Dergiades, C. Milas, Elias Mossialos, Theodore Panagiotidis","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac031","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Current literature assumes that non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) reduce COVID-19 infections uniformly, that is, irrespectively of their strength. The role of economic support measures (ESM) in controlling the virus is also overlooked. Using a panel threshold model of COVID-19 cases in the US states, we identify three distinct regimes of ‘low’, ‘medium’, and ‘high’ severity interventions; the latter being more effective towards reducing infections growth. ESM increase the efficacy of NPIs through a behavioural channel that lowers the workplace hours supplied by individuals. Nonetheless, when containment policies are not very stringent (‘low’ regime) or are too draconian (‘high’ regime), ESM are less effective towards suppressing the pandemic. Finally, we find that the largest impact towards reducing the growth of infections comes jointly from school closures, workplace closures, cancelation of public events, and restrictions on internal movement, followed by the stay-at-home requirements, and the closure of public transport.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44253221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article studies the dynamics of income inequality among a panel of rural households in Thailand. In contrast to the many cross-section studies of income inequality, the article exploits a long panel data set to examine lifetime trajectories of household inequality. It finds that income inequality is decreasing over time within cohorts delineated by decennial birth dates of heads of household. This decline in inequality primarily arises from differences in receipt of remittances from adult children of the head of household who live outside the village of origin. On average, poorer households receive remittances from a larger number of children, the annual amount remitted per child is a greater proportion of household income than in richer households, and the importance of remittances in household incomes grows as the head of household ages.
{"title":"Household inequality and remittances in rural Thailand: a life-cycle perspective","authors":"R. Disney, A. McKay, C. Shabab","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies the dynamics of income inequality among a panel of rural households in Thailand. In contrast to the many cross-section studies of income inequality, the article exploits a long panel data set to examine lifetime trajectories of household inequality. It finds that income inequality is decreasing over time within cohorts delineated by decennial birth dates of heads of household. This decline in inequality primarily arises from differences in receipt of remittances from adult children of the head of household who live outside the village of origin. On average, poorer households receive remittances from a larger number of children, the annual amount remitted per child is a greater proportion of household income than in richer households, and the importance of remittances in household incomes grows as the head of household ages.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41940170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In annual surveys, the interview dates are scattered over several months. When a policy takes place during the survey period, quasi-randomized data may be obtained, if individuals interviewed before and after the policy timing are similar. The policy effect can be found with a before–after difference, which is ‘Quasi-Randomization by Survey date (QRS)’. QRS may be viewed as an regression discontinuity (RD) with time as the running variable. When seasonality is present, the RD-style estimator fails, but we develop a difference-in-differences style estimator, which relies on a weaker assumption analogous to parallel trends that controls for sesonality. We provide an empirical example using Korea Labor and Income Panel Study data for a weekly work-hour reduction law in 2004 from 44 to 40 h. We find that the law effect is about 2 h reduction, not 4 h as the law stipulates.
{"title":"Quasi-randomization by survey date for policy analysis","authors":"Kimin Kim, Myoung‐jae Lee","doi":"10.1093/oep/gpac026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpac026","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In annual surveys, the interview dates are scattered over several months. When a policy takes place during the survey period, quasi-randomized data may be obtained, if individuals interviewed before and after the policy timing are similar. The policy effect can be found with a before–after difference, which is ‘Quasi-Randomization by Survey date (QRS)’. QRS may be viewed as an regression discontinuity (RD) with time as the running variable. When seasonality is present, the RD-style estimator fails, but we develop a difference-in-differences style estimator, which relies on a weaker assumption analogous to parallel trends that controls for sesonality. We provide an empirical example using Korea Labor and Income Panel Study data for a weekly work-hour reduction law in 2004 from 44 to 40 h. We find that the law effect is about 2 h reduction, not 4 h as the law stipulates.","PeriodicalId":48092,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Economic Papers-New Series","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42283954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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