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Multilateral sanctions revisited: lessons learned from Margaret Doxey 重温多边制裁:从玛格丽特-多克西汲取的教训
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad306
Rory Faulkner
Multilateral Sanctions Revisited: Lessons Learned from Margaret Doxey brings together a collective of 20 women authors to pay tribute to a pioneering female scholar of sanctions. The particularity of this work lies both in its exclusively female authorship and in the framework that the authors have derived from the lifelong conceptual research work of Margaret P. Doxey. Applied throughout the book, this framework decodes state behaviour as well as the current evolution of the practice of economic sanctions. The authors provide students of sanctions with a reminder of the definition and evolution of the key concept of multilateral sanctions, which help the reader to navigate through 281 well-researched pages of text. The first part of the book presents a precise analysis of the behaviour of each permanent member state of the United Nations Security Council in relation to using economic sanctions multilaterally, regionally and unilaterally. With a meticulous sense of detail, the authors expose the ins and outs of the political culture of each state, helping readers to understand the cautious or mixed use of sanctions by some states versus its extensive use by others. This case-by-case study of the propensity or reticence to use sanctions is a key contribution to the state of the art, since it is largely missing in the existing literature on economic sanctions. While the first part of the book focuses on the historical behaviour of the states, the second part of the book analyzes the rapid contemporary changes experienced in the practice of economic sanctions. At present, sanctions may be global, or highly targeted, or applied to specific fields such as cybersecurity and cryptocurrencies. Doxey’s research once again offers a framework for reading and deciphering topical phenomena such as cyber sanctions or the evasion of economic sanctions through digital technology. One of the key strengths of this book consists in drawing from the lessons of the past in order to decode the present and discuss prospects for the future. The authors extend Professor Doxey’s work by applying her analysis of economic sanctions to recently emerging themes. Navigating between tradition and innovation, the book provides a firm foundation for the state of the art and offers a thorough overview of multilateral sanctions from the point of view of the regimes that issue them (such as Russia), as well as an analysis of their nature and their field of application. In addition, it discusses the circumvention techniques that economic actors develop to avoid the effects of sanctions. The book contributes to our understanding—for academics, for students and for practitioners—of the complexities of both the political and economic stakes of sanctions. One limitation is that the authors do not fully construct the necessary bridge between the theoretical analysis and economic actors that would allow them to draw lessons from the research presented in this volume. If the economic sancti
重新审视多边制裁:从玛格丽特-多克西汲取的教训》汇集了 20 位女性作者,向一位研究制裁问题的女性先驱致敬。这部著作的特别之处在于其作者全部为女性,而且作者们从玛格丽特-多克西(Margaret P. Doxey)毕生的概念研究工作中得出了一个框架。多克西。该框架贯穿全书,解读了国家行为以及当前经济制裁实践的演变。作者为研究制裁的学生提供了多边制裁这一关键概念的定义和演变的提示,有助于读者浏览 281 页经过精心研究的文本。本书第一部分精确分析了联合国安理会各常任理事国在多边、地区和单边使用经济制裁方面的行为。作者以细致入微的笔触,揭示了每个国家政治文化的来龙去脉,帮助读者理解一些国家谨慎或混合使用制裁,而另一些国家则广泛使用制裁。这种对使用制裁的倾向性或缄默性的个案研究是对最新技术的重要贡献,因为在现有的有关经济制裁的文献中,这种研究基本上是缺失的。本书的第一部分侧重于国家的历史行为,而第二部分则分析了经济制裁实践在当代所经历的快速变化。目前,制裁可能是全球性的,或具有高度针对性,或适用于特定领域,如网络安全和加密货币。多克西的研究再次为解读和破解网络制裁或通过数字技术规避经济制裁等热点现象提供了一个框架。本书的主要优势之一在于汲取过去的经验教训,以解读现在并讨论未来的前景。作者将多克西教授对经济制裁的分析应用于最近新出现的主题,从而扩展了多克西教授的工作。本书在传统与创新之间游刃有余,为最新技术奠定了坚实的基础,并从发布多边制裁的制度(如俄罗斯)的角度对多边制裁进行了全面概述,还分析了制裁的性质及其应用领域。此外,该书还讨论了经济行为体为规避制裁影响而开发的规避技术。本书有助于我们了解制裁的政治和经济利害关系的复杂性--无论是对学术界、学生还是实践者而言。本书的一个局限是,作者没有在理论分析和经济行为者之间架起一座必要的桥梁,使他们能从本卷的研究中吸取经验教训。如果说经济制裁主要影响的是目标国家,那么它们也会影响私营部门行为者和公司的经济世界。如果在理论和应用实践之间架起一座更坚固的桥梁,就可以根据不断演变的制裁实践,为经济行为者提供有关当前趋势和风险的指南。
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引用次数: 1
Bringing visibility to Latin American autonomists: a comparison between Jaguaribe and Puig 提高拉丁美洲自治主义者的知名度:对 Jaguaribe 和 Puig 的比较
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad293
María Elena Lorenzini
Jaguaribe and Puig are two prominent International Relations theorists from the global South. Their works have become classics in Latin American studies and demonstrate a couple of different, dissident and dissonant voices from the so-called mainstream. Their contributions are the rationale behind autonomist foreign policies in Latin America, such as those that scholars envisioned during the progressive wave of left-wing governments; thus, they are essential to understanding the dynamics and debates that have taken place in the region for at least three decades. This research is guided by the questions of what are the primary theoretical categories and common characteristics of the selected concepts. By answering those, this article sheds light on the theoretical contributions of both avant-garde and pioneering authors, while also highlighting the marginalized and little-known voices in the field of study. I undertake a comparative study of the main conceptual categories that organize these autonomist proposals. The main conclusions are that autonomy is a process achieved through incremental steps; the rational behaviour of actors would be to increase their room for manoeuvre, based on internal and regional consensus to provide a sustainable framework. The article concludes by looking at examples of and clues for identifying autonomist foreign policies.
Jaguaribe 和 Puig 是来自全球南方的两位著名国际关系理论家。他们的著作已成为拉丁美洲研究的经典,展示了与所谓主流不同的、持不同政见的、不和谐的声音。他们的贡献是拉美自治主义外交政策背后的理论依据,例如学者们在左翼政府的进步浪潮中所设想的外交政策;因此,他们的贡献对于理解该地区至少三十年来的动态和辩论至关重要。本研究以下列问题为指导:所选概念的主要理论范畴和共同特征是什么。通过回答这些问题,本文揭示了前卫和先锋作者的理论贡献,同时也强调了研究领域中被边缘化和鲜为人知的声音。我对组织这些自治主义提议的主要概念范畴进行了比较研究。主要结论是,自治是一个通过渐进步骤实现的过程;行动者的理性行为是在内部和地区共识的基础上增加其回旋余地,以提供一个可持续的框架。文章最后介绍了自主外交政策的实例和识别自主外交政策的线索。
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引用次数: 0
Small states and the dilemma of geopolitics: role change in Finland and Sweden 小国与地缘政治的困境:芬兰和瑞典的角色转变
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad244
Anna Michalski, Douglas Brommesson, Ann-Marie Ekengren
This article focuses on foreign policy role change in small liberal states caused by a weakening rules-based order illustrated by the decisions of Finland and Sweden to apply for membership of NATO, thereby abandoning longstanding policies of military non-alignment. Although both countries sought alignment with NATO in the context of intense security threats in northern Europe, the domestic processes of foreign policy role change proceeded along different trajectories. In Finland, the domestic process of role change was characterized by strong elite and public consensus on membership of NATO, whereas in Sweden there was more hesitation regarding giving up military non-alignment and losing freedom of action. In this article, we address a gap in the literature on role theory and domestic role change by conceptualizing the dilemma of small liberal states being compelled to reassess national role conceptions in their domestic settings in the face of external challenges outside their control, without jeopardizing national autonomy and deep-seated social identities. To this end, we construct a model for national action strategies based on scope conditions of domestic role change, varying according to the level of congruence in national identity and the degree of domestic elite consensus concerning national foreign policy.
这篇文章重点探讨了自由主义小国因基于规则的秩序不断弱化而导致的外交政策角色转变,芬兰和瑞典决定申请加入北约,从而放弃了长期奉行的军事不结盟政策。虽然这两个国家都在北欧面临严重安全威胁的背景下寻求与北约结盟,但其外交政策角色转变的国内进程却沿着不同的轨迹发展。在芬兰,国内角色转变过程的特点是精英和公众对加入北约达成了强烈的共识,而在瑞典,人们对放弃军事不结盟和失去行动自由犹豫不决。在这篇文章中,我们针对角色理论和国内角色转变文献中的一个空白,将自由主义小国在面对无法控制的外部挑战时被迫在国内环境中重新评估国家角色概念的困境概念化,同时又不损害国家自主权和根深蒂固的社会认同。为此,我们构建了一个基于国内角色转变范围条件的国家行动战略模型,该模型根据国家认同的一致程度和国内精英对国家外交政策的共识程度而有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations 缺失的声音:国际关系中的拉丁美洲视角
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad320
Ricardo Villanueva, Jessica De Alba-Ulloa, Pedro González Olvera, María Elena Lorenzini
Academics working in International Relations (IR) often portray the discipline as predominantly American. The traditional orthodox narrative of the discipline, told through the ‘Great Debates’, reinforces this, as it depicts the main scholars in the history of the discipline as primarily originating from either the United States or the United Kingdom. In fact, the most popular books covering key thinkers in the discipline feature virtually no Latin American theorists. The marginalization of voices from the global South, including women, and of non-traditional perspectives has created a knowledge gap within the discipline. To address this, this special section of International Affairs, ‘Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations’, delves into the rich tapestry of international thought on world affairs, encompassing the works of several intellectuals from Latin America. We are convinced that highlighting these perspectives is vital to dispelling myths and positioning IR in the path of a truly global discipline.
从事国际关系(IR)研究的学者通常将该学科描绘成以美国人为主的学科。通过 "大辩论 "讲述的关于该学科的传统正统叙事强化了这一点,因为它将该学科历史上的主要学者描述为主要来自美国或英国。事实上,在介绍该学科主要思想家的最受欢迎的书籍中,几乎没有拉丁美洲理论家的作品。包括女性在内的来自全球南方的声音以及非传统观点被边缘化,造成了该学科的知识空白。为解决这一问题,《国际事务》特别开设了 "缺失的声音:国际关系中的拉美视角 "专栏:国际关系中的拉美视角",深入探讨了有关世界事务的丰富的国际思想,其中包括几位拉美知识分子的作品。我们深信,突出这些观点对于消除迷思和将国际关系定位为一门真正的全球性学科至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention as a norm cluster? Mapping China's contestation on atrocity prevention 预防作为一种规范集群?绘制中国在预防暴行方面的争议图
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad224
Qiaochu Zhang
This article argues that China's rhetorical support for prevention at the United Nations obscures its underlying contestation of atrocity prevention in both conception and practice. It introduces a novel conceptual framework, coined as the two-level norm cluster of prevention, which includes three conceptually aligned yet distinct parts: operational conflict prevention, direct atrocity prevention and root-cause prevention. Drawing on interviews and policy documents, this article finds that China conflates direct atrocity prevention with operational conflict prevention, with a preference for the agenda of conflict prevention, as seen in China's divergent commitments to preventing armed conflicts and peacetime atrocities. This conflation represents a deliberate political choice rather than a result of misunderstanding or lack of knowledge regarding their distinctions. China also endorses a strong linkage between direct atrocity prevention and development-focused root cause prevention. Despite China's growing assertiveness in shaping liberal norms and the favourable perception of its development-focused approaches among elite groups in host states, the Chinese government hesitates to officially promote the scholarly concept of developmental peace and present it as an alternative to the existing liberal principles. This reluctance reflects China's intention to avoid explicit confrontation with liberal norms and its concerns about the potential failure of norm entrepreneurship.
本文认为,中国在联合国对预防工作的口头支持掩盖了其在概念和实践上对预防暴行的潜在争议。文章提出了一个新颖的概念框架,被称为两级预防规范集群,其中包括三个概念一致但又截然不同的部分:冲突行动预防、直接暴行预防和根源预防。本文通过访谈和政策文件发现,中国将直接暴行预防与行动性冲突预防混为一谈,偏重于冲突预防议程,这一点从中国对预防武装冲突与和平时期暴行的不同承诺中可见一斑。这种混淆是一种有意的政治选择,而不是对两者区别的误解或缺乏了解的结果。中国还赞同将直接预防暴行与注重发展的根源预防紧密联系起来。尽管中国在塑造自由主义准则方面越来越自信,而且东道国的精英群体对中国以发展为重点的方法也有好感,但中国政府在正式推广发展和平这一学术概念并将其作为现有自由主义原则的替代方案时却犹豫不决。这种不情愿反映出中国有意避免与自由主义准则的明确对抗,以及对准则创业可能失败的担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Forgotten warriors: a history of women on the front line; The women behind the few: the Women's Auxiliary Air Force and British intelligence during the Second World War 被遗忘的战士:前线妇女的历史;少数人背后的妇女:第二次世界大战期间妇女辅助空军和英国情报机构
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad322
Tara Zammit
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引用次数: 0
Forever competition: the end-game of Sino–US rivalry 永远的竞争:中美竞争的终局
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad294
Dominic Tierney
The United States has declared an era of strategic competition with China but how might this rivalry end—assuming a positive outcome for US interests? US policy-makers have chosen not to pick a favoured end state for strategic competition, hoping to maintain flexibility. However, the decision not to choose a termination point could make the rivalry more difficult to resolve. The ‘negativity bias’ in psychology means that threats tend to loom large, limiting the odds of ending strategic competition. This article applies the negativity bias to potential end-state scenarios—China's accommodation of US interests, China's democratization and China's collapse—and shows that none of these scenarios will likely end strategic competition. A study of the resolution of US great power rivalries over the last two centuries suggests there is a high bar to end strategic competition. Washington should choose a favoured end-game for strategic competition and the best option is sustained Chinese reform or ‘accommodation plus’. The negativity bias may powerfully influence the course and resolution of the Sino-US rivalry, and it can also help to explain many wider behaviours in international relations.
美国已宣布与中国进入战略竞争时代,但假定这种竞争会给美国利益带来积极的结果,那么这种竞争会如何结束呢?美国政策制定者选择不为战略竞争选择一个理想的结束状态,希望保持灵活性。然而,不选择终结点的决定可能会使竞争更加难以解决。心理学中的 "否定性偏差 "意味着威胁往往是巨大的,从而限制了结束战略竞争的几率。本文将否定性偏差应用于潜在的结束状态情景--中国迎合美国利益、中国民主化和中国崩溃--并表明这些情景都不可能结束战略竞争。对过去两个世纪美国大国竞争解决方式的研究表明,结束战略竞争的门槛很高。华盛顿应为战略竞争选择一个有利的终局,而最佳选择是中国的持续改革或 "通融加"。否定性偏见可能会有力地影响中美竞争的走向和解决,也有助于解释国际关系中的许多更广泛的行为。
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引用次数: 0
The Lumumba plot: the secret history of the CIA and a Cold War assassination 卢蒙巴阴谋:中情局与冷战暗杀的秘密历史
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad312
Luca Trenta
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引用次数: 0
The ethics of engaged scholarship in a complex world 复杂世界中的参与式学术伦理
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad292
Deborah Avant, Naazneen H Barma, George F Demartino, Ilene Grabel
Social scientists must grapple with how to pursue knowledge about an uncertain and complex world. This challenge is accentuated when scholars wish to engage responsibly with policy-makers and the public in the interests of social betterment. In this article, we use the scholarly literature on uncertainty and complexity to examine how these issues complicate the practice of engaged scholarship. We ground our analysis in interviews with publicly engaged scholars on the ethical challenges they have faced and how they have navigated uncertainties and complexities in their applied work in peace and security. We identify four broad ethical dilemmas associated with publicly engaged scholarship and propose ways that scholars might begin to navigate these challenges. Our analysis urges greater acceptance of uncertainty and complexity in the social science community and associated epistemic humility in collective scholarship, pedagogy and public engagement.
社会科学家必须努力解决如何追求关于不确定和复杂世界的知识的问题。当学者们希望以负责任的态度与政策制定者和公众合作以促进社会进步时,这一挑战就更加突出了。在本文中,我们利用有关不确定性和复杂性的学术文献来研究这些问题是如何使参与式学术实践复杂化的。我们的分析基于对公众参与学者的访谈,访谈内容涉及他们在和平与安全领域的应用工作中所面临的伦理挑战,以及他们是如何驾驭不确定性和复杂性的。我们确定了与公众参与的学术研究相关的四大伦理困境,并提出了学者们可以开始应对这些挑战的方法。我们的分析敦促社会科学界更多地接受不确定性和复杂性,并在集体学术研究、教学和公众参与中表现出相关的认识论谦逊。
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引用次数: 0
Positive security: collective life in an uncertain world 积极安全:不确定世界中的集体生活
IF 4.5 1区 社会学 Q1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiad313
Maya Nguyen
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引用次数: 0
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