Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1177/01979183231223729
Javier Torres, Francisco B. Galarza Arellano
We study the negative wage premium Venezuelan immigrants face in the Peruvian labor market, the second largest receiving country of Venezuelan migrants. Consistent with an imperfect transfer of skills, we find that the higher the education level, the larger the negative wage premium. Also, as in south-to-north migration processes, foreign work experience has a negligible value in the host country. We find evidence that immigrants with a valid work permit tend to earn more per week than immigrants who do not. Though our analysis focuses on Venezuelans’ short-run assimilation, we find initial evidence that the longer the immigrants stay, the smaller the negative premium to their education.
{"title":"Short-run Labor Market Integration of Venezuelan Immigrants to Peru","authors":"Javier Torres, Francisco B. Galarza Arellano","doi":"10.1177/01979183231223729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231223729","url":null,"abstract":"We study the negative wage premium Venezuelan immigrants face in the Peruvian labor market, the second largest receiving country of Venezuelan migrants. Consistent with an imperfect transfer of skills, we find that the higher the education level, the larger the negative wage premium. Also, as in south-to-north migration processes, foreign work experience has a negligible value in the host country. We find evidence that immigrants with a valid work permit tend to earn more per week than immigrants who do not. Though our analysis focuses on Venezuelans’ short-run assimilation, we find initial evidence that the longer the immigrants stay, the smaller the negative premium to their education.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139441895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1177/01979183231223153
Sarah A. Cramsey
Stories about those uprooted from their homes are almost always stories about families, the youngest children within them and those who cared for them. From the ancient world when grand deportations accompanied military defeats to contemporary displacement unleashed by conflict, persecution, and climate change, forced movement unsettles family homes, creates new routines, and reshapes the constant work which necessarily surrounds family life, from cradles to graves. Lately, I have become particularly fascinated by the continuous, often “invisible” care that offspring and those who raise them demand during both “extraordinary” and “ordinary” times. How do we as human beings sustain, cherish, and honor life through care and how does the invisible work associated with this care change over (all different types of) time? Like all great historical questions, these inquiries repel easy answers. The shock of human deracination, however, has the potention to render the invisible visible and pushes caregiving into a more glaring light. The experience of displacement, uprootedness, and forced movement reveals the invisible work attached to various forms of caregiving explicitly. Motion, or more precisely the legacy and history of motion, helps reveal facets of invisible work in these cases and others that find space in this special issue and found voice at a conference that I convened at Leiden University in September 2022. The contents of this introduction and the articles which follows will demonstrate this repeatedly across geographical, historical, and interdisciplinary contexts.
{"title":"Uprooted Families: Caretaking, Belonging, and Inheritance During and After Displacement","authors":"Sarah A. Cramsey","doi":"10.1177/01979183231223153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231223153","url":null,"abstract":"Stories about those uprooted from their homes are almost always stories about families, the youngest children within them and those who cared for them. From the ancient world when grand deportations accompanied military defeats to contemporary displacement unleashed by conflict, persecution, and climate change, forced movement unsettles family homes, creates new routines, and reshapes the constant work which necessarily surrounds family life, from cradles to graves. Lately, I have become particularly fascinated by the continuous, often “invisible” care that offspring and those who raise them demand during both “extraordinary” and “ordinary” times. How do we as human beings sustain, cherish, and honor life through care and how does the invisible work associated with this care change over (all different types of) time? Like all great historical questions, these inquiries repel easy answers. The shock of human deracination, however, has the potention to render the invisible visible and pushes caregiving into a more glaring light. The experience of displacement, uprootedness, and forced movement reveals the invisible work attached to various forms of caregiving explicitly. Motion, or more precisely the legacy and history of motion, helps reveal facets of invisible work in these cases and others that find space in this special issue and found voice at a conference that I convened at Leiden University in September 2022. The contents of this introduction and the articles which follows will demonstrate this repeatedly across geographical, historical, and interdisciplinary contexts.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139444627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1177/01979183231223106
Kassahun Kebede
{"title":"Book Review: Argonauts of West Africa","authors":"Kassahun Kebede","doi":"10.1177/01979183231223106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231223106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139383928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.1177/01979183231223700
Deisy Del Real
Immigrant legalization scholarship assumes that immigrants with “non-tenuous” legal statuses—with ostensible pathways to citizenship—smoothly transition into enduring legality. However, under-studied features of the legal structure and bureaucracy likely disrupt their legalization. Thus, the present article introduces the concept of “gradations of migrant legality” to examine how multilayered, embedded interactions between the state's immigration regime, the structure of legalization opportunities, and the permeability of application procedural standards impact immigrants’ legalization transitions. The study draws on in-depth interviews to compare Venezuelan migrants’ “non-tenuous” legalization process in Argentina and Chile. Whereas Argentina has an inclusionary immigration regime, legalization opportunity structure, and procedural standards, Chile has an exclusionary one. Despite these contrasting trends, both countries have had some inclusionary and exclusionary executive administrative measures. Findings show smooth transitions were possible in both countries when procedural standards were predictable and state bureaucrats eased obstructive requirements. However, disruptive transitions occurred when digitalization changed procedural standards, visa categories required self-sufficiency, and administrative actions imposed cumbersome requirements. Disruptive transitions were more prevalent and harmful to immigrants in Chile because most visa categories (under the law and administrative actions) required formal employment. In contrast, disruptive transitions were less prevalent and harmful to Venezuelan migrants in Argentina because they could access the Mercosur Residency Agreement, which protected their livelihood by not requiring proof of economic solvency. Broadly, the “gradations of migrant legality” framework shows that different organizational levels interact and have compounding, unequal effects on immigrants, including those with visa categories that provide seemingly straightforward pathways to citizenship.
{"title":"Gradations of Migrant Legality: The Impact of States’ Legal Structures and Bureaucracies on Immigrant Legalization and Livelihoods","authors":"Deisy Del Real","doi":"10.1177/01979183231223700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231223700","url":null,"abstract":"Immigrant legalization scholarship assumes that immigrants with “non-tenuous” legal statuses—with ostensible pathways to citizenship—smoothly transition into enduring legality. However, under-studied features of the legal structure and bureaucracy likely disrupt their legalization. Thus, the present article introduces the concept of “gradations of migrant legality” to examine how multilayered, embedded interactions between the state's immigration regime, the structure of legalization opportunities, and the permeability of application procedural standards impact immigrants’ legalization transitions. The study draws on in-depth interviews to compare Venezuelan migrants’ “non-tenuous” legalization process in Argentina and Chile. Whereas Argentina has an inclusionary immigration regime, legalization opportunity structure, and procedural standards, Chile has an exclusionary one. Despite these contrasting trends, both countries have had some inclusionary and exclusionary executive administrative measures. Findings show smooth transitions were possible in both countries when procedural standards were predictable and state bureaucrats eased obstructive requirements. However, disruptive transitions occurred when digitalization changed procedural standards, visa categories required self-sufficiency, and administrative actions imposed cumbersome requirements. Disruptive transitions were more prevalent and harmful to immigrants in Chile because most visa categories (under the law and administrative actions) required formal employment. In contrast, disruptive transitions were less prevalent and harmful to Venezuelan migrants in Argentina because they could access the Mercosur Residency Agreement, which protected their livelihood by not requiring proof of economic solvency. Broadly, the “gradations of migrant legality” framework shows that different organizational levels interact and have compounding, unequal effects on immigrants, including those with visa categories that provide seemingly straightforward pathways to citizenship.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.1177/01979183231218976
Barış Űlker
This article examines how Islamic funeral services contribute to the production of care in Berlin. Deriving from participant observations, in-depth interviews with migrant undertakers with Turkish backgrounds, and a collection of textual and visual materials, the article focuses on the practices of migrant undertakers. Against the essentialist arguments inherent to the identity politics of the existing scholarship on migrant death in Berlin and in Germany, I analyze this case study through a critical reading of the scholarship on ethnic entrepreneurship. In this context, I illustrate three findings on the production of care, which emerge at the intersection of technologies of the self and domination à la Foucault. In the first dimension, care is given to the deceased, (particularly those with an “immigrant background” from Turkey), their bereaved families and co-migrants, visitors, and employees of various institutions in Berlin. The second dimension of care is produced, as a form of self-examination, through migrant undertakers' recollections and reflections. In the third dimension, care is the result of socio-economic policies, related to the prospect of the emergence and development of ethnic entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Taking Care of Others and the Self through Islamic Funeral Service in Berlin","authors":"Barış Űlker","doi":"10.1177/01979183231218976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231218976","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines how Islamic funeral services contribute to the production of care in Berlin. Deriving from participant observations, in-depth interviews with migrant undertakers with Turkish backgrounds, and a collection of textual and visual materials, the article focuses on the practices of migrant undertakers. Against the essentialist arguments inherent to the identity politics of the existing scholarship on migrant death in Berlin and in Germany, I analyze this case study through a critical reading of the scholarship on ethnic entrepreneurship. In this context, I illustrate three findings on the production of care, which emerge at the intersection of technologies of the self and domination à la Foucault. In the first dimension, care is given to the deceased, (particularly those with an “immigrant background” from Turkey), their bereaved families and co-migrants, visitors, and employees of various institutions in Berlin. The second dimension of care is produced, as a form of self-examination, through migrant undertakers' recollections and reflections. In the third dimension, care is the result of socio-economic policies, related to the prospect of the emergence and development of ethnic entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1177/01979183231218973
Melissa Walls
This article provides an overview of the perpetual influence and impacts of historical trauma within Indigenous families and communities who now live in areas called the United States and Canada. Indigenous Peoples (to include American Indians, Alaska Natives, and First Nations Peoples) continue to experience health inequities which stem in part from violent and systemic geographical dislocations and separations from ancestral and traditional homelands. My contribution to this special issue constitutes a node of comparison and contrast to the other narratives gathered here. Indigenous Peoples in North America persist amid an enduring legacy of settler-colonialism that includes 90% dispossession and loss of lands, and an average forced migration distance of 239 km from homelands to reservations Rarely is this uprootedness told in parallel with other experiences of forced displacement like those which unfolded during the Second World War and the Holocaust, the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s or the contemporary conditions fueled by Russia's war against Ukraine. On one hand, this is an oversight as we have much to learn from each other about the realities of uprooting and, especially, the long-term consequences of it. At the same time, comparisons of experiences with trauma are complex and perhaps inappropriate without attention to the magnitude, underlying motives of, and duration of traumatic events endured. In short, the decades-long research on HT in Indigenous communities offers important lessons about the lingering consequences of uprootedness from place, space, and culture and efforts to support healing that can benefit other displaced communities worldwide.
{"title":"The Perpetual Influence of Historical Trauma: A Broad Look at Indigenous Families and Communities in Areas Now Called the United States and Canada","authors":"Melissa Walls","doi":"10.1177/01979183231218973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231218973","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the perpetual influence and impacts of historical trauma within Indigenous families and communities who now live in areas called the United States and Canada. Indigenous Peoples (to include American Indians, Alaska Natives, and First Nations Peoples) continue to experience health inequities which stem in part from violent and systemic geographical dislocations and separations from ancestral and traditional homelands. My contribution to this special issue constitutes a node of comparison and contrast to the other narratives gathered here. Indigenous Peoples in North America persist amid an enduring legacy of settler-colonialism that includes 90% dispossession and loss of lands, and an average forced migration distance of 239 km from homelands to reservations Rarely is this uprootedness told in parallel with other experiences of forced displacement like those which unfolded during the Second World War and the Holocaust, the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s or the contemporary conditions fueled by Russia's war against Ukraine. On one hand, this is an oversight as we have much to learn from each other about the realities of uprooting and, especially, the long-term consequences of it. At the same time, comparisons of experiences with trauma are complex and perhaps inappropriate without attention to the magnitude, underlying motives of, and duration of traumatic events endured. In short, the decades-long research on HT in Indigenous communities offers important lessons about the lingering consequences of uprootedness from place, space, and culture and efforts to support healing that can benefit other displaced communities worldwide.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139003950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1177/01979183231216087
Alix Debray, Ilse Ruyssen, K. Schewel
There is growing interest from both policy and academic communities in understanding why people do not migrate. This article offers the first global analysis of the aspiration to stay, defined here as the preference to stay in one's country of residence. We make use of the unique Gallup World Polls which provide information on aspirations to stay (as opposed to migrating abroad) as well as on individual characteristics and opinions for 130 countries worldwide between 2010 and 2016. We find staying aspirations are far more common than migration aspirations across the globe and uncover important “retain factors” often overlooked in research on migration drivers — related to social ties, local amenities, trust in community institutions, and life satisfaction. Overall, those who aspire to stay tend to be more content, socially supported and live in communities with stronger institutions and better local amenities. We further explore differences in the relative importance of retain factors for countries at different levels of urbanization, and for different population groups, based on gender, education, rural/urban location, migration history, religiosity, and perceived thriving. Our findings contribute to a more holistic understanding of migration decision-making, illuminating the personal, social, economic, and institutional retain factors countering those that push and pull.
{"title":"The Aspiration to Stay: A Global Analysis","authors":"Alix Debray, Ilse Ruyssen, K. Schewel","doi":"10.1177/01979183231216087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231216087","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest from both policy and academic communities in understanding why people do not migrate. This article offers the first global analysis of the aspiration to stay, defined here as the preference to stay in one's country of residence. We make use of the unique Gallup World Polls which provide information on aspirations to stay (as opposed to migrating abroad) as well as on individual characteristics and opinions for 130 countries worldwide between 2010 and 2016. We find staying aspirations are far more common than migration aspirations across the globe and uncover important “retain factors” often overlooked in research on migration drivers — related to social ties, local amenities, trust in community institutions, and life satisfaction. Overall, those who aspire to stay tend to be more content, socially supported and live in communities with stronger institutions and better local amenities. We further explore differences in the relative importance of retain factors for countries at different levels of urbanization, and for different population groups, based on gender, education, rural/urban location, migration history, religiosity, and perceived thriving. Our findings contribute to a more holistic understanding of migration decision-making, illuminating the personal, social, economic, and institutional retain factors countering those that push and pull.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139004023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1177/01979183231216076
Marc Helbling, Felix Jäger, Rahsaan Maxwell, Richard Traunmüller
Immigration policy is often considered one of the most divisive issues in Western Europe and North America. We explore whether that debate has been oversimplified. We start from the position that immigration is a complex issue comprising many specific policy choices. We then investigate whether preferences are consistently open or closed across a range of immigration policy criteria. We analyze an original survey with a nationally representative sample of Germans. Our results suggest that preferences are not consistently open or closed on immigration, integration, and naturalization regulations. Overall, the German public would prefer to be open on some aspects of immigration policy and closed on others. In addition, population subsets who are either “pro-” or “anti-” immigration in general have the same preferences for whether to be open or closed on specific immigration policies. Our findings promote a more detailed approach to studying immigration preferences, which adds nuance to the idea of immigration as a grand societal conflict. In doing so, we highlight how future studies can refine expectations about when policy preferences are more permissive or restrictive.
{"title":"Broad and Detailed Agreement: Public Preferences for German Immigration Policy","authors":"Marc Helbling, Felix Jäger, Rahsaan Maxwell, Richard Traunmüller","doi":"10.1177/01979183231216076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231216076","url":null,"abstract":"Immigration policy is often considered one of the most divisive issues in Western Europe and North America. We explore whether that debate has been oversimplified. We start from the position that immigration is a complex issue comprising many specific policy choices. We then investigate whether preferences are consistently open or closed across a range of immigration policy criteria. We analyze an original survey with a nationally representative sample of Germans. Our results suggest that preferences are not consistently open or closed on immigration, integration, and naturalization regulations. Overall, the German public would prefer to be open on some aspects of immigration policy and closed on others. In addition, population subsets who are either “pro-” or “anti-” immigration in general have the same preferences for whether to be open or closed on specific immigration policies. Our findings promote a more detailed approach to studying immigration preferences, which adds nuance to the idea of immigration as a grand societal conflict. In doing so, we highlight how future studies can refine expectations about when policy preferences are more permissive or restrictive.","PeriodicalId":48229,"journal":{"name":"International Migration Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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