Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2259358
Theodore C. Lim
Conceptualizing urban heat resilience as an infrastructure problem emphasizes the urgency with which we must adapt to global climate change, but also risks ignoring the continued marginalization that vulnerable populations experience as a result of infrastructure decisions. In this Viewpoint, I use my experience with participatory action research (PAR) in building urban heat resilience to show the ways in which an infrastructure framing presents opportunities, and the ways in which planners a) need to be aware of infrastructure as socio-technical systems and b) recognize spatial networks of social capital to appropriately approach interventions that benefit those most likely to be adversely affected by rising temperatures in cities.
{"title":"Necessary Considerations When Framing Urban Heat Resilience as an Infrastructure Issue","authors":"Theodore C. Lim","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2259358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2259358","url":null,"abstract":"Conceptualizing urban heat resilience as an infrastructure problem emphasizes the urgency with which we must adapt to global climate change, but also risks ignoring the continued marginalization that vulnerable populations experience as a result of infrastructure decisions. In this Viewpoint, I use my experience with participatory action research (PAR) in building urban heat resilience to show the ways in which an infrastructure framing presents opportunities, and the ways in which planners a) need to be aware of infrastructure as socio-technical systems and b) recognize spatial networks of social capital to appropriately approach interventions that benefit those most likely to be adversely affected by rising temperatures in cities.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2255580
Nicholas J. Marantz, Christopher S. Elmendorf, Youjin B. Kim
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Several U.S. states with high housing costs have recently adopted laws intended to promote infill development. These new laws expand state agencies’ supervisory responsibilities to ensure that local governments comply with state mandates. Effective administration of these laws will require state agencies to accurately estimate the amount of new housing that might be created and to target review to the jurisdictions that are failing to meet the relevant requirements. Here we present quantitative tools both for prioritizing review of local plans and zoning ordinances and for estimating future housing development. We applied the tools to the implementation of California laws requiring local governments to amend their zoning ordinances to allow accessory dwelling units on parcels zoned for detached single-family housing development. We provide computer code, written in the open-source statistical computing language R, that implements these tools. Although we present off-the-shelf tools, our proposed tools should supplement other regulatory techniques rather than serving as a substitute.Takeaway for practice Requirements for local governments to allow infill development should be accompanied by mandates for data collection. With good data, state agencies can use open-source statistical software to create quantitative measures that can help estimate future housing production and set priorities for reviewing local plans and zoning ordinances.Keywords: housinginfill developmentland use planningregulationzoning Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article can be found on the publisher’s website. Replication code is available at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LNJ5X3Notes1 This follows from two provisions of state law. First, regional housing need is subdivided into different levels of affordability, with “housing for lower income households” defined as housing that is affordable to households earning up to 80% of the area median income (California Government Code, sec. 65584(f), Citation2023; California Health and Safety Code, sec. 50079.5, Citation2023). Such households typically comprise about 40% of the total (see, e.g., California HCD, Citation2020a, Attachment 1; Citation2020b, Attachment 1). Second, the sites through which cities accommodate their “lower income” housing target must be zoned at densities that allow for multifamily housing (California Government Code, sec. 65583.2, Citation2023).2 In 2023, Montana also adopted laws enhancing planning requirements and requiring certain jurisdictions to allow duplexes in areas zoned for single-family development, but these laws do not require state administrative review of local ordinances (State of Montana, Citation2023a, Citation2023b).3 If an Oregon city fails to adopt a compliant, state-certified missing-middle zoning ordinance, it eventually becomes subject to a default state-promulgated missing-middle code (Oregon House Bill 2001, Citation201
【摘要】问题、研究策略和发现美国几个住房成本高的州最近通过了旨在促进填充物开发的法律。这些新法律扩大了州政府机构的监督责任,以确保地方政府遵守州政府的命令。这些法律的有效执行将要求州政府机构准确估计可能创建的新住房数量,并对未能满足相关要求的司法管辖区进行针对性审查。在这里,我们提供了量化工具,既可以优先审查地方图则和分区条例,也可以估计未来的房屋发展。我们将这些工具应用于加州法律的实施,该法律要求地方政府修改其分区条例,允许在划为独立独户住宅开发的地块上建造附属住宅单元。我们提供了用开源统计计算语言R编写的计算机代码来实现这些工具。虽然我们提供了现成的工具,但我们建议的工具应该补充其他监管技术,而不是作为替代品。在要求地方政府允许油气田开发的同时,应授权收集数据。有了良好的数据,州政府机构可以使用开源统计软件创建量化指标,帮助估计未来的住房产量,并为审查当地计划和分区条例设定优先顺序。关键词:住房填筑开发土地利用规划法规分区补充材料本文的补充数据可以在出版商的网站上找到。复制代码可从https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LNJ5X3Notes1获得,这是根据州法律的两项规定。首先,将区域住房需求细分为不同的负担能力水平,“低收入家庭住房”定义为收入不超过该地区收入中位数80%的家庭负担得起的住房(加州政府法典,第65584(f)条,Citation2023;加州健康与安全法典,第50079.5节,Citation2023)。这样的家庭通常占总数的40%左右(参见,例如,California HCD, Citation2020a,附件1;其次,城市容纳“低收入”住房目标的地点必须按照允许多户住宅的密度进行分区(加州政府法典,第65583.2条,Citation2023)2023年,蒙大拿州还通过了加强规划要求的法律,并要求某些司法管辖区允许在划为单户住宅开发的地区使用复式住宅,但这些法律不要求州对地方条例进行行政审查(蒙大拿州,Citation2023a, Citation2023b)如果俄勒冈州的一个城市未能采用符合要求的、国家认证的中间缺失分区条例,它最终将受到国家颁布的默认中间缺失代码的约束(俄勒冈州众议院法案2001,Citation2019,第3节)虽然洛杉矶县有88个城市,但我们的样本只包括85个。两个城市,工业和弗农,没有单一家庭分区,我们无法匹配阿瓦隆的建筑足迹数据,阿瓦隆是在其他大部分无人居住的圣卡塔利娜岛上唯一合并的地区。5我们的结果也可能反映了未观察到的影响ADU生产的地块或地块水平特征,这些特征在一些城市比在其他城市更常见。这项工作得到了弗曼房地产和城市政策中心、纽约大学和皮尤慈善信托基金的支持。作者简介nicholas J. MARANTZ nicholas J. MARANTZ (nmarantz@uci.edu)是加州大学欧文分校(UCI)城市规划和公共政策副教授。Christopher S. ELMENDORF (cselmendorf@ucdavis.edu)是加州大学戴维斯分校的法学教授。Youjin B. KimYOUJIN B. KIM (youjinbk@uci.edu),加州大学洛杉矶分校博士生。
{"title":"Overseeing Infill","authors":"Nicholas J. Marantz, Christopher S. Elmendorf, Youjin B. Kim","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2255580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2255580","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Several U.S. states with high housing costs have recently adopted laws intended to promote infill development. These new laws expand state agencies’ supervisory responsibilities to ensure that local governments comply with state mandates. Effective administration of these laws will require state agencies to accurately estimate the amount of new housing that might be created and to target review to the jurisdictions that are failing to meet the relevant requirements. Here we present quantitative tools both for prioritizing review of local plans and zoning ordinances and for estimating future housing development. We applied the tools to the implementation of California laws requiring local governments to amend their zoning ordinances to allow accessory dwelling units on parcels zoned for detached single-family housing development. We provide computer code, written in the open-source statistical computing language R, that implements these tools. Although we present off-the-shelf tools, our proposed tools should supplement other regulatory techniques rather than serving as a substitute.Takeaway for practice Requirements for local governments to allow infill development should be accompanied by mandates for data collection. With good data, state agencies can use open-source statistical software to create quantitative measures that can help estimate future housing production and set priorities for reviewing local plans and zoning ordinances.Keywords: housinginfill developmentland use planningregulationzoning Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article can be found on the publisher’s website. Replication code is available at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LNJ5X3Notes1 This follows from two provisions of state law. First, regional housing need is subdivided into different levels of affordability, with “housing for lower income households” defined as housing that is affordable to households earning up to 80% of the area median income (California Government Code, sec. 65584(f), Citation2023; California Health and Safety Code, sec. 50079.5, Citation2023). Such households typically comprise about 40% of the total (see, e.g., California HCD, Citation2020a, Attachment 1; Citation2020b, Attachment 1). Second, the sites through which cities accommodate their “lower income” housing target must be zoned at densities that allow for multifamily housing (California Government Code, sec. 65583.2, Citation2023).2 In 2023, Montana also adopted laws enhancing planning requirements and requiring certain jurisdictions to allow duplexes in areas zoned for single-family development, but these laws do not require state administrative review of local ordinances (State of Montana, Citation2023a, Citation2023b).3 If an Oregon city fails to adopt a compliant, state-certified missing-middle zoning ordinance, it eventually becomes subject to a default state-promulgated missing-middle code (Oregon House Bill 2001, Citation201","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135092671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2254288
Patrick DeCorla-Souza
AbstractIn metro areas in the United States, those who cannot drive have limited access to job opportunities and services located in low-density suburbs that are poorly served by public transit; at the same time, congested metropolitan freeways cause significant travel delays for commuters who have no option but to drive long distances to job sites during peak periods. In this Viewpoint, I present a systemwide approach to financing and fulfilling the transportation needs of those who do not drive while at the same time providing a congestion-free travel choice for those who do. It combines congestion pricing with cash rewards for those who choose to share rides on a network of congestion-free lanes converted from general-use lanes to priced lanes. Net revenues support multimodal travel options including transit, carpooling, and mobility hubs with transportation services to and from trip origins and final destinations, also known as first- and last-mile services. The strategy would allow existing metropolitan freeway networks to be transformed into financially viable, sustainable, and equitable multimodal systems providing high-quality travel choices that could lead to more sustainable urban development patterns.Keywords: cash rewardscongestion pricinghigh-occupancy toll lanessustainable developmenttransportation financing Notes1 The economic rationale for roadway congestion pricing is that drivers impose significant external costs that they do not pay for, such as travel delays imposed on other travelers, as well as environmental costs imposed on society at large. This distorts their choice of travel mode in favor of driving, increasing traffic demand and reducing use of alternatives such as shared travel modes.2 Cash payments would be funded using revenue from tolls paid by those who run out of toll credits.3 Alternatively, the program could give discounted toll rates to low-income drivers.4 New tolls have successfully been imposed on all lanes of existing free bridges, such as the SR 520 bridge in Seattle (USDOT, Citation2015).5 For example, see Atlanta’s existing and planned express lanes network (Georgia Department of Transportation, Citation2021).6 Converting two lanes was found to provide less net operating revenue due to the increase in rewards that would need to be paid out because a larger share of solo drivers would have to be attracted to transit or carpooling to ensure that congestion gets no worse on the free lanes; both the reward per person and the number of persons to be rewarded would increase significantly.7 With less congestion, toll rates would be lower, reducing revenue. However, with lower traffic demand, a smaller share of commuters would need to be attracted to shared travel modes to achieve targeted traffic volumes, reducing the number of commuters to be rewarded as well as the magnitude of the required cash reward per commuter.Additional informationNotes on contributorsPatrick DeCorla-SouzaPATRICK DECORLA-SOUZA (pdecorla
在美国的大都市地区,那些不会开车的人在低密度郊区获得工作机会和服务的机会有限,这些郊区的公共交通服务很差;与此同时,拥挤的大都市高速公路给通勤者造成了严重的出行延误,他们别无选择,只能在高峰时段开车长途前往工作地点。在这个观点中,我提出了一个全系统的方法来资助和满足那些不开车的人的交通需求,同时为那些开车的人提供一个无拥堵的旅行选择。它将拥堵收费与现金奖励结合起来,奖励那些选择在无拥堵车道网络上拼车的人,这些车道由普通车道转变为收费车道。净收入支持多式联运选择,包括交通、拼车和交通枢纽,提供往返旅行起点和最终目的地的交通服务,也被称为第一英里和最后一英里服务。该战略将使现有的大都市高速公路网络转变为经济上可行、可持续和公平的多式联运系统,提供高质量的出行选择,从而实现更可持续的城市发展模式。【关键词】现金奖励拥堵收费高占用收费车道可持续发展交通融资道路拥堵收费的经济原理是司机施加了他们不支付的重大外部成本,例如对其他旅行者造成的旅行延误,以及对整个社会造成的环境成本。这扭曲了他们对驾驶出行方式的选择,增加了交通需求,减少了共享出行等替代出行方式的使用现金支付将由那些用完通行费信用的人支付的通行费收入提供资金或者,该计划可以给低收入司机折扣过路费新的收费已经成功地在现有的免费桥梁的所有车道上征收,例如西雅图的SR 520桥(USDOT, Citation2015)例如,参见亚特兰大现有和计划中的快速通道网络(Georgia Department of Transportation, Citation2021)研究发现,转换两条车道提供的净运营收入较少,因为需要支付更多的奖励,因为必须吸引更大比例的单独司机乘坐公共交通或拼车,以确保免费车道上的拥堵不会恶化;每个人得到的奖励和获得奖励的人数都将大大增加交通拥堵减少,通行费也会降低,从而减少财政收入。然而,由于交通需求较低,为了实现目标交通量,共享出行模式需要吸引更少的通勤者,从而减少了需要奖励的通勤者数量以及每个通勤者所需的现金奖励幅度。patrick DECORLA-SOUZA (pdecorla@gmail.com)目前担任美国交通部公私合作项目经理。然而,他以个人身份撰写了这篇文章,所表达的观点不一定代表美国交通部的观点。
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Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247816
Harley Etienne
"University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District." Journal of the American Planning Association, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–4 Additional informationNotes on contributorsHarley EtienneHARLEY F. ETIENNE is an associate professor of city and regional planning in the Knowlton School at The Ohio State University.
《大学城:创新区时代的历史、种族和社区》《美国规划协会杂志》,印刷前,第1-4页。附加信息:作者简介:harley F. ETIENNE是俄亥俄州立大学诺尔顿学院的城市和区域规划副教授。
{"title":"University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District <b>University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District</b> Laura Wolf-Powers (2022). University of Pennsylvania Press, 204 pages. $39.95 (hardcover)","authors":"Harley Etienne","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2247816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247816","url":null,"abstract":"\"University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District.\" Journal of the American Planning Association, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–4 Additional informationNotes on contributorsHarley EtienneHARLEY F. ETIENNE is an associate professor of city and regional planning in the Knowlton School at The Ohio State University.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866
Linda Shi, William Butler, Tisha Holmes, Ryan Thomas, Anthony Milordis, Jonathan Ignatowski, Yousuf Mahid, Austin M. Aldag
Problem, research strategy, and findings With its densely built coastline and economic and fiscal reliance on development, Florida is an extreme case of how climate change threatens both the built environment and urban land governance. We conducted one of the first statewide assessments of how sea level rise will affect Florida’s municipal revenues. We paired this with a statewide survey of coastal planners and managers to assess how they have been funding climate adaptation. We found that more than half of Florida’s 410 municipalities will be affected by sea level rise, exposing on average almost 30% of local revenues. Yet, though climate impacts will significantly stress local fiscal health, we found no relationship between cities’ prioritization of climate adaptation and their fiscal exposure.
{"title":"Can Florida’s Coast Survive Its Reliance on Development?","authors":"Linda Shi, William Butler, Tisha Holmes, Ryan Thomas, Anthony Milordis, Jonathan Ignatowski, Yousuf Mahid, Austin M. Aldag","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866","url":null,"abstract":"Problem, research strategy, and findings With its densely built coastline and economic and fiscal reliance on development, Florida is an extreme case of how climate change threatens both the built environment and urban land governance. We conducted one of the first statewide assessments of how sea level rise will affect Florida’s municipal revenues. We paired this with a statewide survey of coastal planners and managers to assess how they have been funding climate adaptation. We found that more than half of Florida’s 410 municipalities will be affected by sea level rise, exposing on average almost 30% of local revenues. Yet, though climate impacts will significantly stress local fiscal health, we found no relationship between cities’ prioritization of climate adaptation and their fiscal exposure.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295
Claire Daniel, Elizabeth Wentz, Petra Hurtado, Wei Yang, Christopher Pettit
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings The implications of digital technologies for planning practice are receiving renewed interest in the wake of ever-improving capabilities in Big Data and artificial intelligence, as well as the rapid uptake of new technologies that allowed planners to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this interest, there has been little cross-country comparative research regarding the adoption of technology within the planning profession and even less that addresses planners’ expectations and desires for future digital tools. We undertook a multinational online survey of planners in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to gain a comprehensive understanding of current and expected future use of data and software in planning practice. Although the current use of data-intensive digital tools was limited, we found widespread expectations of change across the planning profession. Remarkable similarities were observed across the countries surveyed. The biggest differences in tech use were among planners undertaking strategic, specialist, and regulatory roles.Takeaway for practice Planning organizations around the world should prepare for a new wave of digital change as many technical obstacles that previously hindered the rapid exchange and analysis of vast amounts of data have now been overcome. Continued development of digital skills among planners is important but should be paired with career pathways for digital specialists within the profession. Planners should not complacently assume that adopting digital technologies will automatically lead to more effective and equitable planning outcomes. They should use digital processes to actively address biases in the underlying planning system.Keywords: digital planningePlanningPlanning 3.0PlanTechurban analytics Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1 It is interesting to note that there have been other much vaunted technological improvements that failed to capture the imagination of the planning profession. The most notable of these in recent years is the concept of smart cities, about which urban planners have been notably silent (Karvonen et al., Citation2020; Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023; Townsend, Citation2014).2 Stratified sampling was also deemed unlikely to accurately account for inherent differences between planning systems and cultures in different countries that may influence the demographic and professional makeup of institutes and associations.3 The MSc in Smart Cities and Urban Analytics (now MSc Urban Spatial Science) at University College London in the United Kingdom and the MS in Urban Informatics at Northwestern University in Evanston (IL) are among the earliest examples of such degree programs across the surveyed countries, established in 2014 and 2015, respectively.Additional informationNotes on contributor
随着大数据和人工智能能力的不断提高,以及新技术的迅速普及,规划人员可以在COVID-19大流行期间远程工作,数字技术对规划实践的影响重新受到关注。尽管有这种兴趣,但很少有关于在规划专业中采用技术的跨国比较研究,甚至更少涉及规划者对未来数字工具的期望和愿望。我们对美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的规划师进行了一项跨国在线调查,以全面了解数据和软件在规划实践中的当前和预期未来使用情况。尽管目前对数据密集型数字工具的使用有限,但我们发现整个规划行业对变革的普遍期望。在被调查的国家中发现了惊人的相似之处。在技术使用上的最大差异是在担任战略、专家和监管角色的规划人员之间。世界各地的规划组织应该为新的数字变革浪潮做好准备,因为以前阻碍大量数据快速交换和分析的许多技术障碍现在已经被克服。规划人员的数字技能的持续发展很重要,但应该与行业内数字专家的职业道路相结合。规划者不应自满地认为采用数字技术将自动带来更有效和公平的规划结果。他们应该使用数字流程来积极解决潜在规划系统中的偏见。关键字:数字规划规划3.0PlanTechurban分析补充材料本文的补充数据可在https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1网站上获得。有趣的是,还有其他一些被大肆吹嘘的技术改进,却未能抓住规划专业人士的想象力。近年来最引人注目的是智慧城市的概念,城市规划者对此一直保持沉默(Karvonen等人,Citation2020;Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023;汤森德Citation2014)。2分层抽样也被认为不太可能准确地说明不同国家的规划制度和文化之间的内在差异,这些差异可能会影响研究所和协会的人口和专业构成英国伦敦大学学院的智慧城市与城市分析理学硕士(现为城市空间科学理学硕士)和伊利诺伊州埃文斯顿西北大学的城市信息学理学硕士是被调查国家中最早的此类学位课程,分别成立于2014年和2015年。作者简介:claire DANIEL claire DANIEL (claire.daniel@student.unsw.edu.au)是新南威尔士大学城市期货研究中心的科学博士学者。Elizabeth WENTZ (wentz@asu.edu)是亚利桑那州立大学副教务长兼院长。佩特拉·赫尔塔多(phurtado@planning.org)是美国规划协会的研究和前瞻主管。杨伟(wyang@weiyangandpartners.co.uk),韦扬律师事务所主席。Christopher PETTIT (c.pettit@unsw.edu.au)是新南威尔士大学城市期货研究中心主任。
{"title":"Digital Technology Use and Future Expectations","authors":"Claire Daniel, Elizabeth Wentz, Petra Hurtado, Wei Yang, Christopher Pettit","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings The implications of digital technologies for planning practice are receiving renewed interest in the wake of ever-improving capabilities in Big Data and artificial intelligence, as well as the rapid uptake of new technologies that allowed planners to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this interest, there has been little cross-country comparative research regarding the adoption of technology within the planning profession and even less that addresses planners’ expectations and desires for future digital tools. We undertook a multinational online survey of planners in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to gain a comprehensive understanding of current and expected future use of data and software in planning practice. Although the current use of data-intensive digital tools was limited, we found widespread expectations of change across the planning profession. Remarkable similarities were observed across the countries surveyed. The biggest differences in tech use were among planners undertaking strategic, specialist, and regulatory roles.Takeaway for practice Planning organizations around the world should prepare for a new wave of digital change as many technical obstacles that previously hindered the rapid exchange and analysis of vast amounts of data have now been overcome. Continued development of digital skills among planners is important but should be paired with career pathways for digital specialists within the profession. Planners should not complacently assume that adopting digital technologies will automatically lead to more effective and equitable planning outcomes. They should use digital processes to actively address biases in the underlying planning system.Keywords: digital planningePlanningPlanning 3.0PlanTechurban analytics Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1 It is interesting to note that there have been other much vaunted technological improvements that failed to capture the imagination of the planning profession. The most notable of these in recent years is the concept of smart cities, about which urban planners have been notably silent (Karvonen et al., Citation2020; Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023; Townsend, Citation2014).2 Stratified sampling was also deemed unlikely to accurately account for inherent differences between planning systems and cultures in different countries that may influence the demographic and professional makeup of institutes and associations.3 The MSc in Smart Cities and Urban Analytics (now MSc Urban Spatial Science) at University College London in the United Kingdom and the MS in Urban Informatics at Northwestern University in Evanston (IL) are among the earliest examples of such degree programs across the surveyed countries, established in 2014 and 2015, respectively.Additional informationNotes on contributor","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850
April Jackson, Anaid Yerena, Aujean Lee, Ivis Garcia-Zambrana, Ben Chrissinger, Laura Harjo, Stacey Harwood
In this editorial, we address the concepts of diversity, multiculturalism, equity, racial equity, racism, anti-racism, and intersectionality in urban planning. Despite their significance, these concepts have not received sufficient attention in the mainstream planning discourse. We argue that prioritizing anti-racism is essential for fostering effective anti-racist praxis in planning, leading to institutional and structural change. The special issue introduces key terms and papers, highlighting the importance of context, intersectionality, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)/community-led initiatives. In addition, we emphasize the need for reparative planning practices to address historical injustices and disrupt structural racism in the planning field. We call on urban planners to integrate anti-racism as a core principle in their praxis. By dismantling entrenched systems of racism and embracing intersectional approaches, the field of urban planning can contribute significantly to the pursuit of equitable and inclusive urban environments for all. Prioritizing anti-racism, embracing intersectionality, and incorporating reparative planning practices are crucial steps for urban planners to create institutional and structural changes in the planning field. Integrating anti-racism as a core principle can lead to more equitable and inclusive urban environments, addressing historical injustices and promoting positive transformations.
{"title":"Anti-Racist Futures: Disrupting Racist Planning Practices in Workplaces, Institutions, and Communities","authors":"April Jackson, Anaid Yerena, Aujean Lee, Ivis Garcia-Zambrana, Ben Chrissinger, Laura Harjo, Stacey Harwood","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850","url":null,"abstract":"In this editorial, we address the concepts of diversity, multiculturalism, equity, racial equity, racism, anti-racism, and intersectionality in urban planning. Despite their significance, these concepts have not received sufficient attention in the mainstream planning discourse. We argue that prioritizing anti-racism is essential for fostering effective anti-racist praxis in planning, leading to institutional and structural change. The special issue introduces key terms and papers, highlighting the importance of context, intersectionality, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)/community-led initiatives. In addition, we emphasize the need for reparative planning practices to address historical injustices and disrupt structural racism in the planning field. We call on urban planners to integrate anti-racism as a core principle in their praxis. By dismantling entrenched systems of racism and embracing intersectional approaches, the field of urban planning can contribute significantly to the pursuit of equitable and inclusive urban environments for all. Prioritizing anti-racism, embracing intersectionality, and incorporating reparative planning practices are crucial steps for urban planners to create institutional and structural changes in the planning field. Integrating anti-racism as a core principle can lead to more equitable and inclusive urban environments, addressing historical injustices and promoting positive transformations.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981
Yael Shmaryahu-Yeshurun
Problem, research strategy, and findings Gentrification is often described as affluent White populations revitalizing deteriorating neighborhoods and displacing lower-income ethnic/racial residents. However, there is limited research on gentrification led by middle- and upper-class ethnic/racial minorities, which I propose calling gentrification of color. I reviewed 46 qualitative and quantitative studies on gentrification of color in U.S. cities from 1960 to 2021 and found a range of phenomena in terms of ethnicity/race, profiles, locations, preceding policies, and consequences of gentrification of color. These studies highlighted both solidarity and tensions within the same ethnic/racial groups as a result of gentrification. Gentrification of color presents both challenges and opportunities for minorities’ cultural inclusion. In addition, my study emphasized the role of policies enabling gentrification of color and the lack of affordable housing policies to address its consequences. The findings can encourage urban planners, policymakers, and scholars to adopt a policy approach that acknowledges the complex intersectionality of race/ethnicity and class.
{"title":"Gentrifiers of Color: Class Inequalities in Ethnic/Racial Neighborhood Displacement","authors":"Yael Shmaryahu-Yeshurun","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981","url":null,"abstract":"Problem, research strategy, and findings Gentrification is often described as affluent White populations revitalizing deteriorating neighborhoods and displacing lower-income ethnic/racial residents. However, there is limited research on gentrification led by middle- and upper-class ethnic/racial minorities, which I propose calling gentrification of color. I reviewed 46 qualitative and quantitative studies on gentrification of color in U.S. cities from 1960 to 2021 and found a range of phenomena in terms of ethnicity/race, profiles, locations, preceding policies, and consequences of gentrification of color. These studies highlighted both solidarity and tensions within the same ethnic/racial groups as a result of gentrification. Gentrification of color presents both challenges and opportunities for minorities’ cultural inclusion. In addition, my study emphasized the role of policies enabling gentrification of color and the lack of affordable housing policies to address its consequences. The findings can encourage urban planners, policymakers, and scholars to adopt a policy approach that acknowledges the complex intersectionality of race/ethnicity and class.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135535488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586
Ajay Garde, Huê-Tâm Jamme, Benjamin Toney, Deepak Bahl, Tridib Banerjee
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Inclusion of affordable housing in transit-oriented developments (TODs) is necessary for addressing the mobility and shelter needs of transit-dependent and low-income populations. Affordable housing in TODs, however, remains scarce despite state-level policies, interest group advocacy, and developer enthusiasm. We used a multiple case study method and focused on TOD areas in communities with disadvantaged populations in Southern California to examine barriers to and opportunities for affordable housing. We examined the contents of specific plans adopted by local governments to facilitate TODs around 10 selected transit stations in Los Angeles and Orange counties and conducted interviews with planners, policymakers, and developers involved in achieving affordable housing. Our findings indicated that although TOD specific plans permitted higher-density developments, they neither prioritized affordable housing nor presented a coherent vision for an inclusive transit community that would address the needs of different types of households. Moreover, onerous requirements for securing subsidies, patchwork financing, uncertainties in the approval process, and competition from market-rate housing inhibited affordable housing development. Although we did not analyze community opposition to TODs, it was hinted at by our interviewees.Takeaway for practice Targeting affordable housing in TODs, providing incentives, and strengthening the institutional framework are critical to achieving inclusive transit communities. The development of TODs in a politically fragmented region like Southern California necessitates a lead organization to procure affordable housing investments and strengthen the housing–transportation nexus. We note broader implications of the findings beyond California.Keywords: affordable housingdisadvantaged communitiesTOD ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Professor Ann Forsyth, editor of the Journal of the American Planning Association; and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which considerably improved the article. We also thank Nida Ahmed, Elizabeth Joun, Sang-O Kim, Lilly Nie, Isabel Qi, and Hanke Shao for excellent research assistance.RESEARCH SUPPORTThis research was supported by a USDOT Grant 65A0674, TO-041 from the METRANS Transportation Center.Notes1 We refer to housing affordable to low-income households as affordable housing throughout this article.2 In California, local governments adopt specific plans as policies and regulations to implement the jurisdiction’s future development policies included in the general plan and housing element. The housing element is a required section of the general plan of the jurisdiction (California Governor’s Office of Planning & Research, Citation2001). State law mandates that the housing element must be updated every 8 years based on a schedule set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development.3 Section 65583 of C
{"title":"Can TODs Include Affordable Housing?","authors":"Ajay Garde, Huê-Tâm Jamme, Benjamin Toney, Deepak Bahl, Tridib Banerjee","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Inclusion of affordable housing in transit-oriented developments (TODs) is necessary for addressing the mobility and shelter needs of transit-dependent and low-income populations. Affordable housing in TODs, however, remains scarce despite state-level policies, interest group advocacy, and developer enthusiasm. We used a multiple case study method and focused on TOD areas in communities with disadvantaged populations in Southern California to examine barriers to and opportunities for affordable housing. We examined the contents of specific plans adopted by local governments to facilitate TODs around 10 selected transit stations in Los Angeles and Orange counties and conducted interviews with planners, policymakers, and developers involved in achieving affordable housing. Our findings indicated that although TOD specific plans permitted higher-density developments, they neither prioritized affordable housing nor presented a coherent vision for an inclusive transit community that would address the needs of different types of households. Moreover, onerous requirements for securing subsidies, patchwork financing, uncertainties in the approval process, and competition from market-rate housing inhibited affordable housing development. Although we did not analyze community opposition to TODs, it was hinted at by our interviewees.Takeaway for practice Targeting affordable housing in TODs, providing incentives, and strengthening the institutional framework are critical to achieving inclusive transit communities. The development of TODs in a politically fragmented region like Southern California necessitates a lead organization to procure affordable housing investments and strengthen the housing–transportation nexus. We note broader implications of the findings beyond California.Keywords: affordable housingdisadvantaged communitiesTOD ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Professor Ann Forsyth, editor of the Journal of the American Planning Association; and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which considerably improved the article. We also thank Nida Ahmed, Elizabeth Joun, Sang-O Kim, Lilly Nie, Isabel Qi, and Hanke Shao for excellent research assistance.RESEARCH SUPPORTThis research was supported by a USDOT Grant 65A0674, TO-041 from the METRANS Transportation Center.Notes1 We refer to housing affordable to low-income households as affordable housing throughout this article.2 In California, local governments adopt specific plans as policies and regulations to implement the jurisdiction’s future development policies included in the general plan and housing element. The housing element is a required section of the general plan of the jurisdiction (California Governor’s Office of Planning & Research, Citation2001). State law mandates that the housing element must be updated every 8 years based on a schedule set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development.3 Section 65583 of C","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135396168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093
Srirang Sohoni, Bumsoo Lee
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts.Takeaway for practice American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.Keywords: minimum parking requirementsparkingparking reformquasi-experimental researchurban development ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are thankful to Colton Johnson and Jonah Farran, undergraduate students in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, for their support in data collection and surveys. We are also grateful to Ben LeRoy (ex-zoning administrator), Rob Kowalski (assistant planning and development director), and Kris Koester (administrative services manager) from the City of Champaign and Lily Wilcock (Planner II) from the City of Urbana for providing us with essential data and valuable insights for this research.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093Additional informationNotes on contributorsSrirang SohoniSRIRANG SOHONI (ssohon3@illinois.edu) is a doctoral student in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign.Bumsoo LeeBUMSOO LEE (bumsoo@illinois.edu) is an associate professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at th
{"title":"After the Minimum Parking Requirement","authors":"Srirang Sohoni, Bumsoo Lee","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts.Takeaway for practice American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.Keywords: minimum parking requirementsparkingparking reformquasi-experimental researchurban development ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are thankful to Colton Johnson and Jonah Farran, undergraduate students in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, for their support in data collection and surveys. We are also grateful to Ben LeRoy (ex-zoning administrator), Rob Kowalski (assistant planning and development director), and Kris Koester (administrative services manager) from the City of Champaign and Lily Wilcock (Planner II) from the City of Urbana for providing us with essential data and valuable insights for this research.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093Additional informationNotes on contributorsSrirang SohoniSRIRANG SOHONI (ssohon3@illinois.edu) is a doctoral student in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign.Bumsoo LeeBUMSOO LEE (bumsoo@illinois.edu) is an associate professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at th","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135396161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}