Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866
Linda Shi, William Butler, Tisha Holmes, Ryan Thomas, Anthony Milordis, Jonathan Ignatowski, Yousuf Mahid, Austin M. Aldag
Problem, research strategy, and findings With its densely built coastline and economic and fiscal reliance on development, Florida is an extreme case of how climate change threatens both the built environment and urban land governance. We conducted one of the first statewide assessments of how sea level rise will affect Florida’s municipal revenues. We paired this with a statewide survey of coastal planners and managers to assess how they have been funding climate adaptation. We found that more than half of Florida’s 410 municipalities will be affected by sea level rise, exposing on average almost 30% of local revenues. Yet, though climate impacts will significantly stress local fiscal health, we found no relationship between cities’ prioritization of climate adaptation and their fiscal exposure.
{"title":"Can Florida’s Coast Survive Its Reliance on Development?","authors":"Linda Shi, William Butler, Tisha Holmes, Ryan Thomas, Anthony Milordis, Jonathan Ignatowski, Yousuf Mahid, Austin M. Aldag","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2249866","url":null,"abstract":"Problem, research strategy, and findings With its densely built coastline and economic and fiscal reliance on development, Florida is an extreme case of how climate change threatens both the built environment and urban land governance. We conducted one of the first statewide assessments of how sea level rise will affect Florida’s municipal revenues. We paired this with a statewide survey of coastal planners and managers to assess how they have been funding climate adaptation. We found that more than half of Florida’s 410 municipalities will be affected by sea level rise, exposing on average almost 30% of local revenues. Yet, though climate impacts will significantly stress local fiscal health, we found no relationship between cities’ prioritization of climate adaptation and their fiscal exposure.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295
Claire Daniel, Elizabeth Wentz, Petra Hurtado, Wei Yang, Christopher Pettit
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings The implications of digital technologies for planning practice are receiving renewed interest in the wake of ever-improving capabilities in Big Data and artificial intelligence, as well as the rapid uptake of new technologies that allowed planners to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this interest, there has been little cross-country comparative research regarding the adoption of technology within the planning profession and even less that addresses planners’ expectations and desires for future digital tools. We undertook a multinational online survey of planners in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to gain a comprehensive understanding of current and expected future use of data and software in planning practice. Although the current use of data-intensive digital tools was limited, we found widespread expectations of change across the planning profession. Remarkable similarities were observed across the countries surveyed. The biggest differences in tech use were among planners undertaking strategic, specialist, and regulatory roles.Takeaway for practice Planning organizations around the world should prepare for a new wave of digital change as many technical obstacles that previously hindered the rapid exchange and analysis of vast amounts of data have now been overcome. Continued development of digital skills among planners is important but should be paired with career pathways for digital specialists within the profession. Planners should not complacently assume that adopting digital technologies will automatically lead to more effective and equitable planning outcomes. They should use digital processes to actively address biases in the underlying planning system.Keywords: digital planningePlanningPlanning 3.0PlanTechurban analytics Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1 It is interesting to note that there have been other much vaunted technological improvements that failed to capture the imagination of the planning profession. The most notable of these in recent years is the concept of smart cities, about which urban planners have been notably silent (Karvonen et al., Citation2020; Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023; Townsend, Citation2014).2 Stratified sampling was also deemed unlikely to accurately account for inherent differences between planning systems and cultures in different countries that may influence the demographic and professional makeup of institutes and associations.3 The MSc in Smart Cities and Urban Analytics (now MSc Urban Spatial Science) at University College London in the United Kingdom and the MS in Urban Informatics at Northwestern University in Evanston (IL) are among the earliest examples of such degree programs across the surveyed countries, established in 2014 and 2015, respectively.Additional informationNotes on contributor
随着大数据和人工智能能力的不断提高，以及新技术的迅速普及，规划人员可以在COVID-19大流行期间远程工作，数字技术对规划实践的影响重新受到关注。尽管有这种兴趣，但很少有关于在规划专业中采用技术的跨国比较研究，甚至更少涉及规划者对未来数字工具的期望和愿望。我们对美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的规划师进行了一项跨国在线调查，以全面了解数据和软件在规划实践中的当前和预期未来使用情况。尽管目前对数据密集型数字工具的使用有限，但我们发现整个规划行业对变革的普遍期望。在被调查的国家中发现了惊人的相似之处。在技术使用上的最大差异是在担任战略、专家和监管角色的规划人员之间。世界各地的规划组织应该为新的数字变革浪潮做好准备，因为以前阻碍大量数据快速交换和分析的许多技术障碍现在已经被克服。规划人员的数字技能的持续发展很重要，但应该与行业内数字专家的职业道路相结合。规划者不应自满地认为采用数字技术将自动带来更有效和公平的规划结果。他们应该使用数字流程来积极解决潜在规划系统中的偏见。关键字:数字规划规划3.0PlanTechurban分析补充材料本文的补充数据可在https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1网站上获得。有趣的是，还有其他一些被大肆吹嘘的技术改进，却未能抓住规划专业人士的想象力。近年来最引人注目的是智慧城市的概念，城市规划者对此一直保持沉默(Karvonen等人，Citation2020;Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023;汤森德Citation2014)。2分层抽样也被认为不太可能准确地说明不同国家的规划制度和文化之间的内在差异，这些差异可能会影响研究所和协会的人口和专业构成英国伦敦大学学院的智慧城市与城市分析理学硕士(现为城市空间科学理学硕士)和伊利诺伊州埃文斯顿西北大学的城市信息学理学硕士是被调查国家中最早的此类学位课程，分别成立于2014年和2015年。作者简介:claire DANIEL claire DANIEL (claire.daniel@student.unsw.edu.au)是新南威尔士大学城市期货研究中心的科学博士学者。Elizabeth WENTZ (wentz@asu.edu)是亚利桑那州立大学副教务长兼院长。佩特拉·赫尔塔多(phurtado@planning.org)是美国规划协会的研究和前瞻主管。杨伟(wyang@weiyangandpartners.co.uk)，韦扬律师事务所主席。Christopher PETTIT (c.pettit@unsw.edu.au)是新南威尔士大学城市期货研究中心主任。
{"title":"Digital Technology Use and Future Expectations","authors":"Claire Daniel, Elizabeth Wentz, Petra Hurtado, Wei Yang, Christopher Pettit","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings The implications of digital technologies for planning practice are receiving renewed interest in the wake of ever-improving capabilities in Big Data and artificial intelligence, as well as the rapid uptake of new technologies that allowed planners to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite this interest, there has been little cross-country comparative research regarding the adoption of technology within the planning profession and even less that addresses planners’ expectations and desires for future digital tools. We undertook a multinational online survey of planners in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to gain a comprehensive understanding of current and expected future use of data and software in planning practice. Although the current use of data-intensive digital tools was limited, we found widespread expectations of change across the planning profession. Remarkable similarities were observed across the countries surveyed. The biggest differences in tech use were among planners undertaking strategic, specialist, and regulatory roles.Takeaway for practice Planning organizations around the world should prepare for a new wave of digital change as many technical obstacles that previously hindered the rapid exchange and analysis of vast amounts of data have now been overcome. Continued development of digital skills among planners is important but should be paired with career pathways for digital specialists within the profession. Planners should not complacently assume that adopting digital technologies will automatically lead to more effective and equitable planning outcomes. They should use digital processes to actively address biases in the underlying planning system.Keywords: digital planningePlanningPlanning 3.0PlanTechurban analytics Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2253295.Notes1 It is interesting to note that there have been other much vaunted technological improvements that failed to capture the imagination of the planning profession. The most notable of these in recent years is the concept of smart cities, about which urban planners have been notably silent (Karvonen et al., Citation2020; Meenar & Afzalan, Citation2023; Townsend, Citation2014).2 Stratified sampling was also deemed unlikely to accurately account for inherent differences between planning systems and cultures in different countries that may influence the demographic and professional makeup of institutes and associations.3 The MSc in Smart Cities and Urban Analytics (now MSc Urban Spatial Science) at University College London in the United Kingdom and the MS in Urban Informatics at Northwestern University in Evanston (IL) are among the earliest examples of such degree programs across the surveyed countries, established in 2014 and 2015, respectively.Additional informationNotes on contributor","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850
April Jackson, Anaid Yerena, Aujean Lee, Ivis Garcia-Zambrana, Ben Chrissinger, Laura Harjo, Stacey Harwood
In this editorial, we address the concepts of diversity, multiculturalism, equity, racial equity, racism, anti-racism, and intersectionality in urban planning. Despite their significance, these concepts have not received sufficient attention in the mainstream planning discourse. We argue that prioritizing anti-racism is essential for fostering effective anti-racist praxis in planning, leading to institutional and structural change. The special issue introduces key terms and papers, highlighting the importance of context, intersectionality, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)/community-led initiatives. In addition, we emphasize the need for reparative planning practices to address historical injustices and disrupt structural racism in the planning field. We call on urban planners to integrate anti-racism as a core principle in their praxis. By dismantling entrenched systems of racism and embracing intersectional approaches, the field of urban planning can contribute significantly to the pursuit of equitable and inclusive urban environments for all. Prioritizing anti-racism, embracing intersectionality, and incorporating reparative planning practices are crucial steps for urban planners to create institutional and structural changes in the planning field. Integrating anti-racism as a core principle can lead to more equitable and inclusive urban environments, addressing historical injustices and promoting positive transformations.
{"title":"Anti-Racist Futures: Disrupting Racist Planning Practices in Workplaces, Institutions, and Communities","authors":"April Jackson, Anaid Yerena, Aujean Lee, Ivis Garcia-Zambrana, Ben Chrissinger, Laura Harjo, Stacey Harwood","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2244850","url":null,"abstract":"In this editorial, we address the concepts of diversity, multiculturalism, equity, racial equity, racism, anti-racism, and intersectionality in urban planning. Despite their significance, these concepts have not received sufficient attention in the mainstream planning discourse. We argue that prioritizing anti-racism is essential for fostering effective anti-racist praxis in planning, leading to institutional and structural change. The special issue introduces key terms and papers, highlighting the importance of context, intersectionality, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)/community-led initiatives. In addition, we emphasize the need for reparative planning practices to address historical injustices and disrupt structural racism in the planning field. We call on urban planners to integrate anti-racism as a core principle in their praxis. By dismantling entrenched systems of racism and embracing intersectional approaches, the field of urban planning can contribute significantly to the pursuit of equitable and inclusive urban environments for all. Prioritizing anti-racism, embracing intersectionality, and incorporating reparative planning practices are crucial steps for urban planners to create institutional and structural changes in the planning field. Integrating anti-racism as a core principle can lead to more equitable and inclusive urban environments, addressing historical injustices and promoting positive transformations.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"13 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981
Yael Shmaryahu-Yeshurun
Problem, research strategy, and findings Gentrification is often described as affluent White populations revitalizing deteriorating neighborhoods and displacing lower-income ethnic/racial residents. However, there is limited research on gentrification led by middle- and upper-class ethnic/racial minorities, which I propose calling gentrification of color. I reviewed 46 qualitative and quantitative studies on gentrification of color in U.S. cities from 1960 to 2021 and found a range of phenomena in terms of ethnicity/race, profiles, locations, preceding policies, and consequences of gentrification of color. These studies highlighted both solidarity and tensions within the same ethnic/racial groups as a result of gentrification. Gentrification of color presents both challenges and opportunities for minorities’ cultural inclusion. In addition, my study emphasized the role of policies enabling gentrification of color and the lack of affordable housing policies to address its consequences. The findings can encourage urban planners, policymakers, and scholars to adopt a policy approach that acknowledges the complex intersectionality of race/ethnicity and class.
{"title":"Gentrifiers of Color: Class Inequalities in Ethnic/Racial Neighborhood Displacement","authors":"Yael Shmaryahu-Yeshurun","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2251981","url":null,"abstract":"Problem, research strategy, and findings Gentrification is often described as affluent White populations revitalizing deteriorating neighborhoods and displacing lower-income ethnic/racial residents. However, there is limited research on gentrification led by middle- and upper-class ethnic/racial minorities, which I propose calling gentrification of color. I reviewed 46 qualitative and quantitative studies on gentrification of color in U.S. cities from 1960 to 2021 and found a range of phenomena in terms of ethnicity/race, profiles, locations, preceding policies, and consequences of gentrification of color. These studies highlighted both solidarity and tensions within the same ethnic/racial groups as a result of gentrification. Gentrification of color presents both challenges and opportunities for minorities’ cultural inclusion. In addition, my study emphasized the role of policies enabling gentrification of color and the lack of affordable housing policies to address its consequences. The findings can encourage urban planners, policymakers, and scholars to adopt a policy approach that acknowledges the complex intersectionality of race/ethnicity and class.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135535488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586
Ajay Garde, Huê-Tâm Jamme, Benjamin Toney, Deepak Bahl, Tridib Banerjee
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Inclusion of affordable housing in transit-oriented developments (TODs) is necessary for addressing the mobility and shelter needs of transit-dependent and low-income populations. Affordable housing in TODs, however, remains scarce despite state-level policies, interest group advocacy, and developer enthusiasm. We used a multiple case study method and focused on TOD areas in communities with disadvantaged populations in Southern California to examine barriers to and opportunities for affordable housing. We examined the contents of specific plans adopted by local governments to facilitate TODs around 10 selected transit stations in Los Angeles and Orange counties and conducted interviews with planners, policymakers, and developers involved in achieving affordable housing. Our findings indicated that although TOD specific plans permitted higher-density developments, they neither prioritized affordable housing nor presented a coherent vision for an inclusive transit community that would address the needs of different types of households. Moreover, onerous requirements for securing subsidies, patchwork financing, uncertainties in the approval process, and competition from market-rate housing inhibited affordable housing development. Although we did not analyze community opposition to TODs, it was hinted at by our interviewees.Takeaway for practice Targeting affordable housing in TODs, providing incentives, and strengthening the institutional framework are critical to achieving inclusive transit communities. The development of TODs in a politically fragmented region like Southern California necessitates a lead organization to procure affordable housing investments and strengthen the housing–transportation nexus. We note broader implications of the findings beyond California.Keywords: affordable housingdisadvantaged communitiesTOD ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Professor Ann Forsyth, editor of the Journal of the American Planning Association; and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which considerably improved the article. We also thank Nida Ahmed, Elizabeth Joun, Sang-O Kim, Lilly Nie, Isabel Qi, and Hanke Shao for excellent research assistance.RESEARCH SUPPORTThis research was supported by a USDOT Grant 65A0674, TO-041 from the METRANS Transportation Center.Notes1 We refer to housing affordable to low-income households as affordable housing throughout this article.2 In California, local governments adopt specific plans as policies and regulations to implement the jurisdiction’s future development policies included in the general plan and housing element. The housing element is a required section of the general plan of the jurisdiction (California Governor’s Office of Planning & Research, Citation2001). State law mandates that the housing element must be updated every 8 years based on a schedule set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development.3 Section 65583 of C
{"title":"Can TODs Include Affordable Housing?","authors":"Ajay Garde, Huê-Tâm Jamme, Benjamin Toney, Deepak Bahl, Tridib Banerjee","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2236586","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Inclusion of affordable housing in transit-oriented developments (TODs) is necessary for addressing the mobility and shelter needs of transit-dependent and low-income populations. Affordable housing in TODs, however, remains scarce despite state-level policies, interest group advocacy, and developer enthusiasm. We used a multiple case study method and focused on TOD areas in communities with disadvantaged populations in Southern California to examine barriers to and opportunities for affordable housing. We examined the contents of specific plans adopted by local governments to facilitate TODs around 10 selected transit stations in Los Angeles and Orange counties and conducted interviews with planners, policymakers, and developers involved in achieving affordable housing. Our findings indicated that although TOD specific plans permitted higher-density developments, they neither prioritized affordable housing nor presented a coherent vision for an inclusive transit community that would address the needs of different types of households. Moreover, onerous requirements for securing subsidies, patchwork financing, uncertainties in the approval process, and competition from market-rate housing inhibited affordable housing development. Although we did not analyze community opposition to TODs, it was hinted at by our interviewees.Takeaway for practice Targeting affordable housing in TODs, providing incentives, and strengthening the institutional framework are critical to achieving inclusive transit communities. The development of TODs in a politically fragmented region like Southern California necessitates a lead organization to procure affordable housing investments and strengthen the housing–transportation nexus. We note broader implications of the findings beyond California.Keywords: affordable housingdisadvantaged communitiesTOD ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Professor Ann Forsyth, editor of the Journal of the American Planning Association; and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which considerably improved the article. We also thank Nida Ahmed, Elizabeth Joun, Sang-O Kim, Lilly Nie, Isabel Qi, and Hanke Shao for excellent research assistance.RESEARCH SUPPORTThis research was supported by a USDOT Grant 65A0674, TO-041 from the METRANS Transportation Center.Notes1 We refer to housing affordable to low-income households as affordable housing throughout this article.2 In California, local governments adopt specific plans as policies and regulations to implement the jurisdiction’s future development policies included in the general plan and housing element. The housing element is a required section of the general plan of the jurisdiction (California Governor’s Office of Planning & Research, Citation2001). State law mandates that the housing element must be updated every 8 years based on a schedule set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development.3 Section 65583 of C","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135396168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093
Srirang Sohoni, Bumsoo Lee
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts.Takeaway for practice American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.Keywords: minimum parking requirementsparkingparking reformquasi-experimental researchurban development ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are thankful to Colton Johnson and Jonah Farran, undergraduate students in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, for their support in data collection and surveys. We are also grateful to Ben LeRoy (ex-zoning administrator), Rob Kowalski (assistant planning and development director), and Kris Koester (administrative services manager) from the City of Champaign and Lily Wilcock (Planner II) from the City of Urbana for providing us with essential data and valuable insights for this research.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093Additional informationNotes on contributorsSrirang SohoniSRIRANG SOHONI (ssohon3@illinois.edu) is a doctoral student in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign.Bumsoo LeeBUMSOO LEE (bumsoo@illinois.edu) is an associate professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at th
{"title":"After the Minimum Parking Requirement","authors":"Srirang Sohoni, Bumsoo Lee","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) have been criticized for creating excess parking, degrading urban form, reducing housing affordability, and encouraging automobile dependency. As a result, many American cities have begun to reduce or remove parking minimums in some or all areas. However, existing research on the effects of these policy changes has focused only on the analysis of parking supply. We investigated the broader results of parking reform at a small university city in the Midwest that removed MPRs for downtown and university districts. Our quasi-experimental research found that onsite parking construction in the deregulated zones decreased dramatically, from 108% of the earlier requirement to only 46%, clearly indicating that MPRs had enforced oversupply of parking. Of the 43 new major developments built in the 7 years following the parking reform, 84% provided less parking than previous requirements, including eight developments with zero parking. The reduction in onsite parking led to more efficient use of existing parking stock, both public and private. Furthermore, the removal of MPRs, combined with other policies, helped improve urban form by increasing housing density, promoting active building frontages, and guiding a growing share of new developments to transit-rich and walkable districts.Takeaway for practice American cities stand to benefit greatly by relaxing or repealing parking requirements. Cities that expect resistance to parking reforms can take a targeted and incremental approach, first removing MPRs in denser areas such as downtowns, transit corridors, and other prime districts where an oversupply of parking is typically being reinforced by uniform MPRs. The case of Champaign (IL) demonstrates that a targeted district-scale reform is likely to encounter minimal opposition.Keywords: minimum parking requirementsparkingparking reformquasi-experimental researchurban development ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are thankful to Colton Johnson and Jonah Farran, undergraduate students in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, for their support in data collection and surveys. We are also grateful to Ben LeRoy (ex-zoning administrator), Rob Kowalski (assistant planning and development director), and Kris Koester (administrative services manager) from the City of Champaign and Lily Wilcock (Planner II) from the City of Urbana for providing us with essential data and valuable insights for this research.SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2248093Additional informationNotes on contributorsSrirang SohoniSRIRANG SOHONI (ssohon3@illinois.edu) is a doctoral student in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign.Bumsoo LeeBUMSOO LEE (bumsoo@illinois.edu) is an associate professor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at th","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135396161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771
Aryana Soliz, Lancelot Rodrigue, Christian Peaker, Isabelle Bernard, Ahmed El-Geneidy
AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely encouraged as a strategy to limit urban sprawl, increase urban density, and enhance neighborhood diversity. Federal and regional governments have been increasingly promoting such TOD in parallel with light rail transit (LRT) projects to foster sustainable transitions. Little is known, however, about the processes through which municipalities have made changes to existing land use regulations to achieve TOD goals. In this article we trace changes in municipal plans and bylaws surrounding a CA$7 billion LRT in Montréal (Canada) that opened in summer 2023, 7 years after its announcement. Specifically, we analyzed whether changes in municipal bylaws conformed to TOD plans recommended by the metropolitan government while exploring local barriers to zoning reform. Through policy and spatial analysis, we found that only a limited number of municipalities made sufficient bylaw changes between 2016 and 2022 to support TOD plans aimed at implementing mixed-use zoning, increasing urban density, and reducing parking ratios. Through an analysis of rezoning processes, we see an opportunity for improved multilevel cooperation, public engagement activities, and positive communication strategies in the process of building integrated transport and land use systems.Takeaway for practice These findings can aid planners and policymakers in understanding the importance of reforming municipal zoning bylaws and regional approaches to TOD, strengthening collaboration between different levels of government, and engaging in meaningful public consultation practices to foster an integrated transport and land use approach. If LRT projects are to be successful in meeting sustainability goals, greater engagement with land use regulations across multiple scales is needed to facilitate TOD.Keywords: bylawsland use regulationslight railtransit-oriented developmentzoning Research SupportThis article draws on research supported by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Collaborative Health Research Projects (CHRP) Program (CIHR CPG-170602 and CPG-170602 X- 253156, NSERC CHRPJ 549576-20), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture (FRQSC) Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, as well as the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Canada Graduate Scholarship Master’s Program (CGS-M).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Gregory Butler and James DeWeese for their help in the early stages of the research and Julien Duffy his assistance with data collection.Additional informationNotes on contributorsAryana SolizARYANA SOLIZ (aryana.soliz@mcgill.ca) is a postdoctoral researcher in the
{"title":"Zoning In on Transit-Oriented Development","authors":"Aryana Soliz, Lancelot Rodrigue, Christian Peaker, Isabelle Bernard, Ahmed El-Geneidy","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProblem, research strategy, and findings Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely encouraged as a strategy to limit urban sprawl, increase urban density, and enhance neighborhood diversity. Federal and regional governments have been increasingly promoting such TOD in parallel with light rail transit (LRT) projects to foster sustainable transitions. Little is known, however, about the processes through which municipalities have made changes to existing land use regulations to achieve TOD goals. In this article we trace changes in municipal plans and bylaws surrounding a CA$7 billion LRT in Montréal (Canada) that opened in summer 2023, 7 years after its announcement. Specifically, we analyzed whether changes in municipal bylaws conformed to TOD plans recommended by the metropolitan government while exploring local barriers to zoning reform. Through policy and spatial analysis, we found that only a limited number of municipalities made sufficient bylaw changes between 2016 and 2022 to support TOD plans aimed at implementing mixed-use zoning, increasing urban density, and reducing parking ratios. Through an analysis of rezoning processes, we see an opportunity for improved multilevel cooperation, public engagement activities, and positive communication strategies in the process of building integrated transport and land use systems.Takeaway for practice These findings can aid planners and policymakers in understanding the importance of reforming municipal zoning bylaws and regional approaches to TOD, strengthening collaboration between different levels of government, and engaging in meaningful public consultation practices to foster an integrated transport and land use approach. If LRT projects are to be successful in meeting sustainability goals, greater engagement with land use regulations across multiple scales is needed to facilitate TOD.Keywords: bylawsland use regulationslight railtransit-oriented developmentzoning Research SupportThis article draws on research supported by The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Collaborative Health Research Projects (CHRP) Program (CIHR CPG-170602 and CPG-170602 X- 253156, NSERC CHRPJ 549576-20), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture (FRQSC) Postdoctoral Fellowship Program, as well as the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Canada Graduate Scholarship Master’s Program (CGS-M).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Supplemental MaterialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2239771ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Gregory Butler and James DeWeese for their help in the early stages of the research and Julien Duffy his assistance with data collection.Additional informationNotes on contributorsAryana SolizARYANA SOLIZ (aryana.soliz@mcgill.ca) is a postdoctoral researcher in the","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134910796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247821
L. B. Pollans
{"title":"The Politics of Trash: How Governments Used Corruption to Clean Cities, 1890–1929","authors":"L. B. Pollans","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2247821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247821","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42780553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247820
Larissa Larsen
{"title":"The Heat Will Kill You First: Life and Death on a Scorched Planet","authors":"Larissa Larsen","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2247820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47017927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2247819
G. Ottinger
{"title":"Fighting to Breathe: Race, Toxicity, and the Rise of Youth Activism in Baltimore","authors":"G. Ottinger","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2247819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2247819","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46231770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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