This paper explores how policy reactions to the polycrisis seek to reshape GPNs, encouraging new forms of decoupling and recoupling. I focus on the EU’s trade policy responses to the climate crisis, especially carbon tariffs and the deforestation regulation. These new measures represent a shift from traditional trade policy and a conscious effort to “decouple” EU GPNs from certain geographies where negative environmental externalities are considered unacceptably high. I argue that compared to prior state interventions motivated by strategic and geo-political objectives, this represents a novel form of “sustainability-based decoupling.” It will change incentive structures and geographies in several GPNs.
{"title":"The impact of polycrisis on GPNs—a focus on the EU’s trade policy response to the climate crisis","authors":"Louse Curran","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf026","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how policy reactions to the polycrisis seek to reshape GPNs, encouraging new forms of decoupling and recoupling. I focus on the EU’s trade policy responses to the climate crisis, especially carbon tariffs and the deforestation regulation. These new measures represent a shift from traditional trade policy and a conscious effort to “decouple” EU GPNs from certain geographies where negative environmental externalities are considered unacceptably high. I argue that compared to prior state interventions motivated by strategic and geo-political objectives, this represents a novel form of “sustainability-based decoupling.” It will change incentive structures and geographies in several GPNs.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neil M Coe, Lian Sinclair, Chris Gibson, Andrew Warren
There is a tendency in global production network (GPN) analyses to primarily focus on manufacturing and distribution, rather than tracking back to their raw material origins. This risks missing important insights at a time when the sourcing of key energy transition materials (ETMs) has become an area of acute geopolitical-economic importance. This article investigates efforts to facilitate the production and processing of ETMs in Australia, and specifically the role played by state actors, in response to polycrisis drivers of geopolitical tensions and climate emergency. The strategies pursued by Australian state entities to develop mining and processing take a ‘derisking’ approach. We detail six forms of risk to ETM projects (technical; investment; market; environmental/social; workforce; regulatory) and three state derisking strategies, operating at distinct yet interconnected spatial scales: (1) financial support mechanisms designed to derisk projects for the private sector proponents (the subsidising role of state actors); (2) the designation of regional ‘hubs’ for ETMs with infrastructural support and expedited planning approvals (the streamlining role of state actors); and (3) transnational networking activities to connect projects to both international funders and markets in the context of geopolitical rifts (the brokering role of state actors). Such derisking strategies are central to connecting Australian firms with international investors and buyers to thereby resource alternate ‘Western’ GPNs. Critical engagement with the concept of derisking offers a productive understanding of the evolving role of state actors in resourcing new and alternate GPNs, while simultaneously spatializing understandings of the ‘derisking state’.
{"title":"Resourcing GPNs: multi-scalar state derisking of energy transition minerals at a time of polycrisis","authors":"Neil M Coe, Lian Sinclair, Chris Gibson, Andrew Warren","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf020","url":null,"abstract":"There is a tendency in global production network (GPN) analyses to primarily focus on manufacturing and distribution, rather than tracking back to their raw material origins. This risks missing important insights at a time when the sourcing of key energy transition materials (ETMs) has become an area of acute geopolitical-economic importance. This article investigates efforts to facilitate the production and processing of ETMs in Australia, and specifically the role played by state actors, in response to polycrisis drivers of geopolitical tensions and climate emergency. The strategies pursued by Australian state entities to develop mining and processing take a ‘derisking’ approach. We detail six forms of risk to ETM projects (technical; investment; market; environmental/social; workforce; regulatory) and three state derisking strategies, operating at distinct yet interconnected spatial scales: (1) financial support mechanisms designed to derisk projects for the private sector proponents (the subsidising role of state actors); (2) the designation of regional ‘hubs’ for ETMs with infrastructural support and expedited planning approvals (the streamlining role of state actors); and (3) transnational networking activities to connect projects to both international funders and markets in the context of geopolitical rifts (the brokering role of state actors). Such derisking strategies are central to connecting Australian firms with international investors and buyers to thereby resource alternate ‘Western’ GPNs. Critical engagement with the concept of derisking offers a productive understanding of the evolving role of state actors in resourcing new and alternate GPNs, while simultaneously spatializing understandings of the ‘derisking state’.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144176557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The environmental polycrisis, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity, touches down in agricultural global production networks (GPNs) through different environmental interactions. Drawing on environmental economic geography and critical systems thinking, we propose a novel conceptualization to trace environmental interactions of influence, disruption, and synergy, and their implications for GPNs, GPN actors, and the environmental risks they face. Through empirical material from horticulture in South Africa and Kenya and cocoa in Nicaragua, we demonstrate this conceptualization’s relevance by showing how environmental interactions reshape GPNs, creating uneven environmental risks for smallholders accompanied by often adverse economic and social implications.
{"title":"The environmental polycrisis and global production networks: insights from agriculture in South Africa, Kenya, and Nicaragua","authors":"Judith E Krauss, Aarti Krishnan, Nora Lanari","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf022","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental polycrisis, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity, touches down in agricultural global production networks (GPNs) through different environmental interactions. Drawing on environmental economic geography and critical systems thinking, we propose a novel conceptualization to trace environmental interactions of influence, disruption, and synergy, and their implications for GPNs, GPN actors, and the environmental risks they face. Through empirical material from horticulture in South Africa and Kenya and cocoa in Nicaragua, we demonstrate this conceptualization’s relevance by showing how environmental interactions reshape GPNs, creating uneven environmental risks for smallholders accompanied by often adverse economic and social implications.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"243 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144165344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias Beestermöller, Levke Jessen-Thiesen, Alexander Sandkamp
This article investigates the impact of rail service interruptions on customer switching. Using booking data on intercity bus services, we exploit regional variation in rail service cancellations during a strike to show that the disruption in rail transport increases bus ticket sales. The effect persists beyond the strike, indicating that travellers do not return to their originally preferred transport mode. It is particularly pronounced on shorter routes and among leisure passengers travelling on weekends. The findings indicate that customers were previously under-experimenting. Our results imply that incentivising experimentation can foster competition, facilitate transformative change and raise welfare.
{"title":"Striking evidence: the impact of railway strikes on competition from intercity bus services in Germany","authors":"Matthias Beestermöller, Levke Jessen-Thiesen, Alexander Sandkamp","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf017","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the impact of rail service interruptions on customer switching. Using booking data on intercity bus services, we exploit regional variation in rail service cancellations during a strike to show that the disruption in rail transport increases bus ticket sales. The effect persists beyond the strike, indicating that travellers do not return to their originally preferred transport mode. It is particularly pronounced on shorter routes and among leisure passengers travelling on weekends. The findings indicate that customers were previously under-experimenting. Our results imply that incentivising experimentation can foster competition, facilitate transformative change and raise welfare.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlo Lombardo, Julian Martinez-Correa, Leonardo Peñaloza-Pacheco, Leonardo Gasparini
We examine how the massive exodus of Venezuelans and an amnesty program aimed at their integration affected income distribution in Colombia. Using RIF regressions in an instrumental variables approach, we find that the exodus had a negative effect on the lower tail of native Colombians’ income distribution, while the amnesty program partially mitigated this impact. Our findings posit downgrading as the driving mechanism. Employment restrictions forced Venezuelan migrants into lower-paying, more routinized jobs despite their qualifications, exacerbating pressures on the low-skilled labor segment in Colombia. The regularization program mitigated the extent of downgrading, thereby alleviating the unequalizing impact of migration.
{"title":"From displacement to integration: mitigating the distributional effect of immigration through an amnesty program","authors":"Carlo Lombardo, Julian Martinez-Correa, Leonardo Peñaloza-Pacheco, Leonardo Gasparini","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf014","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how the massive exodus of Venezuelans and an amnesty program aimed at their integration affected income distribution in Colombia. Using RIF regressions in an instrumental variables approach, we find that the exodus had a negative effect on the lower tail of native Colombians’ income distribution, while the amnesty program partially mitigated this impact. Our findings posit downgrading as the driving mechanism. Employment restrictions forced Venezuelan migrants into lower-paying, more routinized jobs despite their qualifications, exacerbating pressures on the low-skilled labor segment in Colombia. The regularization program mitigated the extent of downgrading, thereby alleviating the unequalizing impact of migration.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities are characterized by high skill levels and workers improve their skills through learning. This article presents novel stylized facts on learning behavior and cities. I use Japanese survey data that provide distinctively rich first-hand information about the frequency, purpose, and subject of off-the-job learning. First, people engage in learning more frequently in denser cities. Second, people in denser cities are more likely to learn to gain new employment or cultivate themselves. Third, while cities tend to facilitate learning of skills required in skill-intensive sectors, what people learn depends on the local demand for skills.
{"title":"Off-the-job learning in cities","authors":"Atsushi Yamagishi","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf016","url":null,"abstract":"Cities are characterized by high skill levels and workers improve their skills through learning. This article presents novel stylized facts on learning behavior and cities. I use Japanese survey data that provide distinctively rich first-hand information about the frequency, purpose, and subject of off-the-job learning. First, people engage in learning more frequently in denser cities. Second, people in denser cities are more likely to learn to gain new employment or cultivate themselves. Third, while cities tend to facilitate learning of skills required in skill-intensive sectors, what people learn depends on the local demand for skills.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the relationship between child sex abuse scandals and migration aspirations. We consider individual survey data from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico over the period 2010–15, and we exploit the region of residence and the date of the interview of respondents to estimate the effect of region-specific time-varying pedophilia scandals in the Catholic Church on migration aspirations. Estimates show that exposure to scandals is an important determinant for migration aspirations, especially for young adults. Investigating the channels, we find that scandals increase concerns about child well-being and decrease the confidence in national institutions.
{"title":"For children’s sake: the effects of child abuse scandals on migration aspirations","authors":"Annalisa Frigo, Elisabetta Lodigiani","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf013","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the relationship between child sex abuse scandals and migration aspirations. We consider individual survey data from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico over the period 2010–15, and we exploit the region of residence and the date of the interview of respondents to estimate the effect of region-specific time-varying pedophilia scandals in the Catholic Church on migration aspirations. Estimates show that exposure to scandals is an important determinant for migration aspirations, especially for young adults. Investigating the channels, we find that scandals increase concerns about child well-being and decrease the confidence in national institutions.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global production networks (GPNs) are a ubiquitous mode of industrial organization. This article advances the theorization of GPN formation. By focusing on the catalytic effect of seemingly unrelated crises that occur in different fields, it demonstrates the value of a conjunctural approach. Situated crises generate a mid-level thrust toward GPN formation, spurring new inter-regional and inter-firm relations. The study makes this point by using an under-studied case: the formation of India’s information-technology (IT) industry. It melds a practice-based, actor-strategy view of network creation (GPN framework) with a focus on crisis (conjunctural analysis). Thus, strengthening both macro/structural and micro/situated approaches to GPNs and their formation.
{"title":"A conjunctural approach to global production networks: the case of India’s software services industry","authors":"Devika Narayan","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf012","url":null,"abstract":"Global production networks (GPNs) are a ubiquitous mode of industrial organization. This article advances the theorization of GPN formation. By focusing on the catalytic effect of seemingly unrelated crises that occur in different fields, it demonstrates the value of a conjunctural approach. Situated crises generate a mid-level thrust toward GPN formation, spurring new inter-regional and inter-firm relations. The study makes this point by using an under-studied case: the formation of India’s information-technology (IT) industry. It melds a practice-based, actor-strategy view of network creation (GPN framework) with a focus on crisis (conjunctural analysis). Thus, strengthening both macro/structural and micro/situated approaches to GPNs and their formation.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a cross-nested logit (CNL) approach to investigate how individuals adjust their migration decisions in response to changes in the global landscape. In contrast to the widely used logit model, the CNL enables more intricate substitution patterns among destinations. Leveraging migration aspiration data from India, we demonstrate that the CNL approach outperforms competing approaches in terms of model fit and predictive accuracy. It reveals greater heterogeneity in responses to shocks, and uncovers intricate and intuitive substitution patterns. Our analysis underscores the limited substitutability between the home and foreign alternatives, as well as within specific subgroups of destination countries.
{"title":"New York, Abu Dhabi, London, or stay at home? Using a cross-nested logit model to identify complex substitution patterns in migration","authors":"Michel Beine, Michel Bierlaire, Frédéric Docquier","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf007","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a cross-nested logit (CNL) approach to investigate how individuals adjust their migration decisions in response to changes in the global landscape. In contrast to the widely used logit model, the CNL enables more intricate substitution patterns among destinations. Leveraging migration aspiration data from India, we demonstrate that the CNL approach outperforms competing approaches in terms of model fit and predictive accuracy. It reveals greater heterogeneity in responses to shocks, and uncovers intricate and intuitive substitution patterns. Our analysis underscores the limited substitutability between the home and foreign alternatives, as well as within specific subgroups of destination countries.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143546775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From 1930 to 1939, a devastating drought affected the USA. To study environmentally induced migration, I develop datasets of environmental conditions (drought, heat, and precipitation) and census data between 1930 and 1940. My analysis shows that people moved from drought during the early and late 1930s. County-level environmental-related depopulation resulted from increased out-migration and decreased in-migration. At the individual level, all occupational categories (farm labor, farmers, general labor, skilled labor, and white collar) moved from severe environmental conditions, though the response varied depending on rural status. Individuals near cities, but not in the cities themselves, were typically the most mobile in response to shocks. While severe conditions impacted migration across much of the Western USA, the Great Plains states witnessed the most dramatic population declines. My findings provide a detailed view of the environmental forces driving 1930s migration, demonstrate responsiveness across labor sectors, and highlight where people left due to environmental conditions.
{"title":"Environmental migration during the Great American Drought","authors":"Christopher Sichko","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbaf006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbaf006","url":null,"abstract":"From 1930 to 1939, a devastating drought affected the USA. To study environmentally induced migration, I develop datasets of environmental conditions (drought, heat, and precipitation) and census data between 1930 and 1940. My analysis shows that people moved from drought during the early and late 1930s. County-level environmental-related depopulation resulted from increased out-migration and decreased in-migration. At the individual level, all occupational categories (farm labor, farmers, general labor, skilled labor, and white collar) moved from severe environmental conditions, though the response varied depending on rural status. Individuals near cities, but not in the cities themselves, were typically the most mobile in response to shocks. While severe conditions impacted migration across much of the Western USA, the Great Plains states witnessed the most dramatic population declines. My findings provide a detailed view of the environmental forces driving 1930s migration, demonstrate responsiveness across labor sectors, and highlight where people left due to environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143125201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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