We analyze the externalities arising from a bilateral asylum policy—the list of safe origin countries—relying on a tractable model. Using self-collected monthly data, we estimate that including one origin country on the safe list of a given destination decreases asylum applications from that origin to that destination by 29 per cent. We use a counterfactual policy simulation to quantify the spillover effects occurring across origin and destination countries. Individuals from targeted origin countries move to alternative destinations. Individuals from untargeted origins divert from alternative destinations. The magnitude of the externalities depends on the size of the affected flows.
{"title":"The externalities of immigration policies on migration flows: the case of an asylum policy","authors":"Lucas Guichard, Joël Machado","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae016","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the externalities arising from a bilateral asylum policy—the list of safe origin countries—relying on a tractable model. Using self-collected monthly data, we estimate that including one origin country on the safe list of a given destination decreases asylum applications from that origin to that destination by 29 per cent. We use a counterfactual policy simulation to quantify the spillover effects occurring across origin and destination countries. Individuals from targeted origin countries move to alternative destinations. Individuals from untargeted origins divert from alternative destinations. The magnitude of the externalities depends on the size of the affected flows.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140910618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We argue that trans-local knowledge connections positively impact local epistemic inventor communities in global cities, using patent citations as an indicator of global knowledge connectivity. Patented inventions have become more concentrated in the most internationally connected global cities, increasing inter-regional inequality. We identify two dimensions of knowledge connectivity: the compatibility of connections between similar profiles of technological knowledge, and the geographical diversity of knowledge connections between differently specialized global cities. We suggest that interaction between local and international inventor epistemic communities is now a vital driver of local innovation in global cities, and interregional inequality between these and other cities.
{"title":"International knowledge connectivity and the increasing concentration of innovation in major global cities","authors":"John Cantwell, Salma Zaman","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae013","url":null,"abstract":"We argue that trans-local knowledge connections positively impact local epistemic inventor communities in global cities, using patent citations as an indicator of global knowledge connectivity. Patented inventions have become more concentrated in the most internationally connected global cities, increasing inter-regional inequality. We identify two dimensions of knowledge connectivity: the compatibility of connections between similar profiles of technological knowledge, and the geographical diversity of knowledge connections between differently specialized global cities. We suggest that interaction between local and international inventor epistemic communities is now a vital driver of local innovation in global cities, and interregional inequality between these and other cities.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140903018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on financial geography literature and the concept of state rescaling, this article investigates the state–finance nexus with an emphasis on state spatial reconfiguration. Through a historically and geographically informed political economic analysis, it argues that China’s state-led, market-oriented rural banking reforms are not merely the outcome of a deepening market logic within the financial administration of the rural sector. They are also crucial for state spatial reconfiguration to address uneven rural and urban development. The article calls for greater sensitivity towards relational spatiotemporality and uneven development to comprehend fully the spatiality of the state–finance nexus.
{"title":"Reworking uneven geographical development: the spatial logic of China’s rural banking reforms","authors":"Leqian Yu, Jie Yin","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae012","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on financial geography literature and the concept of state rescaling, this article investigates the state–finance nexus with an emphasis on state spatial reconfiguration. Through a historically and geographically informed political economic analysis, it argues that China’s state-led, market-oriented rural banking reforms are not merely the outcome of a deepening market logic within the financial administration of the rural sector. They are also crucial for state spatial reconfiguration to address uneven rural and urban development. The article calls for greater sensitivity towards relational spatiotemporality and uneven development to comprehend fully the spatiality of the state–finance nexus.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article combines unconditional quantile regressions with difference-in-differences to study the distributive effects of a foreign buyer tax (FBT) on home prices in New South Wales (NSW). The main results reveal that the FBT reduces house prices in NSW but only among the more expensive houses located in desirable neighborhoods of Sydney and with a relatively high share of foreign-born population. We find evidence that the FBT reduces transaction volumes in the same expensive Sydney neighborhoods and immigrant enclaves where house prices are observed to decline, in support of a direct mechanism that the FBT curbs foreign demand. Additional results suggest that more expensive homes are not substituted with less expensive housing, and that some foreign buyers respond to the FBT by divesting away from NSW locations. The main policy implication is that the FBT may help deter foreign buyers from accumulating higher-priced and luxury assets, but may fail to address broader housing affordability concerns facing the local population.
{"title":"Heterogeneous effects of a foreign buyer tax on house prices in New South Wales","authors":"Anthony Howell, Siân Mughan, Akheil Singla","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae007","url":null,"abstract":"This article combines unconditional quantile regressions with difference-in-differences to study the distributive effects of a foreign buyer tax (FBT) on home prices in New South Wales (NSW). The main results reveal that the FBT reduces house prices in NSW but only among the more expensive houses located in desirable neighborhoods of Sydney and with a relatively high share of foreign-born population. We find evidence that the FBT reduces transaction volumes in the same expensive Sydney neighborhoods and immigrant enclaves where house prices are observed to decline, in support of a direct mechanism that the FBT curbs foreign demand. Additional results suggest that more expensive homes are not substituted with less expensive housing, and that some foreign buyers respond to the FBT by divesting away from NSW locations. The main policy implication is that the FBT may help deter foreign buyers from accumulating higher-priced and luxury assets, but may fail to address broader housing affordability concerns facing the local population.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140343141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harald Bathelt, Maximilian Buchholz, Michael Storper
Social scientists and policymakers alike have become increasingly concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and consequences of inter-regional inequality in economic living conditions. Contemporary spatial inequality is multi-faceted—it varies depending on how we define inequality, the scale at which it is measured, and which groups in the labor force are considered. Increasing economic inequality has important implications for broader social and political issues. Notably, it is difficult to account for the rise of far-right populism in industrialized countries without considering the context of growing inter-regional inequality. Important explanations for the rise in inter-regional inequality include changing patterns of worker and firm sorting processes across space, major transitions like the reorientation of the economy from manufacturing to digital technologies, and increasing global economic integration, as well as policy. Different causal explanations in turn imply a different role for place-based policy. This article introduces the context of the special issue on the nature, causes, and consequences of inter-regional inequality, focusing specifically on inequality in North America and Western Europe, and aims to identify challenges for, and spark further research on, inter-regional inequality.
{"title":"The nature, causes, and consequences of inter-regional inequality","authors":"Harald Bathelt, Maximilian Buchholz, Michael Storper","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae005","url":null,"abstract":"Social scientists and policymakers alike have become increasingly concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and consequences of inter-regional inequality in economic living conditions. Contemporary spatial inequality is multi-faceted—it varies depending on how we define inequality, the scale at which it is measured, and which groups in the labor force are considered. Increasing economic inequality has important implications for broader social and political issues. Notably, it is difficult to account for the rise of far-right populism in industrialized countries without considering the context of growing inter-regional inequality. Important explanations for the rise in inter-regional inequality include changing patterns of worker and firm sorting processes across space, major transitions like the reorientation of the economy from manufacturing to digital technologies, and increasing global economic integration, as well as policy. Different causal explanations in turn imply a different role for place-based policy. This article introduces the context of the special issue on the nature, causes, and consequences of inter-regional inequality, focusing specifically on inequality in North America and Western Europe, and aims to identify challenges for, and spark further research on, inter-regional inequality.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140343150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jose Antonio Belso-Martinez, Isabel Díez-Vial, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose
This article examines the effect of formal and informal institutional settings and of the governance of inter-organizational relationships on innovation at the cluster level. The research primarily relies on quantitative methods, utilizing data obtained from a survey involving 115 firms and 12 in-depth interviews. Supplementary qualitative information from the interviews has also been incorporated into the analysis. The results support the hypothesis that innovative firms should consider not only the impact of different governance modes but also how these modes align with the existing local contexts. Failure to do so may result in firms becoming entrenched in the prevailing practices and products of a specific location.
{"title":"Inter-organizational governance and innovation under different local institutional contexts","authors":"Jose Antonio Belso-Martinez, Isabel Díez-Vial, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbae001","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the effect of formal and informal institutional settings and of the governance of inter-organizational relationships on innovation at the cluster level. The research primarily relies on quantitative methods, utilizing data obtained from a survey involving 115 firms and 12 in-depth interviews. Supplementary qualitative information from the interviews has also been incorporated into the analysis. The results support the hypothesis that innovative firms should consider not only the impact of different governance modes but also how these modes align with the existing local contexts. Failure to do so may result in firms becoming entrenched in the prevailing practices and products of a specific location.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139568338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persistent racial inequality in socioeconomic status within urban areas has been a significant concern in both the US and European countries. Differences across racial groups in intergenerational mobility (IM) have been identified as a key source of this persistence. However, efforts to understand racial inequality in IM have rarely considered the role of urban sprawl. This article argues that urban sprawl affects differences in IM between racial groups directly and indirectly through racial segregation, racial bias, and social capital. We analyze data from 874 metropolitan counties in the US using structural equation models to test these direct and indirect effects of sprawl on racial inequality in IM. We found that urban sprawl was negatively associated with racial inequality in IM. The direct effect, which we partially attribute to higher racial disparities in social capital in more compact counties, was statistically significant. For the indirect effects, racial segregation had the largest mediating effects between urban sprawl and racial inequality in IM, followed by economic connectedness (EC) and racial bias. The net indirect effect of sprawl on racial inequality in IM was negative because negative indirect effects through racial segregation and EC outweigh positive indirect effects through racial bias. Our findings demonstrate the significant role of urban form in racial inequality in IM.
在美国和欧洲国家，城市地区社会经济地位中持续存在的种族不平等现象一直备受关注。不同种族群体之间在代际流动性（IM）方面的差异被认为是造成这种持续性的主要原因。然而，人们在努力理解代际流动中的种族不平等时，却很少考虑城市扩张的作用。本文认为，城市无计划扩展通过种族隔离、种族偏见和社会资本直接或间接地影响了种族群体间代际流动的差异。我们使用结构方程模型分析了来自美国 874 个大都市县的数据，以检验无计划扩展对种族 IM 不平等的直接和间接影响。我们发现，城市扩张与 IM 中的种族不平等呈负相关。我们将这种直接影响部分归因于在更紧凑的县城中社会资本的种族差异更大，这种直接影响在统计上是显著的。就间接效应而言，种族隔离在城市无计划扩展与 IM 中的种族不平等之间具有最大的中介效应，其次是经济联系（EC）和种族偏见。无计划扩展对 IM 中种族不平等的净间接效应是负的，因为通过种族隔离和经济联系产生的负间接效应超过了通过种族偏见产生的正间接效应。我们的研究结果表明，城市形态在 IM 的种族不平等中发挥着重要作用。
{"title":"Urban sprawl and racial inequality in intergenerational mobility","authors":"Ning Xiong, Yehua Dennis Wei, Sergio J Rey","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad039","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent racial inequality in socioeconomic status within urban areas has been a significant concern in both the US and European countries. Differences across racial groups in intergenerational mobility (IM) have been identified as a key source of this persistence. However, efforts to understand racial inequality in IM have rarely considered the role of urban sprawl. This article argues that urban sprawl affects differences in IM between racial groups directly and indirectly through racial segregation, racial bias, and social capital. We analyze data from 874 metropolitan counties in the US using structural equation models to test these direct and indirect effects of sprawl on racial inequality in IM. We found that urban sprawl was negatively associated with racial inequality in IM. The direct effect, which we partially attribute to higher racial disparities in social capital in more compact counties, was statistically significant. For the indirect effects, racial segregation had the largest mediating effects between urban sprawl and racial inequality in IM, followed by economic connectedness (EC) and racial bias. The net indirect effect of sprawl on racial inequality in IM was negative because negative indirect effects through racial segregation and EC outweigh positive indirect effects through racial bias. Our findings demonstrate the significant role of urban form in racial inequality in IM.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139494948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Firms may seek non-redundant information through inter-firm relations beyond their geographic and cognitive boundaries (i.e., relations with firms in other regions and active in different fields). Little is known about the conditions under which firms benefit from this high-risk/high-gain strategy. We created a digital layer of 600,000 German firms by using their websites’ textual and relational content. Our results suggest that strong relations (relations with common third partners) between firms from different fields and inter-regional relations are positively associated with a firm’s innovation level. We also found that a specific combination of weak and strong relations confers greater innovation benefits.
{"title":"Leveraging the digital layer: the strength of weak and strong ties in bridging geographic and cognitive distances","authors":"Milad Abbasiharofteh, Jan Kinne, Miriam Krüger","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad037","url":null,"abstract":"Firms may seek non-redundant information through inter-firm relations beyond their geographic and cognitive boundaries (i.e., relations with firms in other regions and active in different fields). Little is known about the conditions under which firms benefit from this high-risk/high-gain strategy. We created a digital layer of 600,000 German firms by using their websites’ textual and relational content. Our results suggest that strong relations (relations with common third partners) between firms from different fields and inter-regional relations are positively associated with a firm’s innovation level. We also found that a specific combination of weak and strong relations confers greater innovation benefits.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139041461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article estimates commuters’ scheduling utility function, which comprises the disutility of arriving at work earlier or later than desired (namely, the schedule-delay cost) and the disutility of travel time. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between the schedule delay and the travel time is about 0.85, meaning that commuters are willing to accept an extra schedule delay of about 1.2 time units (the reciprocal of 0.85) to reduce their travel time by 1 unit. For most travelers, the slope of the travel-time profile is much smaller than the estimated slope of the indifference curve (MRS). Based on our theoretical framework, where commuters choose a trip timing based on their travel-time profiles, our empirical results imply that commuters tend to arrive around their desired times bearing a small schedule-delay cost.
{"title":"Congestion and scheduling preferences of car commuters in California: estimates using big data","authors":"Jinwon Kim, Jucheol Moon","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbad033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad033","url":null,"abstract":"This article estimates commuters’ scheduling utility function, which comprises the disutility of arriving at work earlier or later than desired (namely, the schedule-delay cost) and the disutility of travel time. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between the schedule delay and the travel time is about 0.85, meaning that commuters are willing to accept an extra schedule delay of about 1.2 time units (the reciprocal of 0.85) to reduce their travel time by 1 unit. For most travelers, the slope of the travel-time profile is much smaller than the estimated slope of the indifference curve (MRS). Based on our theoretical framework, where commuters choose a trip timing based on their travel-time profiles, our empirical results imply that commuters tend to arrive around their desired times bearing a small schedule-delay cost.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138449698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We estimate the causal impact of communication infrastructure quality on growth and structural transformation. We use variation across US counties’ Internet speeds in 2018 and build an instrument using ARPANET, a military network that preceded the modern Internet, with its location documented in historical government reports. We find that doubling Internet speeds increases the 4-year employment growth by 3.3–6.1 percentage points. Faster Internet shifts economic activity toward high-skilled services and away from non-tradeable services while increasing inequality. Industry linkages, capital-skill complementarity, and information and communication technology workers’ sorting rationalize our results. Medium and small cities and rural areas drive our results.
{"title":"Quality of communications infrastructure, local structural transformation, and inequality","authors":"Camilo Acosta, Luis Baldomero-Quintana","doi":"10.1093/jeg/lbad032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbad032","url":null,"abstract":"We estimate the causal impact of communication infrastructure quality on growth and structural transformation. We use variation across US counties’ Internet speeds in 2018 and build an instrument using ARPANET, a military network that preceded the modern Internet, with its location documented in historical government reports. We find that doubling Internet speeds increases the 4-year employment growth by 3.3–6.1 percentage points. Faster Internet shifts economic activity toward high-skilled services and away from non-tradeable services while increasing inequality. Industry linkages, capital-skill complementarity, and information and communication technology workers’ sorting rationalize our results. Medium and small cities and rural areas drive our results.","PeriodicalId":48251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Economic Geography","volume":"130 37","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138289222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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