Francesca Manes-Rossi, Rebecca Levy Orelli, Mariafrancesca Sicilia
Participatory budgeting (PB) aims to enhance citizens' participation in local government. While there is a significant body of literature on PB, few studies investigate the role of internal actors in its management. This study aims to understand public managers' perceptions of the whole PB process. Using the Q-methodology on a sample of Italian local governments experienced in PB, we analyze the perspectives of public managers, revealing four approaches to PB, which we classify as skeptics, enthusiasts; guarantors; and believers. We find that managers have different approaches to how PB works and its potential effects, based on their role in managing the process. We also find that their attitude may influence citizens' participation in and perception of PB. Further research should consider the nexus between managers' perceptions and citizens' involvement in PB.
{"title":"Skeptic, enthusiast, guarantor or believer? Public managers' perception of participatory budgeting","authors":"Francesca Manes-Rossi, Rebecca Levy Orelli, Mariafrancesca Sicilia","doi":"10.1111/padm.12978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12978","url":null,"abstract":"Participatory budgeting (PB) aims to enhance citizens' participation in local government. While there is a significant body of literature on PB, few studies investigate the role of internal actors in its management. This study aims to understand public managers' perceptions of the whole PB process. Using the Q-methodology on a sample of Italian local governments experienced in PB, we analyze the perspectives of public managers, revealing four approaches to PB, which we classify as skeptics, enthusiasts; guarantors; and believers. We find that managers have different approaches to how PB works and its potential effects, based on their role in managing the process. We also find that their attitude may influence citizens' participation in and perception of PB. Further research should consider the nexus between managers' perceptions and citizens' involvement in PB.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Higor Leite, Ian R. Hodgkinson, Ana Vitória Lachowski Volochtchuk
Digital innovations are changing how public organizations deliver services through the creation of service separation. Service separation refers to the decoupling of service production and consumption in digital platforms, which affects both users and providers alike. Since the global pandemic, service separation has become established in many healthcare settings, though little is known about how it has been experienced by service actors in specialist service settings such as mental healthcare. Positioned at the (sub)micro-level of service interaction, our study provides a dual view of service separation to reveal its influence on value (co)creation and potential for value destruction in a 12-month longitudinal study. The findings draw on three waves of semi-structured interviews (n = 67), an end-of-study focus group with patients and psychologists, and qualitative diary entries. Integrating service actors' attitudes, beliefs, and experiences over time, the article presents the Service Separation Value Journey to show how digital service separation shapes value creation/destruction in specialized healthcare settings.
数字创新正在通过创造服务分离改变公共组织提供服务的方式。服务分离指的是数字平台中服务生产与消费的脱钩，这对用户和提供者都有影响。自全球大流行以来，服务分离已在许多医疗机构中确立，但人们对精神医疗等专业服务机构的服务人员如何体验服务分离却知之甚少。我们的研究定位于服务互动的（亚）微观层面，通过为期 12 个月的纵向研究，提供了服务分离的双重视角，以揭示其对（共同）创造价值的影响以及破坏价值的可能性。研究结果借鉴了三轮半结构式访谈（n = 67）、研究结束时与患者和心理学家的焦点小组以及定性日记记录。文章综合了服务参与者的态度、信念和长期经验，提出了 "服务分离价值之旅"（Service Separation Value Journey），以说明数字服务分离如何影响专业医疗机构的价值创造/破坏。
{"title":"The impact of service separation on value: A longitudinal study of user and provider experiences in a mental health service","authors":"Higor Leite, Ian R. Hodgkinson, Ana Vitória Lachowski Volochtchuk","doi":"10.1111/padm.12973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12973","url":null,"abstract":"Digital innovations are changing how public organizations deliver services through the creation of service separation. Service separation refers to the decoupling of service production and consumption in digital platforms, which affects both users and providers alike. Since the global pandemic, service separation has become established in many healthcare settings, though little is known about how it has been experienced by service actors in specialist service settings such as mental healthcare. Positioned at the (sub)micro-level of service interaction, our study provides a dual view of service separation to reveal its influence on value (co)creation and potential for value destruction in a 12-month longitudinal study. The findings draw on three waves of semi-structured interviews (<i>n</i> = 67), an end-of-study focus group with patients and psychologists, and qualitative diary entries. Integrating service actors' attitudes, beliefs, and experiences over time, the article presents the Service Separation Value Journey to show how digital service separation shapes value creation/destruction in specialized healthcare settings.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138825818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Which job attributes attract prospective high-performing individuals to a job in the public sector? Research shows that the particular attributes of a job influence perceptions of job attractiveness. Moreover, public service motivation (PSM) and self-efficacy are valuable individual-level traits for public service performance. This article examines how variation within particular job attributes that are generic to many public service jobs may attract (or discourage) potential workers high in PSM and self-efficacy—i.e., prospective high-performers. We focus on eight job attributes encompassing total compensation, performance-based incentives, job performance assessment, diverse service recipient characteristics, overtime commitments, and key job tasks. Using data from a pre-registered conjoint survey experiment among 1501 US residents, we show how individuals higher in PSM and self-efficacy (relative to their counterparts with lower levels of these traits) exhibit distinct reactions to the job attributes of performance-based pay, service recipients’ resources and racial demographics, and key job tasks.
{"title":"Which job attributes attract individuals high in public service motivation and self-efficacy to a public service job?","authors":"Nathan Favero, Mogens Jin Pedersen, Joohyung Park","doi":"10.1111/padm.12975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12975","url":null,"abstract":"Which job attributes attract prospective high-performing individuals to a job in the public sector? Research shows that the particular attributes of a job influence perceptions of job attractiveness. Moreover, public service motivation (PSM) and self-efficacy are valuable individual-level traits for public service performance. This article examines how variation within particular job attributes that are generic to many public service jobs may attract (or discourage) potential workers high in PSM and self-efficacy—i.e., prospective high-performers. We focus on eight job attributes encompassing total compensation, performance-based incentives, job performance assessment, diverse service recipient characteristics, overtime commitments, and key job tasks. Using data from a pre-registered conjoint survey experiment among 1501 US residents, we show how individuals higher in PSM and self-efficacy (relative to their counterparts with lower levels of these traits) exhibit distinct reactions to the job attributes of performance-based pay, service recipients’ resources and racial demographics, and key job tasks.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prior work refers to burdens in citizen-state interactions as administrative, even though most originate from the desk of politicians, not administrators. Even more, bureaucrats often act to unburden their clients via the discretionary powers they wield. This perspective has largely been overlooked in extant research. The present study asks under what conditions bureaucrats alleviate the burdens levied by elected officials on their clients. We propose that bureaucrats are more likely to use their discretion to unburden the most vulnerable groups. The study models vulnerability in terms of age and race, using two single-factorial randomized experiments on a sample of 580 U.S. public managers in a COVID-19 rental assistance setting. We find that client vulnerability drives bureaucrats' intent to unburden, but only in the context of age, not race. Also, the more administrators perceive themselves as public representatives, the higher their intention to unburden aid seekers. By contrast, bureaucrats with higher self-efficacy tend to unburden less.
{"title":"When do bureaucrats choose to unburden clients: A randomized experiment","authors":"Donavon Johnson, Milena Neshkova","doi":"10.1111/padm.12972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12972","url":null,"abstract":"Prior work refers to burdens in citizen-state interactions as administrative, even though most originate from the desk of politicians, not administrators. Even more, bureaucrats often act to unburden their clients via the discretionary powers they wield. This perspective has largely been overlooked in extant research. The present study asks under what conditions bureaucrats alleviate the burdens levied by elected officials on their clients. We propose that bureaucrats are more likely to use their discretion to unburden the most vulnerable groups. The study models vulnerability in terms of age and race, using two single-factorial randomized experiments on a sample of 580 U.S. public managers in a COVID-19 rental assistance setting. We find that client vulnerability drives bureaucrats' intent to unburden, but only in the context of age, not race. Also, the more administrators perceive themselves as public representatives, the higher their intention to unburden aid seekers. By contrast, bureaucrats with higher self-efficacy tend to unburden less.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138693148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristina M. Campos-Alba, Jorge Chica-Olmo, Gemma Pérez-López, José L. Zafra-Gómez
Numerous studies have considered the economic impact and political influence of privatization. However, the theoretical approaches previously applied to model privatization, whether economic or political, have not obtained robust results. To address this question, we present a new political approach, based on mimetic isomorphism, which enables us to more accurately define the relationship between privatization, political theory and economic aspects. This new focus, termed political mimetic isomorphism, hypothesizes that the privatization of public services is influenced by an imitation effect between neighboring municipalities that share a common political ideology. In our study, this approach is applied, using geostatistical tools and logistic regression analysis with spatial variables, to a sample of municipalities that privatized their water and/or waste collection services during the period 2014–2019. The results obtained demonstrate the validity of the theoretical model of political mimetic isomorphism and show that this factor exerts a stronger influence on privatization than certain economic variables.
{"title":"Modeling political mimetic isomorphism versus economic and quality factors in local government privatizations","authors":"Cristina M. Campos-Alba, Jorge Chica-Olmo, Gemma Pérez-López, José L. Zafra-Gómez","doi":"10.1111/padm.12971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12971","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous studies have considered the economic impact and political influence of privatization. However, the theoretical approaches previously applied to model privatization, whether economic or political, have not obtained robust results. To address this question, we present a new political approach, based on mimetic isomorphism, which enables us to more accurately define the relationship between privatization, political theory and economic aspects. This new focus, termed <i>political mimetic isomorphism</i>, hypothesizes that the privatization of public services is influenced by an imitation effect between neighboring municipalities that share a common political ideology. In our study, this approach is applied, using geostatistical tools and logistic regression analysis with spatial variables, to a sample of municipalities that privatized their water and/or waste collection services during the period 2014–2019. The results obtained demonstrate the validity of the theoretical model of political mimetic isomorphism and show that this factor exerts a stronger influence on privatization than certain economic variables.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138533071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lena Brogaard, Jonas Krogh Madsen, Ole Helby Petersen
Despite a growing number of studies on how prior beliefs distort citizens' interpretation of performance information for service providers, little is known about whether prior beliefs matter equally across different services and types of providers. In this study, we provide a wide replication and extension of the experimental design used in Baekgaard and Serritzlew (2016) with three types of providers (public, non-profit, and for-profit) across two services (nursing homes and refuse collection). Based on two large-N nationally representative experiments (N = 3018 and N = 3020), we find that citizens' sector preference does indeed impact their interpretation of performance information, corresponding to the original study. However, public sector preference plays a substantially different role in the two services. Our findings strengthen the external validity of previous research and simultaneously identify theoretical boundaries to its application across various services and providers. This, we argue, underlines the importance of replicating and extending pivotal studies on performance information.
{"title":"Interpreting performance information: Motivated reasoning or unbiased comprehension? A replication and extension","authors":"Lena Brogaard, Jonas Krogh Madsen, Ole Helby Petersen","doi":"10.1111/padm.12970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12970","url":null,"abstract":"Despite a growing number of studies on how prior beliefs distort citizens' interpretation of performance information for service providers, little is known about whether prior beliefs matter equally across different services and types of providers. In this study, we provide a wide replication and extension of the experimental design used in Baekgaard and Serritzlew (2016) with three types of providers (public, non-profit, and for-profit) across two services (nursing homes and refuse collection). Based on two large-<i>N</i> nationally representative experiments (<i>N</i> = 3018 and <i>N</i> = 3020), we find that citizens' sector preference does indeed impact their interpretation of performance information, corresponding to the original study. However, public sector preference plays a substantially different role in the two services. Our findings strengthen the external validity of previous research and simultaneously identify theoretical boundaries to its application across various services and providers. This, we argue, underlines the importance of replicating and extending pivotal studies on performance information.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"147 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138541996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A collaboration's ability to convene diverse stakeholders and knowledge is often associated with success. However, a more nuanced evaluation of representation is needed to understand if meeting‐level factors (e.g., who attends as well as including facilitators or external technical experts) influence representation. This article examines representation via two‐way communication in meetings to explore: (1) patterns of discussion across sectors (i.e., appointed citizens, agency delegates, and external stakeholders), (2) how patterns of discussion change given attendance differences across sectors, and (3) how meeting‐level factors associate with observed discussion patterns. Using meeting‐level data, across three US, state‐level, legislatively‐mandated environmental justice councils, results suggest: (1) sectors have different patterns of how much and with whom they discuss, (2) retreat meetings increase discussion for all, and (3) other meeting‐level factors and discussion patterns are narrowly focused to specific sectors. The discussion applies the findings of this study to the broader field of collaborative governance.
{"title":"Exploring collaboration dynamics and representation in environmental justice councils","authors":"Graham Ambrose","doi":"10.1111/padm.12969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12969","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A collaboration's ability to convene diverse stakeholders and knowledge is often associated with success. However, a more nuanced evaluation of representation is needed to understand if meeting‐level factors (e.g., who attends as well as including facilitators or external technical experts) influence representation. This article examines representation via two‐way communication in meetings to explore: (1) patterns of discussion across sectors (i.e., appointed citizens, agency delegates, and external stakeholders), (2) how patterns of discussion change given attendance differences across sectors, and (3) how meeting‐level factors associate with observed discussion patterns. Using meeting‐level data, across three US, state‐level, legislatively‐mandated environmental justice councils, results suggest: (1) sectors have different patterns of how much and with whom they discuss, (2) retreat meetings increase discussion for all, and (3) other meeting‐level factors and discussion patterns are narrowly focused to specific sectors. The discussion applies the findings of this study to the broader field of collaborative governance.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on an understanding of politicization as an increase in the relevance of political criteria in the selection and deselection of civil servants, this article proposes an innovative approach to measure civil service politicization with individual‐level career data. For this purpose, two core types of political experience in civil servants' careers are distinguished: frontstage political experience as elected politician and backstage political experience in non‐elected offices close to politics. For each core type, two subtypes are defined. The empirical measurement of the four different types of political experience is illustrated by the analysis of an original dataset of more than 2100 top civil service appointments in Germany in the time period 1949–2017. Findings reveal a significant increase in backstage political experience. The approach developed for this article can be applied to explore various facets of politicization not only in longitudinal perspective but also in comparative studies.
{"title":"Measuring civil service politicization with career data: Backstage and frontstage political experience of top civil servants in the German ministerial administration","authors":"Sylvia Veit, Stefanie Vedder","doi":"10.1111/padm.12967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12967","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on an understanding of politicization as an increase in the relevance of political criteria in the selection and deselection of civil servants, this article proposes an innovative approach to measure civil service politicization with individual‐level career data. For this purpose, two core types of political experience in civil servants' careers are distinguished: frontstage political experience as elected politician and backstage political experience in non‐elected offices close to politics. For each core type, two subtypes are defined. The empirical measurement of the four different types of political experience is illustrated by the analysis of an original dataset of more than 2100 top civil service appointments in Germany in the time period 1949–2017. Findings reveal a significant increase in backstage political experience. The approach developed for this article can be applied to explore various facets of politicization not only in longitudinal perspective but also in comparative studies.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"18 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benny Geys, Per Lægreid, Zuzana Murdoch, Jarle Trondal
Abstract The organizational theory approach to public administration emphasizes that organizational features of public bureaucracies shape civil servants' role perceptions and opinions. This study brings forward a novel refinement of this theoretical framework by arguing that such processes of organizational resocialization require intertemporal consistency of the organizational environment. We empirically test this proposition by combining individual‐level longitudinal data from a panel of Norwegian civil servants (1986–2016; N ≈ 375) with information about organizational changes in ministerial structures since 1945. Using individuals' task portfolio as our main organizational “influencer” of interest, we confirm that the impact of individuals' task portfolio on their role perceptions only strengthens over time for individuals working in ministries with a high level of organizational stability. This finding adds an important scope condition—namely, intertemporal stability—to the traditional organizational theory argument about what shapes civil servants' role perceptions and opinions.
{"title":"Organizational stability and resocialization in public administrations: Theory and evidence from Norwegian civil servants (1986–2016)","authors":"Benny Geys, Per Lægreid, Zuzana Murdoch, Jarle Trondal","doi":"10.1111/padm.12968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12968","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The organizational theory approach to public administration emphasizes that organizational features of public bureaucracies shape civil servants' role perceptions and opinions. This study brings forward a novel refinement of this theoretical framework by arguing that such processes of organizational resocialization require intertemporal consistency of the organizational environment. We empirically test this proposition by combining individual‐level longitudinal data from a panel of Norwegian civil servants (1986–2016; N ≈ 375) with information about organizational changes in ministerial structures since 1945. Using individuals' task portfolio as our main organizational “influencer” of interest, we confirm that the impact of individuals' task portfolio on their role perceptions only strengthens over time for individuals working in ministries with a high level of organizational stability. This finding adds an important scope condition—namely, intertemporal stability—to the traditional organizational theory argument about what shapes civil servants' role perceptions and opinions.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"52 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136233457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Independent police oversight is a specific government delegated function that has been neglected by scholars of regulation. The main goal of this article is to understand the allocation of state resources to independent police oversight agencies (POAs) in the post delegation stage. We test whether the aim of delegation is better governance in complex areas to increase police agents' accountability (“policy complexity”) or to avoid political costs of agencification (“agency losses”). A survey of 27 POAs in Europe and Canada shows that POAs tend to receive significantly fewer state resources when they have a high level of formal independence or strong legal empowerment. Resource allocation seems more congruent with an “agency losses” logic than with the goal of making regulation more efficient. Our findings have notable implications for international norm‐setting bodies (the UN, the Council of Europe), who have not sufficiently codified the allocation of resources.
{"title":"Losing control is not an option. Resource allocation to police oversight agencies in Western states","authors":"Sebastian Roché, Simon Varaine","doi":"10.1111/padm.12966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12966","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Independent police oversight is a specific government delegated function that has been neglected by scholars of regulation. The main goal of this article is to understand the allocation of state resources to independent police oversight agencies (POAs) in the post delegation stage. We test whether the aim of delegation is better governance in complex areas to increase police agents' accountability (“policy complexity”) or to avoid political costs of agencification (“agency losses”). A survey of 27 POAs in Europe and Canada shows that POAs tend to receive significantly fewer state resources when they have a high level of formal independence or strong legal empowerment. Resource allocation seems more congruent with an “agency losses” logic than with the goal of making regulation more efficient. Our findings have notable implications for international norm‐setting bodies (the UN, the Council of Europe), who have not sufficiently codified the allocation of resources.","PeriodicalId":48284,"journal":{"name":"Public Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135888552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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