Journal of Labor Economics最新文献

英文中文

Wage Inequality in Germany after the Minimum Wage Introduction 引入最低工资后德国的工资不平等

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-12 DOI: 10.1086/720391

Mario Bossler, Thorsten Schank

Monthly wage inequality in Germany continued to increase in the early 2000s, which is mainly explained by a rising part-time employment share. After 2010, inequality returned to the level of 2000. About half of the recent decrease is due to the introduction of the national minimum wage in 2015. While employment effects of the minimum wage are negligible, we find strong wage increases among the existing workforce. The minimum wage lowered wage inequality within eastern and western Germany but also led to a convergence of the east-west wage differential. The increased labor incomes were not offset by decreasing social benefits.

21世纪初，德国的月工资不平等现象继续加剧，这主要是由于非全日制就业比例上升。2010年之后，不平等现象又回到了2000年的水平。最近的下降约有一半是由于2015年实行了国家最低工资。虽然最低工资对就业的影响可以忽略不计，但我们发现现有劳动力的工资增长强劲。最低工资降低了德国东部和西部的工资不平等，但也导致了东西部工资差异的趋同。劳动收入的增加并没有被社会福利的减少所抵消。

引用次数: 21

Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in Wild Boar in Italy. 意大利野猪中猪圆环病毒 2 型和 3 型的遗传多样性。

IF 2.7 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080953

Angela Fanelli, Francesco Pellegrini, Michele Camero, Cristiana Catella, Domenico Buonavoglia, Giovanna Fusco, Vito Martella, Gianvito Lanave

Porcine circovirus (PCV) infection is associated with relevant economic impact to the pig industry. To date, four species of PCV (PCV1 to 4) have been identified but only PCV2 has been associated firmly with disease in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in the wild boar population in Basilicata region, Southern Italy, since this region is characterized by large forested and rural areas and the anthropic pressure is lower than in other Italian regions. Liver samples from 82 hunted wild boar were collected in 2021 from 3 different hunting districts. Sixty (73%, 95%CI: 63-82) samples tested positive for PCVs by quantitative PCR. In detail, 22 (27%, 95%CI: 18-37) were positive for PCV2, 58 (71%, 95%CI: 60-79) for PCV3, and 20 (24.4%, 95%CI 16-35) for both PCV2 and PCV3. On genome sequencing, different types and sub-types of PCV2 and PCV3 were identified, remarking a genetic diversity and hinting to a global circulation for the identified PCV strains. Overall, the high prevalence suggests that PCV2 and PCV3 infections are endemic in the wild boar population, posing risks for semi-intensive and free-range pig farming, typical of this region, due to contact with PCV-infected wild boar.

猪圆环病毒（PCV）感染对养猪业造成了相关的经济影响。迄今为止，已发现四种 PCV（PCV1 至 PCV4），但只有 PCV2 与猪的疾病密切相关。这项研究的目的是评估 PCV2 和 PCV3 在意大利南部巴西利卡塔大区野猪群体中的流行情况，因为该大区的特点是有大片森林和农村地区，人类活动压力低于意大利其他大区。2021 年从 3 个不同的狩猎区收集了 82 头被猎杀野猪的肝脏样本。通过定量 PCR 检测，60 份样本（73%，95%CI：63-82）的 PCV 呈阳性。其中，22 个样本（27%，95%CI：18-37）对 PCV2 呈阳性，58 个样本（71%，95%CI：60-79）对 PCV3 呈阳性，20 个样本（24.4%，95%CI：16-35）对 PCV2 和 PCV3 均呈阳性。在基因组测序中，发现了 PCV2 和 PCV3 的不同类型和亚型，显示出遗传多样性，并暗示已发现的 PCV 株系在全球范围内流通。总之，高流行率表明 PCV2 和 PCV3 感染在野猪种群中流行，由于与感染 PCV 的野猪接触，给该地区典型的半集约化和散养猪场带来了风险。

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引用次数: 0

The Effect of School and Neighborhood Peers on Achievement, Misbehavior, and Adult Crime 学校和邻居同伴对成就、不端行为和成人犯罪的影响

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-06 DOI: 10.1086/720323

Stephen B. Billings, Mark Hoekstra

This paper assesses the importance of school and neighborhood peers in shaping educational achievement, adolescent misbehavior, and adult crime. Using cohort variation within Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, we focus on the impact of peers whose parents have been arrested, which is strongly and independently predictive of worse outcomes. Results indicate that a 5 percentage point increase in school peers linked to parental arrest reduces educational achievement by 0.016 standard deviations and increases adult arrest rates by 5%. Additional evidence indicates that peer effects are primarily driven by interactions in schools rather than in neighborhoods.

本文评估了学校和邻里同伴在塑造教育成就、青少年不良行为和成人犯罪方面的重要性。利用夏洛特-梅克伦堡县的队列变化，我们关注父母被逮捕的同龄人的影响，这是对更糟糕结果的强烈和独立的预测。结果表明，与父母逮捕有关的学校同伴增加5个百分点，会使教育成就降低0.016个标准差，并使成人被捕率增加5%。其他证据表明，同伴效应主要是由学校的互动而不是社区的互动驱动的。

引用次数: 1

Nevertheless She Persisted? Gender Peer Effects in Doctoral STEM Programs. 然而，她坚持?STEM博士项目中的性别同伴效应。

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/714921

Valerie K Bostwick, Bruce A Weinberg

We study the effects of peer gender composition in STEM doctoral programs on persistence and degree completion. Leveraging unique new data and quasi-random variation in gender composition across cohorts within programs, we show that women entering cohorts with no female peers are 11.7pp less likely to graduate within 6 years than their male counterparts. A 1 sd increase in the percentage of female students differentially increases women's probability of on-time graduation by 4.4pp. These gender peer effects function primarily through changes in the probability of dropping out in the first year of a Ph.D. program.

我们研究了STEM博士课程中同伴性别构成对持久性和学位完成的影响。利用独特的新数据和项目内队列性别构成的准随机变化，我们发现，进入没有女性同伴的队列的女性在6年内毕业的可能性比男性低11.7%。女生比例每增加1个百分点，女生准时毕业的概率就会增加4.4个百分点。这些性别同伴效应主要通过博士项目第一年退学概率的变化来发挥作用。

引用次数: 43

Rent Sharing within Firms 企业内部租金分担

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/718713

David D. Cho, A. Krueger

This study investigates the extent to which economic rents are shared among different types of workers within firms. We utilize administrative payroll records in order to estimate the elasticity of employee compensation with respect to the price of crude oil at petroleum extraction companies. We find that the elasticity of rent sharing is heterogeneous within firms and significantly higher for workers at the top of the earnings distribution. These results can be rationalized by a bargaining model in which insiders within a firm possess greater power to negotiate over wages.

本研究探讨了企业内不同类型工人之间经济租金的分配程度。我们利用行政工资单记录来估计石油开采公司的员工薪酬在原油价格方面的弹性。我们发现，租金分担的弹性在企业内部是异质的，并且对于收入分配顶端的工人来说，弹性明显更高。这些结果可以通过一个讨价还价模型来合理化，在这个模型中，公司内部人员在工资谈判方面拥有更大的权力。

引用次数: 0

Minimum Wages, Wages, and Price Pass-Through: The Case of McDonald’s Restaurants 最低工资、工资和价格传递:麦当劳餐厅的案例

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/718190

O. Ashenfelter, Š. Jurajda

Based on 2016–20 hourly wage rates of McDonald’s basic crew and Big Mac prices collected simultaneously from almost all US McDonald’s, we find that in 25% of instances of minimum wage increases, restaurants keep constant their wage premium above the increasing minimum wage. Higher minimum wages are not associated with faster adoption of touch-screen ordering, and there is near-full price pass-through of minimum wages. Minimum wage hikes lead to increases in real wages (expressed as how many Big Macs 1 hour of basic crew work can buy) that are one-fifth lower than the corresponding increases in nominal wages.

基于2016–20年麦当劳基本员工的小时工资率和从几乎所有美国麦当劳同时收集的巨无霸价格，我们发现，在25%的最低工资上涨情况下，餐厅将其工资溢价保持在不断上涨的最低工资之上。更高的最低工资与更快地采用触摸屏订购无关，而且最低工资几乎是全价的。最低工资的上涨导致实际工资的上涨（表示为一小时的基本船员工作可以买到多少巨无霸），比名义工资的相应上涨低五分之一。

引用次数: 8

Introduction to a Special Issue in Honor of Alan B. Krueger 艾伦·克鲁格纪念特刊简介

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/718434

David Card, Alexandre Mas

Alan Krueger was one of the most prolific and influential economists of his generation. While his research extended into many different areas, including environmental economics,macroeconomics, and behavioral economics, he identifiedfirst and foremost as a “labor economist.”Hewas a labor economist par excellence, always pushing the field in a new (or long overlooked) direction while maintaining the highest standards for the quality and credibility of his empirical findings. The papers in this issue, written by his students and colleagues in labor economics, pay tribute to some of his major contributions to our field. Virtually every paper builds on one or more of Alan’s ideas. Alan earned his bachelor’s degree in industrial and labor relations from Cornell in 1983. His early education included classes in labor economics and statistics that informed his work throughout his career, including a deep appreciation of the value of original data. Thiswas reflected in the surveys at the heart of many of his best-known papers—including his studies of minimum wages (Katz and Krueger 1992; Card and Krueger 1994), twins (Ashenfelter and Krueger 1994), well-being (Kahneman et al. 2004), and wage posting (Hall and Krueger 2012)—and by his founding of the Survey Research Center at Princeton in 1993. Alan’s 1987 dissertation at Harvard focused on wage determination—a topic he returned to often. The first chapter, which was his job market paper and was later published in theQuarterly Journal of Economics (Krueger 1991), is remarkable for the bold simplicity of its design. Alan proposed to

艾伦·克鲁格是他那一代最多产、最有影响力的经济学家之一。虽然他的研究扩展到了许多不同的领域，包括环境经济学、宏观经济学和行为经济学，但他首先认为自己是一位“劳工经济学家”。他是一位杰出的劳工经济学家，总是将该领域推向一个新的（或长期被忽视的）方向，同时保持其实证研究结果的质量和可信度的最高标准。本期的论文由他的学生和劳动经济学同事撰写，赞扬了他对我们领域的一些重大贡献。几乎每一篇论文都建立在艾伦的一个或多个想法之上。Alan于1983年在康奈尔大学获得工业和劳动关系学士学位。他的早期教育包括劳动经济学和统计学课程，这些课程为他整个职业生涯的工作提供了信息，包括对原始数据价值的深刻理解。这反映在他许多最著名论文的核心调查中，包括他对最低工资的研究（Katz和Krueger 1992；Card和Krueger1994）、双胞胎（Ashenfelter和Kruerger 1994）、幸福感（Kahneman等人，2004）和工资公布（Hall和Kruenger，2012），以及他于1993年在普林斯顿成立调查研究中心。艾伦1987年在哈佛大学的论文集中于工资决定——这是他经常回到的话题。第一章是他的就业市场论文，后来发表在《经济学季刊》（Krueger 1991）上，以其大胆简洁的设计而引人注目。Alan向

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引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies 人工智能与就业：来自网络招聘的证据

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/718327

D. Acemoglu, David Autor, J. Hazell, P. Restrepo

We study the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on labor markets using establishment-level data on the near universe of online vacancies in the United States from 2010 onward. There is rapid growth in AI-related vacancies over 2010–18 that is driven by establishments whose workers engage in tasks compatible with AI’s current capabilities. As these AI-exposed establishments adopt AI, they simultaneously reduce hiring in non-AI positions and change the skill requirements of remaining postings. While visible at the establishment level, the aggregate impacts of AI-labor substitution on employment and wage growth in more exposed occupations and industries is currently too small to be detectable.

我们使用2010年以来美国近宇宙在线职位空缺的机构级数据研究了人工智能（AI）对劳动力市场的影响。2010-2018年，人工智能相关职位空缺快速增长，这是由其员工从事与人工智能当前能力兼容的任务的机构推动的。随着这些暴露于人工智能的机构采用人工智能，它们同时减少了非人工智能职位的招聘，并改变了剩余职位的技能要求。虽然在机构层面上是可见的，但人工智能劳动力替代对更多暴露的职业和行业的就业和工资增长的总体影响目前太小，无法检测。

引用次数: 59

Childcare over the Business Cycle 商业周期中的儿童保育

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1086/718189

Jessica H. Brown, C. Herbst

We estimate the impact of macroeconomic conditions on the childcare market. We find that the industry is substantially more exposed to the business cycle than other low-wage industries and responds more strongly to negative shocks than positive ones. Indeed, childcare employment requires more time to recover than the rest of the economy. Although the reduction in supply may pose difficulties for parents, we find evidence that center quality is countercyclical. When unemployment rates are higher, childcare workers have on average higher levels of education and experience, turnover rates are lower, and consumer reviews on Yelp are higher.

我们估计宏观经济条件对儿童保育市场的影响。我们发现，该行业比其他低工资行业更容易受到商业周期的影响，对负面冲击的反应比对正面冲击的反应更强烈。事实上，与其他经济领域相比，儿童保育就业需要更多的时间来恢复。虽然供应量的减少可能会给家长带来困难，但我们发现有证据表明中心质量是反周期的。当失业率较高时，托儿工作者的平均教育水平和经验水平较高，离职率较低，Yelp上的消费者评论也较高。

引用次数: 4

The Consequences of Letter Grades for Labor Market Outcomes and Student Behavior 字母成绩对劳动力市场结果和学生行为的影响

IF 3.8 1区经济学 Q1 ECONOMICS

Journal of Labor Economics

Pub Date : 2022-03-23 DOI: 10.1086/719994

B. Tan

I study the consequences of letter grades serving as coarse measures of academic achievement using university administrative data that record both the letter grade and the precise mark (0–100) received for each course that a given student takes. I exploit a regression discontinuity design with marks as the running variable. I find that receiving a better grade in a single class results in USD 32 greater monthly earnings after graduation, a 1.4% increase. I also find that marginal students who receive a worse grade take significantly easier courses and earn lower grades in future semesters.

我使用大学管理数据研究了字母成绩作为学业成绩粗略衡量标准的后果，这些数据记录了字母成绩和特定学生每门课程的精确分数（0-100）。我利用了一个回归不连续性设计，以标记作为运行变量。我发现，在一个班级中获得更好的成绩会使毕业后的月收入增加32美元，增长1.4%。我还发现，成绩较差的边缘学生在未来的学期里学习的课程要容易得多，成绩也要低得多。

引用次数: 2

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