Cognitive Therapy and Research最新文献

Purpose

Parents’ fear of negative evaluation (FNE), fear of negative child evaluation (FNCE; parents’ fear that their child is evaluated negatively by others), and self- and child-referent negative interpretation biases have been proposed to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety. In this cross-sectional study, we tested whether parents’ self-reported FNE and self-referent interpretation bias, as well as their FNCE and child-referent interpretation bias, statistically mediated the relationship between parent social anxiety and parent-reported child social anxiety.

Methods

A total of 179 parents of 13–16-year-old adolescents completed questionnaires concerning own social anxiety, their FNE, and FNCE and their child’s social anxiety. Parents’ self- and child-referent interpretation biases were measured using scenario completion and memory recognition tasks.

Results

Parents’ FNCE partially statistically mediated the relationship between parent and child social anxiety. Parents’ FNE and their self- and child-referent interpretation biases did, however, not statistically mediate this relationship.

Conclusions

Parents’ FNCE does, but their FNE and self- and child-referent interpretation biases do not seem to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety. Hence, parents’ FNCE might be a promising target for clinical practice while designing therapies and interventions concerning child social anxiety.

Background

Dominant psychotherapies target how individuals experience and understand their daily emotion. Therefore, research examining how daily emotions influence long-term mental health outcomes may help inform treatment development.

Methods

This investigation applied a multi-cohort (n = 378; n = 460), longitudinal design to test how reports of daily emotion predict psychological symptoms, loneliness, and wellbeing one-year later. Dynamic indices (polarity, inertia) reflecting “how” emotional experiences are conceptualized moment-to-moment and static indices (person-mean, standard deviation) of emotion were extracted from 10 daily reports. Each index was modelled individually, in concert with others, and in relation to a key dispositional factor in symptom development: trait anxiety.

Results

Dynamic indices predicted outcomes one-year later, but only the effect of positive emotional inertia remained significant after accounting for mean intensity of affect. Daily reports of emotion also predicted small but significant variance in outcomes beyond trait anxiety.

Conclusions

Results highlight the role of daily subjective experiences of emotion in long-term mental health outcomes and reinforce their importance as targets for treatment.

Purpose

This is a secondary analysis of a multi-site, cluster (site) randomized trial of the efficacy of a combined Health and Wellness Cognitive Behavior Therapy (H&W CBT) and medication management approach for depression in youth with HIV (YWH) compared to standard care. In this study, we explored the association between H&W CBT factors and depression outcomes after 24 weeks of treatment to discover treatment elements associated with symptom reduction.

Methods

Participants (12–24 years of age) were YWH in the United States (US) diagnosed with moderate to severe depression [Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Clinician-Rated score ≥ 11]. Thirteen US sites were randomly assigned to either the combination treatment approach or standard care. For site-level analyses, site-specific summary scores were used to account for the within site correlation.

Results (all scores are site-level)

The number of depressive symptoms [QIDS-Self Reported (QIDS-SR) score] after 24 weeks of H&W CBT was significantly negatively correlated with the mean total session duration (ρ = − 0.94), the total homework assigned (ρ = − 0.83), the total number of practice modules used (ρ = − 0.83), and the mean total booster sessions given (ρ = − 0.82).

Conclusions

Specific elements of the H&W CBT (e.g., dose, assignment of homework, greater skills practice, and use of booster sessions) were associated with improvement of depression outcomes in YWH. A focus on these elements in treatment may improve symptom reduction for YWH with depression.

Abstract

Abstract

Background

Interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) involves the use of strategies by individuals to regulate their emotions through interactions with others. Research has shown that the IER is correlated with psychological symptoms and well-being. However, few studies have investigated the longitudinal relationships between IER and its related constructs.

Methods

A cross-lagged panel design was used to examine the reciprocal relationship between IER strategies and perceived social support and their impact on depressive symptoms. Data were collected from 213 emerging Korean adults (136 females; M_age = 25.4), categorized as students, job-seekers, or workers, on three occasions with six-month intervals.

Results

Enhancing positive affect, an upregulation strategy for positive emotions, predicted an increased perception of social support and, consequently, a reduction in depressive symptoms. Soothing strategies were directly associated with increased depressive symptoms. Other IER strategies aimed at downregulating negative emotions did not have any significant effect on the perception of social support or depressive symptoms. Furthermore, perceived social support did not predict longitudinal changes in the tendency to use IER strategies.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that IER strategies, especially those that focus on upregulating positive emotions, may enhance the perception of social support. This offers a promising avenue for designing interventions to support emerging adults facing difficulties in a variety of social and relational transitions.

Abstract

Background

Compulsive behaviors in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are posited to be negatively reinforced via short-term negation of distress-inducing triggers, but neural activity during negative reinforcement in the context of OCD remains poorly understood.

Methods

In 18 people with OCD and 16 healthy matched comparison subjects completing functional MRI, we tested the effect of a novel negative reinforcement behavioral paradigm. Three visual stimulus types (Compulsion-Related, Negative, Neutral) were displayed in the scanner and removed by participants pressing a button, yielding two analysis epochs: image presentation and image removal.

Results

OCD patients showed a larger increase in medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC; BA11) activation after image removal that was specific to compulsion-related images. People with OCD also showed altered patterns of deactivation following compulsion-related and negative image removal in the right and left amygdala, respectively. People with OCD also showed larger deactivations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) after removal of all image types, and increased overall activation to negative images in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc).

Conclusion

We provide initial data demonstrating altered neural activity during negative reinforcement in OCD patients, providing empirical support for dominant behavioral models emphasizing the role of negative reinforcement in etiology and maintenance of pathological compulsive behaviors.

Background

Undergraduates with higher levels of social anxiety may be motivated to participate in high-risk drinking events (e.g., playing drinking games [DG]) as a way to “fit in” or facilitate socialization with peers), putting them at an elevated risk of experiencing alcohol-related negative consequences (e.g., blacking out). The present study sought to test associations between social anxiety symptoms, DG behaviors and consequences, and DG-specific motives among a large, multisite sample of undergraduates.

Methods

Participants were 7,528 undergraduate students who endorsed current (past month) drinking. Participants completed a cross-sectional, self-report survey that included measures of DG behaviors, DG motives, and DG negative consequences as part of a large, multisite observational study.

Results

Consistent with prior work, social anxiety symptoms were negatively associated with lifetime history of DG participation. Among participants who endorsed playing DG in the past 30 days, social anxiety was not associated with DG frequency or quantity, but it was positively associated with all DG motives and cumulative negative DG consequences.

Conclusions

Although undergraduates with higher social anxiety levels were less likely to participate in DGs than those with lower social anxiety levels, among undergraduates who chose to participate in DGs, social anxiety was positively associated with multiple motivations to play DGs and alcohol-related consequences as a result of playing DGs.

Purpose

Although there is research establishing that physical pain is a risk factor for suicidal ideation, there is limited understanding of how physical pain confers risk.

Methods

The current study uses ecological momentary assessment to explore hopelessness as a potential mechanism of physical pain’s effect on suicidal ideation in two distinct samples: an undergraduate population reporting elevated levels of suicidal ideation and an outpatient population with borderline personality disorder receiving comprehensive dialectical behavior therapy.

Results

Our results demonstrated that hopelessness significantly mediated the relationship between physical pain and suicidal ideation in both samples. This implies that physical pain might increase hopelessness, which may in turn increase suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

Our study adds to a growing body of research of risk factors for suicide, and future research should explore this relationship between physical pain and hopelessness with suicidal behavior.