Cognitive Therapy and Research最新文献

Purpose

To develop effective and personalized interventions, it is essential to identify the most critical processes or psychological drivers that impact an individual’s well-being. Some processes may be universally beneficial to well-being across many contexts and people, while others may only be beneficial to certain individuals in specific contexts.

Method

We conducted three intensive daily diary studies, each with more than 50 within-person measurement occasions, across three data sets (n1 = 44; n2 = 37; n3 = 141). We aimed to investigate individual differences in the strength of within-person associations between three distinct process measures and a variety of outcomes. We utilized a unique idiographic algorithm, known as i-ARIMAX (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average), to determine the strength of the relationship (Beta) between each process and outcome within individuals (“i”). All of the computed betas were then subjected to meta-analyses, with individuals treated as the “study”.

Results

The results revealed that the process-outcome links varied significantly between individuals, surpassing the homogeneity typically seen in meta-analyses of studies. Although several processes showed group-level effects, no process was found to be universally beneficial when considered individually. For instance, processes involving social behavior, like being assertive, did not demonstrate any group-level links to loneliness but still had significant individual-level effects that varied from positive to negative.

Discussion

Using i-ARIMAX might help reduce the number of candidate variables for complex within-person analyses. Additionally, the size and pattern of i-ARIMAX betas could prove useful in guiding personalized interventions.

Purpose

Existing measures of rumination assess ruminative thought without reference to the content of ruminations. The present studies describe the construction and validation of the Rumination Domains Questionnaire, a new measure of rumination which considers the domain specificity of ruminative thought.

Methods

A theoretical definition of rumination and domains of life were formulated through a literature review. Items were based on these domains, clinical/counselling case studies, and expert feedback. In Study 1, 106 preliminary items were reduced to 60 items through empirical analyses. In Study 2, the content and structural validity were assessed.

Results

Items were retained based on empirical criteria and the final scale demonstrated acceptable fit for both a 10-factor model and a hierarchical model. Content validity and criterion validity were supported, and both 10-factor and hierarchical models demonstrated acceptable fit.

Conclusions

Overall, we present strong evidence supporting the validity of the RDQ.

Purpose

Parents’ fear of negative evaluation (FNE), fear of negative child evaluation (FNCE; parents’ fear that their child is evaluated negatively by others), and self- and child-referent negative interpretation biases have been proposed to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety. In this cross-sectional study, we tested whether parents’ self-reported FNE and self-referent interpretation bias, as well as their FNCE and child-referent interpretation bias, statistically mediated the relationship between parent social anxiety and parent-reported child social anxiety.

Methods

A total of 179 parents of 13–16-year-old adolescents completed questionnaires concerning own social anxiety, their FNE, and FNCE and their child’s social anxiety. Parents’ self- and child-referent interpretation biases were measured using scenario completion and memory recognition tasks.

Results

Parents’ FNCE partially statistically mediated the relationship between parent and child social anxiety. Parents’ FNE and their self- and child-referent interpretation biases did, however, not statistically mediate this relationship.

Conclusions

Parents’ FNCE does, but their FNE and self- and child-referent interpretation biases do not seem to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of social anxiety. Hence, parents’ FNCE might be a promising target for clinical practice while designing therapies and interventions concerning child social anxiety.

Background

Dominant psychotherapies target how individuals experience and understand their daily emotion. Therefore, research examining how daily emotions influence long-term mental health outcomes may help inform treatment development.

Methods

This investigation applied a multi-cohort (n = 378; n = 460), longitudinal design to test how reports of daily emotion predict psychological symptoms, loneliness, and wellbeing one-year later. Dynamic indices (polarity, inertia) reflecting “how” emotional experiences are conceptualized moment-to-moment and static indices (person-mean, standard deviation) of emotion were extracted from 10 daily reports. Each index was modelled individually, in concert with others, and in relation to a key dispositional factor in symptom development: trait anxiety.

Results

Dynamic indices predicted outcomes one-year later, but only the effect of positive emotional inertia remained significant after accounting for mean intensity of affect. Daily reports of emotion also predicted small but significant variance in outcomes beyond trait anxiety.

Conclusions

Results highlight the role of daily subjective experiences of emotion in long-term mental health outcomes and reinforce their importance as targets for treatment.

Purpose

This is a secondary analysis of a multi-site, cluster (site) randomized trial of the efficacy of a combined Health and Wellness Cognitive Behavior Therapy (H&W CBT) and medication management approach for depression in youth with HIV (YWH) compared to standard care. In this study, we explored the association between H&W CBT factors and depression outcomes after 24 weeks of treatment to discover treatment elements associated with symptom reduction.

Methods

Participants (12–24 years of age) were YWH in the United States (US) diagnosed with moderate to severe depression [Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Clinician-Rated score ≥ 11]. Thirteen US sites were randomly assigned to either the combination treatment approach or standard care. For site-level analyses, site-specific summary scores were used to account for the within site correlation.

Results (all scores are site-level)

The number of depressive symptoms [QIDS-Self Reported (QIDS-SR) score] after 24 weeks of H&W CBT was significantly negatively correlated with the mean total session duration (ρ = − 0.94), the total homework assigned (ρ = − 0.83), the total number of practice modules used (ρ = − 0.83), and the mean total booster sessions given (ρ = − 0.82).

Conclusions

Specific elements of the H&W CBT (e.g., dose, assignment of homework, greater skills practice, and use of booster sessions) were associated with improvement of depression outcomes in YWH. A focus on these elements in treatment may improve symptom reduction for YWH with depression.

Abstract

Abstract

Background

Interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) involves the use of strategies by individuals to regulate their emotions through interactions with others. Research has shown that the IER is correlated with psychological symptoms and well-being. However, few studies have investigated the longitudinal relationships between IER and its related constructs.

Methods

A cross-lagged panel design was used to examine the reciprocal relationship between IER strategies and perceived social support and their impact on depressive symptoms. Data were collected from 213 emerging Korean adults (136 females; M_age = 25.4), categorized as students, job-seekers, or workers, on three occasions with six-month intervals.

Results

Enhancing positive affect, an upregulation strategy for positive emotions, predicted an increased perception of social support and, consequently, a reduction in depressive symptoms. Soothing strategies were directly associated with increased depressive symptoms. Other IER strategies aimed at downregulating negative emotions did not have any significant effect on the perception of social support or depressive symptoms. Furthermore, perceived social support did not predict longitudinal changes in the tendency to use IER strategies.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that IER strategies, especially those that focus on upregulating positive emotions, may enhance the perception of social support. This offers a promising avenue for designing interventions to support emerging adults facing difficulties in a variety of social and relational transitions.

Abstract

Background

Compulsive behaviors in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are posited to be negatively reinforced via short-term negation of distress-inducing triggers, but neural activity during negative reinforcement in the context of OCD remains poorly understood.

Methods

In 18 people with OCD and 16 healthy matched comparison subjects completing functional MRI, we tested the effect of a novel negative reinforcement behavioral paradigm. Three visual stimulus types (Compulsion-Related, Negative, Neutral) were displayed in the scanner and removed by participants pressing a button, yielding two analysis epochs: image presentation and image removal.

Results

OCD patients showed a larger increase in medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC; BA11) activation after image removal that was specific to compulsion-related images. People with OCD also showed altered patterns of deactivation following compulsion-related and negative image removal in the right and left amygdala, respectively. People with OCD also showed larger deactivations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) after removal of all image types, and increased overall activation to negative images in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc).

Conclusion

We provide initial data demonstrating altered neural activity during negative reinforcement in OCD patients, providing empirical support for dominant behavioral models emphasizing the role of negative reinforcement in etiology and maintenance of pathological compulsive behaviors.