Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0221-11470r3
CarlyWill Sloan, George Naufal, Heather Caspers
Abstract
Risk assessment has been increasingly adopted in an effort to reduce pretrial detention for poor, low-risk defendants. This paper examines the impact of risk assessment using administrative data from a large Texas County. We identify effects using a regression discontinuity that exploits the overnight implementation of a risk assessment policy. Results indicate this led to a 6.5 percent increase in nonfinancial bond and an 8.5 percent decrease in pretrial detention, though neither effect persisted beyond two months. Additionally, the policy did not increase violent pretrial crime, though there is some suggestive evidence of increases in nonviolent pretrial crime.
{"title":"The Effect of Risk Assessment Scores on Judicial Behavior and Defendant Outcomes","authors":"CarlyWill Sloan, George Naufal, Heather Caspers","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0221-11470r3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0221-11470r3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> Risk assessment has been increasingly adopted in an effort to reduce pretrial detention for poor, low-risk defendants. This paper examines the impact of risk assessment using administrative data from a large Texas County. We identify effects using a regression discontinuity that exploits the overnight implementation of a risk assessment policy. Results indicate this led to a 6.5 percent increase in nonfinancial bond and an 8.5 percent decrease in pretrial detention, though neither effect persisted beyond two months. Additionally, the policy did not increase violent pretrial crime, though there is some suggestive evidence of increases in nonviolent pretrial crime.","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135917106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0121-11463r1
Dhaval M. Dave, Andrew Friedson, K. Matsuzawa, Joseph J. Sabia, Samuel Safford
{"title":"Black Lives Matter Protests and Risk Avoidance","authors":"Dhaval M. Dave, Andrew Friedson, K. Matsuzawa, Joseph J. Sabia, Samuel Safford","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0121-11463r1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0121-11463r1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88725932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0521-11673r1
Seth C. Murray, Danielle H. Sandler, Matthew Staiger
Childbirth and subsequent breaks from the labor market are a primary reason why the average earnings of women is lower than that of men. This paper uses linked survey and administrative data from the United States to investigate whether the sex composition of executives at the firm, defined as the top earners, affects the earnings and employment outcomes of new mothers. We begin by documenting that (i) the male-female earnings gap is smaller in industries in which a larger share of executives are women, and (ii) the male-female earnings gap has declined more in industries that have experienced larger increases in the share of executives who are female. Despite these cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations, we find no evidence that the sex composition of the executives at the firm has a causal effect on the childbirth and motherhood penalties that impact women's earnings and employment. Keyword: motherhood penalty, male-female pay gap JEL Classification: J16, M50
{"title":"Female Executives and the Motherhood Penalty","authors":"Seth C. Murray, Danielle H. Sandler, Matthew Staiger","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0521-11673r1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0521-11673r1","url":null,"abstract":"Childbirth and subsequent breaks from the labor market are a primary reason why the average earnings of women is lower than that of men. This paper uses linked survey and administrative data from the United States to investigate whether the sex composition of executives at the firm, defined as the top earners, affects the earnings and employment outcomes of new mothers. We begin by documenting that (i) the male-female earnings gap is smaller in industries in which a larger share of executives are women, and (ii) the male-female earnings gap has declined more in industries that have experienced larger increases in the share of executives who are female. Despite these cross-sectional and longitudinal correlations, we find no evidence that the sex composition of the executives at the firm has a causal effect on the childbirth and motherhood penalties that impact women's earnings and employment. Keyword: motherhood penalty, male-female pay gap JEL Classification: J16, M50","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83722080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-17DOI: 10.3368/jhr.59.1.0121-11408
Ramiro Burga, Sarah Turner
ABSTRACT Adverse local labor market shocks such as those generated by exposure of local industries to international trade have impacts on high school enrollment and completion that are theoretically ambiguous. Incentives to stay in school increase when employment prospects are weak, yet public resources for local schools may also shrink. This work demonstrates that, while high school enrollment rates increase significantly, high school degree attainment does not show commensurate growth. “Outmigration” of young adults and changes in the timing of degree receipt reconcile these measures. In addition, high school attainment effects are likely attenuated by declines in local resources per student.
{"title":"Does Enrollment Lead to Completion?","authors":"Ramiro Burga, Sarah Turner","doi":"10.3368/jhr.59.1.0121-11408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.59.1.0121-11408","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adverse local labor market shocks such as those generated by exposure of local industries to international trade have impacts on high school enrollment and completion that are theoretically ambiguous. Incentives to stay in school increase when employment prospects are weak, yet public resources for local schools may also shrink. This work demonstrates that, while high school enrollment rates increase significantly, high school degree attainment does not show commensurate growth. “Outmigration” of young adults and changes in the timing of degree receipt reconcile these measures. In addition, high school attainment effects are likely attenuated by declines in local resources per student.","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"58 1","pages":"755 - 782"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42411308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:We use exogenously determined, long-distance relocations of U.S. Army soldiers to investigate the impact of moving on marriage. In an event study analysis, we find that marriage rates increase sharply around the time of a move. Reduced-form exposure analysis reveals that an additional move over a five-year period increases the likelihood of marriage by 14 percent, a magnitude similar to those in observational data on civilians. Moves increase childbearing by a similar magnitude, suggesting that marriages induced by a move are formed with long-term intentions. We explore implications of our findings for theories of marriage related to search, bargaining, and decision-making costs.
{"title":"Making Big Decisions: The Impact of Moves on Marriage among U.S. Army Personnel","authors":"S. Carter, A. Wozniak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3117312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3117312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:We use exogenously determined, long-distance relocations of U.S. Army soldiers to investigate the impact of moving on marriage. In an event study analysis, we find that marriage rates increase sharply around the time of a move. Reduced-form exposure analysis reveals that an additional move over a five-year period increases the likelihood of marriage by 14 percent, a magnitude similar to those in observational data on civilians. Moves increase childbearing by a similar magnitude, suggesting that marriages induced by a move are formed with long-term intentions. We explore implications of our findings for theories of marriage related to search, bargaining, and decision-making costs.","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"27 1","pages":"713 - 754"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89147798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1121-12018r2
Anit Mukherjee, Daniel W. Sacks, Hoyoung Yoo
{"title":"The Effects of the Opioid Crisis on Employment","authors":"Anit Mukherjee, Daniel W. Sacks, Hoyoung Yoo","doi":"10.3368/jhr.1121-12018r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1121-12018r2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74562482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.3368/jhr.1120-11303r2
Drew McNichols, Joseph J. Sabia, Gokhan Kumpas
{"title":"Did Expanding Sports Opportunities for Women Reduce Crime?","authors":"Drew McNichols, Joseph J. Sabia, Gokhan Kumpas","doi":"10.3368/jhr.1120-11303r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.1120-11303r2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88259284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0419-10143r2
Leonard Goff, Ofer Malamud, Cristian Pop-Eleches, M. Urquiola
{"title":"Interactions Between Family and School Environments","authors":"Leonard Goff, Ofer Malamud, Cristian Pop-Eleches, M. Urquiola","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0419-10143r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0419-10143r2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80414976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0721-11805r2
Mirjam Bächli, Teodora Tsankova
{"title":"Free Movement of Workers and Native Demand for Tertiary Education","authors":"Mirjam Bächli, Teodora Tsankova","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0721-11805r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0721-11805r2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75984973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.3368/jhr.0621-11706r2
Pierre Mouganie, Ruba Ajeeb, Mark Hoekstra
Abstract
An estimated 40% of the world’s garbage is burned in open-air fires, which are responsible for up to half of the global emissions of some pollutants. This paper estimates the effect of in utero exposure to these burns on infant health by examining the consequences of an abrupt, unanticipated increase in waste burning in Beirut. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate exposure increased premature births by four percentage points (50%) and low birth weight by five percentage points (80%), with even larger effects for those with more exposure. This suggests waste burning has significant implications for human health worldwide.
{"title":"The Effect of Open-Air Waste Burning on Infant Health: Evidence from Government Failure in Lebanon","authors":"Pierre Mouganie, Ruba Ajeeb, Mark Hoekstra","doi":"10.3368/jhr.0621-11706r2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.0621-11706r2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> An estimated 40% of the world’s garbage is burned in open-air fires, which are responsible for up to half of the global emissions of some pollutants. This paper estimates the effect of in utero exposure to these burns on infant health by examining the consequences of an abrupt, unanticipated increase in waste burning in Beirut. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate exposure increased premature births by four percentage points (50%) and low birth weight by five percentage points (80%), with even larger effects for those with more exposure. This suggests waste burning has significant implications for human health worldwide.","PeriodicalId":48346,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Resources","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136178983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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