Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

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Loss of Life and Labor Productivity: The Canadian Opioid Crisis 生命损失和劳动生产率:加拿大阿片类药物危机

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231155040

Alexander Cheung, Joseph T. Marchand, P. Mark

Opioids were declared a public health emergency in British Columbia, Canada, in 2016, and from that year through 2021, 29,894 Canadians lost their lives to opioid overdoses. More than two-thirds of those victims were employed in the five years prior to their deaths, and this study aims to quantify their lost productivity to the Canadian economy. We apply two human capital model variants in our analysis, projecting forward the future economic output of individuals who died from opioids, from their deaths to what would have been their eventual retirements, based on the industries in which they were employed. The total estimated productivity loss to Canada is at least $8.8 billion, with the equivalent “value of statistical life” calculations an order of magnitude higher; these are based on estimates of the amount of money that individuals would pay to avoid death. Our results challenge the notion that the opioid crisis predominantly affects unproductive members of society.

2016年，加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省宣布阿片类药物为公共卫生紧急事件，从那一年到2021年，29894名加拿大人因阿片类物质过量而丧生。超过三分之二的受害者在死亡前的五年内就业，这项研究旨在量化他们对加拿大经济的生产力损失。我们在分析中应用了两种人力资本模型变体，根据他们受雇的行业，预测了死于阿片类药物的个人的未来经济产出，从他们的死亡到他们最终的退休。据估计，加拿大的生产力损失总额至少为88亿美元，相当于“统计寿命价值”的计算要高出一个数量级；这些是基于对个人为避免死亡而支付的金额的估计。我们的研究结果挑战了阿片类药物危机主要影响非生产性社会成员的观点。

引用次数: 3

Effects of Opioid Treatment Programs on Child Well-Being 阿片类药物治疗方案对儿童幸福感的影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142644

L. Bullinger, V. Wang, K. Feder

Children exposed to parental opioid use disorder are at an elevated risk of maltreatment. We study whether parents’ access to medication-assisted opioid treatment programs (OTPs) affects the well-being of their children. An administrative decision to lift a moratorium on access to these programs in Indiana created the opportunity for this study. We show that after a county opened an OTP, methadone dispensing increased and emergency department visits related to opioid overdose decreased there, offering evidence of the success of these programs. We also show that the opening of these OTPs did not have significant effects on reports of child maltreatment, but that out-of-home foster care placements were reduced by 22 percent. Our findings are consistent with past research showing that child welfare cases involving parental substance use tend to be complex and tend to have longer times to parent/child reunification than child welfare cases in which substance use is not present. We argue that expanding access to opioid treatment programs may help reduce foster care placements.

暴露于父母阿片类药物使用障碍的儿童遭受虐待的风险较高。我们研究父母获得药物辅助阿片类药物治疗计划(OTPs)是否会影响孩子的福祉。印第安纳州一项行政决定取消了对这些项目的暂停，为这项研究创造了机会。我们表明，在一个县开设OTP后，美沙酮配药增加，与阿片类药物过量相关的急诊就诊减少，这为这些项目的成功提供了证据。我们还表明，开放这些otp对儿童虐待的报告没有显著影响，但家庭外寄养安置减少了22%。我们的发现与过去的研究结果一致，表明涉及父母物质使用的儿童福利案件往往是复杂的，并且往往比不存在物质使用的儿童福利案件需要更长的时间来实现父母/儿童团聚。我们认为，扩大获得阿片类药物治疗方案可能有助于减少寄养安置。

引用次数: 4

Demographic and Geographic Variation in Fatal Drug Overdoses in the United States, 1999-2020. 1999-2020 年美国致命药物过量的人口和地理差异。

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231154348

Shannon M Monnat

The U.S. drug overdose crisis has been described as a national disaster that has affected all communities. But overdose rates are higher among some subpopulations and in some places than they are in others. This article describes demographic (sex, racial/ethnic, age) and geographic variation in fatal drug overdose rates in the United States from 1999 to 2020. Across most of that timespan, rates were highest among young and middle-age (25-54 years) White and American Indian males and middle-age and older (45+ years) Black males. Rates have been consistently high in Appalachia, but the crisis has spread to several other regions in recent years, and rates are high across the urban-rural continuum. Opioids have been the main contributor, but overdoses involving cocaine and psychostimulants have also increased dramatically in recent years, demonstrating that our problem is bigger than opioids. Evidence suggests that supply-side interventions are unlikely to be effective in reducing overdoses. I argue that the U.S. should invest in policies that address the upstream structural drivers of the crisis.

美国的吸毒过量危机被描述为一场全国性的灾难，影响到了所有社区。但是，某些亚人群和某些地方的吸毒过量率要高于其他地方。本文介绍了 1999 年至 2020 年期间美国人口（性别、种族/民族、年龄）和地域在致命吸毒过量率方面的差异。在这一时期的大部分时间里，中青年（25-54 岁）白人和美洲印第安人男性以及中老年（45 岁以上）黑人男性的吸毒过量致死率最高。阿巴拉契亚地区的发病率一直居高不下，但近年来这一危机已蔓延到其他几个地区，而且城乡之间的发病率都很高。阿片类药物是主要的致病因素，但近年来涉及可卡因和精神兴奋剂的过量用药也急剧增加，这表明我们的问题比阿片类药物更大。有证据表明，供应方干预措施不可能有效减少过量吸毒。我认为，美国应投资于解决危机上游结构性驱动因素的政策。

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引用次数: 0

Food Insecurity and the Opioid Crisis 粮食不安全和阿片类药物危机

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221149287

C. Heflin, Xiaohan Sun

The opioid epidemic has increased adult mortality, disrupted families, and changed labor supply—all factors that are independently associated with poverty and food insecurity. We explore the relationship between the opioid crisis and food insecurity at the state level, first by examining the relationship of drug-related mortalities to food insecurity, and then by exploiting cross-state variations in OxyContin misuse prior to reformulation of the drug to investigate whether food insecurity increased as individuals with opioid use disorder transitioned from prescription to street drugs such as heroin. Results provide further evidence of the presence and size of the social consequences of the opioid crises and the negative consequences associated with drug reformulation for food security.

阿片类药物的流行增加了成年人的死亡率，扰乱了家庭，改变了劳动力供应——所有这些因素都与贫困和粮食不安全独立相关。我们在州一级探讨了阿片类药物危机与粮食不安全之间的关系，首先通过研究与毒品有关的死亡与粮食不安的关系，然后，在重新配制药物之前，利用奥施康定滥用的跨州差异，调查随着阿片类药物使用障碍患者从处方药过渡到海洛因等街头药物，粮食不安全感是否增加。研究结果进一步证明了阿片类药物危机的社会后果的存在和规模，以及为粮食安全重新配方药物带来的负面后果。

引用次数: 0

The Opioid Epidemic and Children's Living Arrangements in the United States, 2000-2018. 2000-2018年美国阿片类药物流行与儿童生活安排

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142648

Mónica L Caudillo, Andrés Villarreal, Philip N Cohen

Although the detrimental effects of the opioid epidemic on health and wellbeing have been well documented, we know little about how it has affected the family contexts in which children live. Using data from the 2000 Census, the 2005-2018 American Community Survey (ACS) and restricted Vital Statistics, we assess how the opioid epidemic, as measured by a rise in the opioid overdose death rate, affected the rates of children living in different family arrangements: two married parents, two cohabiting parents, single mother, single father, or another configuration. According to local fixed-effects models, a higher opioid overdose death rate is associated with fewer children living with two married parents and an increase in children living in family structures that tend to be less stable, such as those led by cohabiting parents or a single father. These changes in family arrangements have potential long-term implications for the wellbeing of future generations.

尽管阿片类药物流行对个人健康和福祉的有害影响已被充分记录在案，但我们对它如何影响儿童生活的家庭环境知之甚少。我们评估了阿片类药物的流行（以阿片类物质过量死亡率的上升来衡量）如何影响儿童生活在不同家庭安排中的比率：两个已婚父母、两个同居父母、单身母亲、单身父亲或其他配置。我们的局部固定效应模型显示，较高的局部过量死亡率与与与已婚父母生活在一起的儿童减少有关，与生活在往往不太稳定的家庭结构中的儿童增加有关，例如由同居父母或单亲领导的家庭结构。家庭安排的这些变化对后代的福祉具有潜在的长期影响。

引用次数: 0

The Opioid Crisis and Educational Performance 阿片类药物危机与教育绩效

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151523

R. Darolia, Samuel J. Owens, J-P Tyler

We propose a simple model of how opioids in a community can impact the educational outcomes of children based on both the extent of exposure to opioids in the community and on the child’s vulnerability to any given level of exposure. We then use national data to document where and how the opioid crisis has intersected with students’ performance on standardized test scores in the U.S., focusing particularly on rural communities. Finally, we estimate the extent to which variation in one measure of the opioid crisis, drug-related mortality, is related to variation in test scores. We find strong relationships between the two, as well as evidence that the relationship is particularly salient for third-grade students in rural communities.

我们提出了一个简单的模型，说明社区中的阿片类药物如何影响儿童的教育成果，该模型基于社区中阿片类药物的暴露程度和儿童对任何给定暴露水平的脆弱性。然后，我们使用国家数据来记录阿片类药物危机在哪里以及如何与美国学生在标准化考试成绩中的表现相交，特别是在农村社区。最后，我们估计了阿片类药物危机的一个衡量标准——药物相关死亡率——的变化与考试成绩变化的关系程度。我们发现两者之间存在很强的关系，并且有证据表明，这种关系在农村社区的三年级学生中尤为突出。

引用次数: 2

The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic 阿片类药物流行的社会和社区后果

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231157569

R. Darolia, C. Heflin

We provide a brief orientation to the articles that comprise this volume, which is an effort to understand the consequences of the opioid epidemic in a variety of societal and community domains. These domains include child welfare, living arrangements, education, food insecurity, housing, and public budgets, and they are often paid scant attention compared to research that focuses on the direct effects of opioid use. We give an overview of the articles that comprise this volume and discuss the ways in which they contribute new empirical insights on the consequences of the opioid crisis in the U.S. and Canada. We conclude with thoughts on the challenges inherent in this work, insights about how this volume of research might help us understand the broader reach of the epidemic, and how it helps in the development of prosocial public policies.

我们对本卷的文章进行了简要介绍，旨在了解阿片类药物流行在各种社会和社区领域的后果。这些领域包括儿童福利、生活安排、教育、粮食不安全、住房和公共预算，与专注于阿片类药物使用直接影响的研究相比，这些领域往往很少受到关注。我们对本卷的文章进行了概述，并讨论了它们对美国和加拿大阿片类药物危机的后果提供新的实证见解的方式。最后，我们对这项工作中固有的挑战进行了思考，深入了解了这一研究量如何帮助我们了解疫情的更广泛影响，以及它如何有助于制定亲社会的公共政策。

引用次数: 0

Fiscal Impacts of the Opioid Crisis on State and Local Governments 阿片类药物危机对州和地方政府的财政影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221137171

R. Bifulco, Iuliia Shybalkina

Adverse effects of the opioid crisis on individuals influence the need for state and local government expenditures and erode their tax bases. Systematic estimates of the magnitude of such fiscal impacts are lacking. We estimate the magnitude of the effect of the opioid crisis on state and local expenditures and discuss approaches that might be taken to evaluate the impact of the crisis on revenues. We find that the fiscal impacts of the opioid crisis on state and local governments are modest for the U.S. as a whole but are likely to be greater in states with particularly high rates of opioid-use disorders. Our analysis aims to encourage and guide more in-depth studies in the future. Such studies can inform intergovernmental aid policies designed to offset the fiscal impacts of opioid misuse and can also contribute to assessing damages in opioid lawsuits.

阿片类药物危机对个人的不利影响影响了州和地方政府支出的需求，并侵蚀了他们的税基。对这种财政影响的严重程度缺乏系统的估计。我们估计了阿片类药物危机对州和地方支出的影响程度，并讨论了评估危机对收入影响的方法。我们发现，阿片类药物危机对州和地方政府的财政影响对整个美国来说是适度的，但在阿片类物质使用率特别高的州可能会更大。我们的分析旨在鼓励和指导未来更深入的研究。此类研究可以为旨在抵消阿片类药物滥用的财政影响的政府间援助政策提供信息，也有助于评估阿片类药品诉讼的损害。

引用次数: 2

Has the Opioid Crisis Affected Student Learning? A National Analysis of Growth Rates 阿片类药物危机影响了学生的学习吗？全国增长率分析

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151524

J. Drescher, Lily Steyer, Carrie Townley-Flores, K. Humphreys

The potential spillover effects of the United States’ opioid epidemic on children’s educational outcomes have received surprisingly little attention from researchers. Accordingly, this study leverages national datasets of county-level opioid prescription rates and public school students’ third- to eighth-grade academic achievement to provide the first analysis of associations between community opioid prevalence and children’s learning rates. We find that students in counties with higher community opioid presence learn more slowly than peers in counties with low community opioid presence, both in aggregate and across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups of students. Moreover, within states we observe a small significant negative association between community opioid presence and student learning rates. This association is similar in rural and nonrural communities. These findings underscore the urgency of conceptualizing the opioid epidemic as a community-level crisis, with potentially long-lasting implications for children’s future educational attainment and life outcomes.

令人惊讶的是，研究人员很少关注美国阿片类药物泛滥对儿童教育成果的潜在溢出效应。因此，本研究利用县级阿片类药物处方率和公立学校学生三至八年级学业成绩的国家数据集，首次分析了社区阿片类药物患病率与儿童学习率之间的关系。我们发现，无论是在总体上还是在不同种族、民族和社会经济群体的学生中，社区阿片类药物存在率较高的县的学生学习速度都比社区阿片类药物存在率较低的县的学生慢。此外，在各州内，我们观察到社区阿片类药物存在与学生学习率之间存在显着的负相关关系。这种关联在农村和非农村社区也是相似的。这些发现强调了将阿片类药物流行概念化为社区一级危机的紧迫性，这可能对儿童未来的教育成就和生活成果产生长期影响。

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引用次数: 2

The Opioid Crisis and Child Maltreatment Across Counties and Time in the United States, 2007–2017 阿片类药物危机和儿童虐待:2007-2017年美国不同县和时间的数据

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221144172

A. Chapman

Rising opioid mortality coincides with reported rises in child maltreatment since the early 2000s. I consider mechanisms that link the opioid epidemic and child maltreatment, focusing on social disorganization, the geographic and temporal patterns of opioid mortality, and community-level substance use and child maltreatment. I combine data from the ACS, CDC WONDER, and NCANDS in county-level analyses. I show a positive association between adult opioid mortality and child maltreatment that varies over time, and the results suggest a stronger association between opioid mortality and child maltreatment in high-poverty counties. Counties with high levels of residential mobility show negative associations between opioid mortality and child maltreatment when mortality levels are low. These findings bolster arguments that child maltreatment can be decreased by reducing poverty and opioid mortality and by increasing opportunities for residential mobility.

自21世纪初以来，阿片类药物死亡率的上升与虐待儿童的报告上升不谋而合。我考虑将阿片类药物流行与虐待儿童联系起来的机制，重点关注社会混乱、阿片类疾病死亡率的地理和时间模式，以及社区层面的药物使用和虐待儿童。我在县级分析中结合了ACS、CDC WONDER和NCANDS的数据。我发现成人阿片类药物死亡率与虐待儿童之间存在正相关关系，这种关系随着时间的推移而变化，研究结果表明，在高贫困县，阿片类物质死亡率与虐待虐待儿童之间的关联更强。居住流动性高的县在死亡率较低时表现出阿片类药物死亡率与虐待儿童之间的负相关。这些发现支持了这样的论点，即可以通过减少贫困和阿片类药物死亡率以及增加居住流动的机会来减少虐待儿童的现象。

引用次数: 5

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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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