Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

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Prevention Strategies for Policing Gun Violence 枪支暴力的预防策略

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231164481

A. Braga, P. Cook, Stephen Douglas

The police have the unique capacity to preempt and deter violence and to reduce the use of firearms in violent encounters. But overly aggressive policing tactics have contributed to a fraught relationship with low-income minority communities in which gun violence is heavily concentrated. Increased resources should be devoted to policing gun violence, but efforts of this sort must be targeted and disciplined. Effective policing requires a focus on the places and people that are at greatest risk; and there is a strong case for police agencies to increase the resources devoted to investigations of all criminal shootings, not just homicides. Successful policing of gun violence requires a productive working relationship with victims and their neighbors, which can be facilitated through observing community policing principles and respect for residents’ interests.

警察具有先发制人和威慑暴力以及减少在暴力冲突中使用枪支的独特能力。但过于激进的警务策略导致了与枪支暴力严重集中的低收入少数族裔社区的紧张关系。应该增加资源用于监管枪支暴力，但这类努力必须有针对性并有纪律。有效的治安管理需要关注风险最大的地方和人群；警察机构有充分的理由增加用于调查所有刑事枪击案的资源，而不仅仅是凶杀案。成功地监管枪支暴力需要与受害者及其邻居建立富有成效的工作关系，这可以通过遵守社区警务原则和尊重居民利益来促进。

引用次数: 1

Gun Culture 2.0: The Evolution and Contours of Defensive Gun Ownership in America 枪支文化2.0:美国防御性枪支所有权的演变和轮廓

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231156292

David Yamane

I trace the evolution of gun culture in the U.S., starting with the prehistorical normality and significance of projectile weaponry among Homo sapiens, then turning to the largely practical use of firearms as tools in the Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early Republic eras (ca. 1607–1850). I highlight the emergence of Gun Culture 1.0, which centered on sport hunting, recreation, and collecting and was the core of American gun culture from approximately 1850 to 2010. I then show the roots of Gun Culture 2.0, which began in the 1960s and 1970s and centered on self-defense. I use various indicators to document that, by 2010, armed self-defense had become the core of American gun culture. In the penultimate section of the article, I use the great gun-buying spree of 2020+ to show the diversity that exists within Gun Culture 2.0, a theme that carries over to the conclusion, where I consider possible future directions of gun culture.

我追溯了美国枪支文化的演变，从智人的史前常态和抛射武器的重要性开始，然后转向在殖民地、革命和早期共和国时期(约1607-1850年)枪支作为工具的大量实际使用。我强调了枪支文化1.0的出现，它以运动狩猎、娱乐和收藏为中心，是大约1850年至2010年美国枪支文化的核心。然后我展示了枪支文化2.0的根源，它始于20世纪60年代和70年代，以自卫为中心。我用各种指标来证明，到2010年，武装自卫已经成为美国枪支文化的核心。在文章的倒数第二部分，我用2020+的枪支购买狂潮来展示枪支文化2.0中存在的多样性，这一主题延续到结论，在这里我考虑了枪支文化的未来可能的方向。

引用次数: 1

The Effects of Opioid Use during Pregnancy on Infant Health and Well-Being. 妊娠期使用阿片类药物对婴儿健康和幸福的影响。

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231154338

Jessica Pac, Christine Durrance, Lawrence Berger, Deb Ehrenthal

In this study, we estimate the first causal effects of in utero opioid exposure on infant health at birth and child protective services reports. We employ maternal fixed-effects models using linked administrative data capturing 259,723 infants born to 176,224 mothers enrolled in Medicaid between 2010 and 2019. Our preferred specifications suggest that neonatal abstinence syndrome and NICU admission bear strong associations with prenatal opioid exposure, concentrated on illicit and medication assisted treatment (MAT) exposure in the first and third trimesters. We find that prenatal opioid exposure is associated with increased CPS reports, low birth weight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age, though these measures are less sensitive with respect to the timing of exposure. While we detect relatively smaller effects of non-MAT prescription opioid exposure on NAS, NICU admission, low birthweight, these effects are not trivial, suggesting that medical professionals should consider balancing the potential for adverse side effects of infants with the benefits of pain management for pregnant women.

在这项研究中，我们估计了子宫内阿片类药物暴露对婴儿出生时健康的第一个因果影响和儿童保护服务报告。我们使用了母亲固定效应模型，该模型使用了链接的管理数据，捕捉了2010年至2019年间参加医疗补助的176224名母亲所生的259723名婴儿。我们的首选规范表明，新生儿禁欲综合征和新生儿重症监护室入院与产前阿片类药物暴露密切相关，主要集中在前三个月的非法和药物辅助治疗（MAT）暴露。我们发现，产前阿片类药物暴露与CPS报告增加、出生体重低、早产和胎龄小有关，尽管这些指标对暴露时间不太敏感。虽然我们发现非MAT处方阿片类药物暴露对NAS、新生儿重症监护室入院和低出生体重的影响相对较小，但这些影响并非微不足道，这表明医疗专业人员应考虑平衡婴儿潜在的不良副作用与孕妇疼痛管理的益处。

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引用次数: 0

Loss of Life and Labor Productivity: The Canadian Opioid Crisis 生命损失和劳动生产率:加拿大阿片类药物危机

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231155040

Alexander Cheung, Joseph T. Marchand, P. Mark

Opioids were declared a public health emergency in British Columbia, Canada, in 2016, and from that year through 2021, 29,894 Canadians lost their lives to opioid overdoses. More than two-thirds of those victims were employed in the five years prior to their deaths, and this study aims to quantify their lost productivity to the Canadian economy. We apply two human capital model variants in our analysis, projecting forward the future economic output of individuals who died from opioids, from their deaths to what would have been their eventual retirements, based on the industries in which they were employed. The total estimated productivity loss to Canada is at least $8.8 billion, with the equivalent “value of statistical life” calculations an order of magnitude higher; these are based on estimates of the amount of money that individuals would pay to avoid death. Our results challenge the notion that the opioid crisis predominantly affects unproductive members of society.

2016年，加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省宣布阿片类药物为公共卫生紧急事件，从那一年到2021年，29894名加拿大人因阿片类物质过量而丧生。超过三分之二的受害者在死亡前的五年内就业，这项研究旨在量化他们对加拿大经济的生产力损失。我们在分析中应用了两种人力资本模型变体，根据他们受雇的行业，预测了死于阿片类药物的个人的未来经济产出，从他们的死亡到他们最终的退休。据估计，加拿大的生产力损失总额至少为88亿美元，相当于“统计寿命价值”的计算要高出一个数量级；这些是基于对个人为避免死亡而支付的金额的估计。我们的研究结果挑战了阿片类药物危机主要影响非生产性社会成员的观点。

引用次数: 3

Effects of Opioid Treatment Programs on Child Well-Being 阿片类药物治疗方案对儿童幸福感的影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142644

L. Bullinger, V. Wang, K. Feder

Children exposed to parental opioid use disorder are at an elevated risk of maltreatment. We study whether parents’ access to medication-assisted opioid treatment programs (OTPs) affects the well-being of their children. An administrative decision to lift a moratorium on access to these programs in Indiana created the opportunity for this study. We show that after a county opened an OTP, methadone dispensing increased and emergency department visits related to opioid overdose decreased there, offering evidence of the success of these programs. We also show that the opening of these OTPs did not have significant effects on reports of child maltreatment, but that out-of-home foster care placements were reduced by 22 percent. Our findings are consistent with past research showing that child welfare cases involving parental substance use tend to be complex and tend to have longer times to parent/child reunification than child welfare cases in which substance use is not present. We argue that expanding access to opioid treatment programs may help reduce foster care placements.

暴露于父母阿片类药物使用障碍的儿童遭受虐待的风险较高。我们研究父母获得药物辅助阿片类药物治疗计划(OTPs)是否会影响孩子的福祉。印第安纳州一项行政决定取消了对这些项目的暂停，为这项研究创造了机会。我们表明，在一个县开设OTP后，美沙酮配药增加，与阿片类药物过量相关的急诊就诊减少，这为这些项目的成功提供了证据。我们还表明，开放这些otp对儿童虐待的报告没有显著影响，但家庭外寄养安置减少了22%。我们的发现与过去的研究结果一致，表明涉及父母物质使用的儿童福利案件往往是复杂的，并且往往比不存在物质使用的儿童福利案件需要更长的时间来实现父母/儿童团聚。我们认为，扩大获得阿片类药物治疗方案可能有助于减少寄养安置。

引用次数: 4

Food Insecurity and the Opioid Crisis 粮食不安全和阿片类药物危机

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221149287

C. Heflin, Xiaohan Sun

The opioid epidemic has increased adult mortality, disrupted families, and changed labor supply—all factors that are independently associated with poverty and food insecurity. We explore the relationship between the opioid crisis and food insecurity at the state level, first by examining the relationship of drug-related mortalities to food insecurity, and then by exploiting cross-state variations in OxyContin misuse prior to reformulation of the drug to investigate whether food insecurity increased as individuals with opioid use disorder transitioned from prescription to street drugs such as heroin. Results provide further evidence of the presence and size of the social consequences of the opioid crises and the negative consequences associated with drug reformulation for food security.

阿片类药物的流行增加了成年人的死亡率，扰乱了家庭，改变了劳动力供应——所有这些因素都与贫困和粮食不安全独立相关。我们在州一级探讨了阿片类药物危机与粮食不安全之间的关系，首先通过研究与毒品有关的死亡与粮食不安的关系，然后，在重新配制药物之前，利用奥施康定滥用的跨州差异，调查随着阿片类药物使用障碍患者从处方药过渡到海洛因等街头药物，粮食不安全感是否增加。研究结果进一步证明了阿片类药物危机的社会后果的存在和规模，以及为粮食安全重新配方药物带来的负面后果。

引用次数: 0

The Opioid Epidemic and Children's Living Arrangements in the United States, 2000-2018. 2000-2018年美国阿片类药物流行与儿童生活安排

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221142648

Mónica L Caudillo, Andrés Villarreal, Philip N Cohen

Although the detrimental effects of the opioid epidemic on health and wellbeing have been well documented, we know little about how it has affected the family contexts in which children live. Using data from the 2000 Census, the 2005-2018 American Community Survey (ACS) and restricted Vital Statistics, we assess how the opioid epidemic, as measured by a rise in the opioid overdose death rate, affected the rates of children living in different family arrangements: two married parents, two cohabiting parents, single mother, single father, or another configuration. According to local fixed-effects models, a higher opioid overdose death rate is associated with fewer children living with two married parents and an increase in children living in family structures that tend to be less stable, such as those led by cohabiting parents or a single father. These changes in family arrangements have potential long-term implications for the wellbeing of future generations.

尽管阿片类药物流行对个人健康和福祉的有害影响已被充分记录在案，但我们对它如何影响儿童生活的家庭环境知之甚少。我们评估了阿片类药物的流行（以阿片类物质过量死亡率的上升来衡量）如何影响儿童生活在不同家庭安排中的比率：两个已婚父母、两个同居父母、单身母亲、单身父亲或其他配置。我们的局部固定效应模型显示，较高的局部过量死亡率与与与已婚父母生活在一起的儿童减少有关，与生活在往往不太稳定的家庭结构中的儿童增加有关，例如由同居父母或单亲领导的家庭结构。家庭安排的这些变化对后代的福祉具有潜在的长期影响。

引用次数: 0

The Social and Community Consequences of the Opioid Epidemic 阿片类药物流行的社会和社区后果

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231157569

R. Darolia, C. Heflin

We provide a brief orientation to the articles that comprise this volume, which is an effort to understand the consequences of the opioid epidemic in a variety of societal and community domains. These domains include child welfare, living arrangements, education, food insecurity, housing, and public budgets, and they are often paid scant attention compared to research that focuses on the direct effects of opioid use. We give an overview of the articles that comprise this volume and discuss the ways in which they contribute new empirical insights on the consequences of the opioid crisis in the U.S. and Canada. We conclude with thoughts on the challenges inherent in this work, insights about how this volume of research might help us understand the broader reach of the epidemic, and how it helps in the development of prosocial public policies.

我们对本卷的文章进行了简要介绍，旨在了解阿片类药物流行在各种社会和社区领域的后果。这些领域包括儿童福利、生活安排、教育、粮食不安全、住房和公共预算，与专注于阿片类药物使用直接影响的研究相比，这些领域往往很少受到关注。我们对本卷的文章进行了概述，并讨论了它们对美国和加拿大阿片类药物危机的后果提供新的实证见解的方式。最后，我们对这项工作中固有的挑战进行了思考，深入了解了这一研究量如何帮助我们了解疫情的更广泛影响，以及它如何有助于制定亲社会的公共政策。

引用次数: 0

The Opioid Crisis and Educational Performance 阿片类药物危机与教育绩效

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151523

R. Darolia, Samuel J. Owens, J-P Tyler

We propose a simple model of how opioids in a community can impact the educational outcomes of children based on both the extent of exposure to opioids in the community and on the child’s vulnerability to any given level of exposure. We then use national data to document where and how the opioid crisis has intersected with students’ performance on standardized test scores in the U.S., focusing particularly on rural communities. Finally, we estimate the extent to which variation in one measure of the opioid crisis, drug-related mortality, is related to variation in test scores. We find strong relationships between the two, as well as evidence that the relationship is particularly salient for third-grade students in rural communities.

我们提出了一个简单的模型，说明社区中的阿片类药物如何影响儿童的教育成果，该模型基于社区中阿片类药物的暴露程度和儿童对任何给定暴露水平的脆弱性。然后，我们使用国家数据来记录阿片类药物危机在哪里以及如何与美国学生在标准化考试成绩中的表现相交，特别是在农村社区。最后，我们估计了阿片类药物危机的一个衡量标准——药物相关死亡率——的变化与考试成绩变化的关系程度。我们发现两者之间存在很强的关系，并且有证据表明，这种关系在农村社区的三年级学生中尤为突出。

引用次数: 2

Has the Opioid Crisis Affected Student Learning? A National Analysis of Growth Rates 阿片类药物危机影响了学生的学习吗？全国增长率分析

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231151524

J. Drescher, Lily Steyer, Carrie Townley-Flores, K. Humphreys

The potential spillover effects of the United States’ opioid epidemic on children’s educational outcomes have received surprisingly little attention from researchers. Accordingly, this study leverages national datasets of county-level opioid prescription rates and public school students’ third- to eighth-grade academic achievement to provide the first analysis of associations between community opioid prevalence and children’s learning rates. We find that students in counties with higher community opioid presence learn more slowly than peers in counties with low community opioid presence, both in aggregate and across different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups of students. Moreover, within states we observe a small significant negative association between community opioid presence and student learning rates. This association is similar in rural and nonrural communities. These findings underscore the urgency of conceptualizing the opioid epidemic as a community-level crisis, with potentially long-lasting implications for children’s future educational attainment and life outcomes.

令人惊讶的是，研究人员很少关注美国阿片类药物泛滥对儿童教育成果的潜在溢出效应。因此，本研究利用县级阿片类药物处方率和公立学校学生三至八年级学业成绩的国家数据集，首次分析了社区阿片类药物患病率与儿童学习率之间的关系。我们发现，无论是在总体上还是在不同种族、民族和社会经济群体的学生中，社区阿片类药物存在率较高的县的学生学习速度都比社区阿片类药物存在率较低的县的学生慢。此外，在各州内，我们观察到社区阿片类药物存在与学生学习率之间存在显着的负相关关系。这种关联在农村和非农村社区也是相似的。这些发现强调了将阿片类药物流行概念化为社区一级危机的紧迫性，这可能对儿童未来的教育成就和生活成果产生长期影响。

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引用次数: 2

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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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