Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

英文中文

Fiscal Impacts of the Opioid Crisis on State and Local Governments 阿片类药物危机对州和地方政府的财政影响

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221137171

R. Bifulco, Iuliia Shybalkina

Adverse effects of the opioid crisis on individuals influence the need for state and local government expenditures and erode their tax bases. Systematic estimates of the magnitude of such fiscal impacts are lacking. We estimate the magnitude of the effect of the opioid crisis on state and local expenditures and discuss approaches that might be taken to evaluate the impact of the crisis on revenues. We find that the fiscal impacts of the opioid crisis on state and local governments are modest for the U.S. as a whole but are likely to be greater in states with particularly high rates of opioid-use disorders. Our analysis aims to encourage and guide more in-depth studies in the future. Such studies can inform intergovernmental aid policies designed to offset the fiscal impacts of opioid misuse and can also contribute to assessing damages in opioid lawsuits.

阿片类药物危机对个人的不利影响影响了州和地方政府支出的需求，并侵蚀了他们的税基。对这种财政影响的严重程度缺乏系统的估计。我们估计了阿片类药物危机对州和地方支出的影响程度，并讨论了评估危机对收入影响的方法。我们发现，阿片类药物危机对州和地方政府的财政影响对整个美国来说是适度的，但在阿片类物质使用率特别高的州可能会更大。我们的分析旨在鼓励和指导未来更深入的研究。此类研究可以为旨在抵消阿片类药物滥用的财政影响的政府间援助政策提供信息，也有助于评估阿片类药品诉讼的损害。

引用次数: 2

The Opioid Crisis and Child Maltreatment Across Counties and Time in the United States, 2007-2017. 阿片类药物危机和儿童虐待:2007-2017年美国不同县和时间的数据

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221144172

Alexander Chapman

Rises in opioid mortality coincides with child maltreatment report rises since the early 2000s. This project joins three literatures to consider mechanisms linking the opioid epidemic and child maltreatment that include: 1) social disorganization which implicates community-level characteristics such as residential mobility and poverty in deviant behaviors 2) geographic and temporal patterning of opioid mortality and 3) community-level substance use and child maltreatment. I combine data from the American Community Survey (ACS), CDC WONDER, and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) in a county-level analysis using fixed effects. I test the relationships between opioid mortality, poverty, residential mobility, and child maltreatment. Regression analyses show a positive association between opioid mortality and child maltreatment with variation across time. They also suggest that opioid mortality has a stronger association with child maltreatment in high poverty counties, and that counties with higher levels of residential mobility have a negative association between opioid mortality and child maltreatment for lower mortality levels. The findings imply that decreasing poverty, opioid mortality, and increasing residential mobility opportunity may decrease child maltreatment.

自21世纪初以来，阿片类药物死亡率的上升与虐待儿童的报告上升不谋而合。我考虑将阿片类药物流行与虐待儿童联系起来的机制，重点关注社会混乱、阿片类疾病死亡率的地理和时间模式，以及社区层面的药物使用和虐待儿童。我在县级分析中结合了ACS、CDC WONDER和NCANDS的数据。我发现成人阿片类药物死亡率与虐待儿童之间存在正相关关系，这种关系随着时间的推移而变化，研究结果表明，在高贫困县，阿片类物质死亡率与虐待虐待儿童之间的关联更强。居住流动性高的县在死亡率较低时表现出阿片类药物死亡率与虐待儿童之间的负相关。这些发现支持了这样的论点，即可以通过减少贫困和阿片类药物死亡率以及增加居住流动的机会来减少虐待儿童的现象。

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引用次数: 0

Do Federal Grants for Medication-Assisted Opioid Treatment Reduce Homelessness? 药物辅助阿片类药物治疗的联邦拨款是否减少了无家可归现象?

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162231156291

A. Sullivan, Chan-Byoung Park

The federal government awarded $115 million to local entities between 2015 and 2018 for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) programs to treat opioid use disorder. These programs integrate the use of medications with counseling and behavioral therapies to reduce withdrawal symptoms and other adverse, individual-level effects of opioid misuse. Mounting evidence shows the benefits of MAT interventions among individuals, but little is known of whether these programs have prosocial, community-level effects. We examine the effect of MAT programs on one such community-level outcome: homelessness. Our event study design shows that MAT grants did not have a discernable relationship to homelessness at the community level; and we argue that while MAT may be an effective approach to treating opioid use disorder among individuals, more must be done to scale up its effects of these programs on community-level outcomes like homelessness.

2015年至2018年间，联邦政府向地方实体拨款1.15亿美元，用于治疗阿片类药物使用障碍的药物辅助治疗（MAT）项目。这些项目将药物使用与咨询和行为疗法相结合，以减少阿片类药物滥用的戒断症状和其他个人层面的不良影响。越来越多的证据表明，MAT干预措施对个人有好处，但对这些项目是否具有亲社会、社区层面的影响知之甚少。我们研究了MAT项目对一个这样的社区层面结果的影响：无家可归。我们的活动研究设计表明，MAT拨款与社区层面的无家可归者没有明显的关系；我们认为，虽然MAT可能是治疗个人阿片类药物使用障碍的有效方法，但必须做更多的工作来扩大这些项目对无家可归等社区层面结果的影响。

引用次数: 0

Single Mothers’ Income in Twelve Rich Countries: Differences in Disadvantage across the Distribution 12个富裕国家单身母亲的收入:在分配上的劣势差异

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120758

Susan Harkness

I examine how single motherhood affects income in different quantiles of the distribution in twelve rich countries. Using harmonized data from the Luxembourg Income Study, I show how the distribution of income for households headed by single mothers differs from households with children that are headed by couples. I show that there is a striking variation by country in the influence of single motherhood on income at different points of the distribution. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, single motherhood has a greater effect on income at the top of the distribution than at the bottom. In others, such as the United States, effects are largest at the bottom of the distribution. I discuss the role of employment and social policies in driving differences between countries in the income penalties associated with single motherhood across the distribution.

我研究了单身母亲如何影响12个富裕国家的收入分布的不同分位数。利用卢森堡收入研究的统一数据，我展示了单亲母亲家庭的收入分配与有孩子的夫妻家庭的收入分配是如何不同的。我指出，各国在收入分布的不同点上，单身母亲对收入的影响存在显著差异。在一些国家，例如联合王国，单身母亲对收入分配顶层的影响大于底层。在其他国家，如美国，影响最大的是分布的底部。我讨论了就业和社会政策在推动各国之间与单身母亲相关的收入惩罚差异方面的作用。

引用次数: 0

Single-Parent Families and Public Policy in High-Income Countries: Introduction to the Volume 高收入国家的单亲家庭与公共政策：卷导论

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221133250

J. Gornick, Laurie C. Maldonado, Amanda Sheely

For the last 100 years, single-parent families in the United States have captured the attention of policy-makers, political actors, and social reformers. Although the national discourse has shifted over time, one theme has been constant: the absence of the second parent, nearly always the father, places single-parent families at risk of economic insecurity and material hardship. Before the Second World War, it was widely assumed that mothers did not, and should not, work outside the home. Thus, the absent father implied the loss of the main or only family breadwinner, leaving the single mother and her children deserving of various forms of support, including the public provision of income. In subsequent years, a crucial change unfolded: single mothers were increasingly expected, and eventually pushed, into paid work. Their status as deserving of publicly provided supports diminished over time. Nevertheless, it remained understood, and it still does today, that a single breadwinner's earnings are often not sufficient to secure a family's economic well-being, especially when that single breadwinner is a woman.Indeed, in the United States, it is well documented that single-parent families are much more likely to be poor than are families headed by couples;likewise, single-parent families headed by women are at greater risk of poverty than those headed by men. Today, about one in three single-mother families in the United States lives in income poverty (Wimer et al. 2021);and for many of these families, income poverty is compounded by food insecurity (Sheely 2022) and precarious housing (Edin and Shaefer 2015;Desmond 2016). Recently, it has been documented that single-parent families have been hit especially hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to both unexpected earnings losses and heightened demands on parents' time.The difficulties faced by many single-parent families raise a multitude of concerns, perhaps none more salient or more compelling than child poverty. While poverty is evident throughout the lifecycle—affecting children, prime-age adults, and the elderly—poverty among children has particular resonance. Child poverty captures our collective attention for several reasons: it is widely held that children need and deserve protection from hardship, most children have no control over their economic circumstances, deprivation during childhood can have lifelong consequences, and some of the effects of child poverty have spillover effects. Child poverty in rich countries is especially compelling, because it is rooted not so much in scarce aggregate resources but mainly in distributional arrangements, both private and public.

在过去的100年里，美国的单亲家庭已经引起了政策制定者、政治行动者和社会改革者的注意。尽管随着时间的推移，全国性的讨论一直在发生变化，但有一个主题一直是不变的:父母中的第二位(几乎总是父亲)的缺席，使单亲家庭面临经济不安全和物质困难的风险。在第二次世界大战之前，人们普遍认为母亲不会也不应该外出工作。因此，父亲的缺席意味着失去了主要或唯一养家糊口的人，使单身母亲和她的孩子应该得到各种形式的支持，包括公共提供收入。在随后的几年里，一个关键的变化展开了:人们越来越期待单身母亲，并最终推动她们从事有偿工作。随着时间的推移，他们理应得到公共支持的地位逐渐下降。然而，人们过去和今天仍然理解，一个养家糊口的人的收入往往不足以保证一个家庭的经济福利，特别是当这个养家糊口的人是妇女时。事实上，在美国，有充分的证据表明，单亲家庭比夫妻家庭更有可能贫穷;同样，以女性为户主的单亲家庭比以男性为户主的单亲家庭更有可能陷入贫困。如今，美国大约三分之一的单亲母亲家庭生活在收入贫困中(Wimer et al. 2021);对于其中许多家庭来说，收入贫困因食品不安全(Sheely 2022)和不稳定的住房(Edin and Shaefer 2015;Desmond 2016)而加剧。最近，有证据表明，单亲家庭受到COVID-19大流行的打击尤其严重，原因是意外的收入损失和对父母时间的需求增加。许多单亲家庭面临的困难引起了许多关注，也许没有比儿童贫困更突出或更引人注目的了。虽然贫困在整个生命周期中都很明显，影响到儿童、壮年成人和老年人，但儿童中的贫困具有特别的共鸣。儿童贫困之所以引起我们的集体关注，有几个原因:人们普遍认为，儿童需要并且应该得到保护，使其免受困难;大多数儿童无法控制自己的经济状况;童年时期的贫困可能会产生终生的后果;儿童贫困的一些影响具有溢出效应。富裕国家的儿童贫困问题尤其引人注目，因为其根源不在于稀缺的总资源，而主要在于私人和公共的分配安排。

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引用次数: 1

Single Parents in High-Income Countries: What the United States Can Learn from Others 高收入国家的单亲父母：美国可以向他人学习什么

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221123446

Isabel V Sawhill

In the last 50 years, single parenthood has become more prevalent in the United States. As compared to other high-income countries, the United States does little to support single-parent families and they fare poorly as a result. This volume takes a comparative approach to extend our knowledge of the experiences of single parent families and the best approaches to support their well-being. By looking at the circumstances of single-parent families across many countries, this volume sheds light on important questions pertaining to child poverty and income inequality, the role of public assistance in supporting single-parent families, and the impact of this assistance on employment and marriage. In this article, I summarize the authors’ contributions in addressing these questions and present my own perspective on related issues, including the impact of single-parent families and cohabitation on children. I end with highlighting what researchers can learn from this volume and how U.S. policymakers can apply these lessons.

在过去的50年里，单亲在美国变得越来越普遍。与其他高收入国家相比，美国在支持单亲家庭方面做得很少，因此他们的处境也很糟糕。本卷采用了一种比较方法来扩展我们对单亲家庭经历的了解，以及支持他们幸福的最佳方法。本卷通过考察许多国家单亲家庭的情况，揭示了与儿童贫困和收入不平等有关的重要问题，公共援助在支持单亲家庭方面的作用，以及这种援助对就业和婚姻的影响。在这篇文章中，我总结了作者在解决这些问题方面的贡献，并对相关问题提出了自己的看法，包括单亲家庭和同居对孩子的影响。最后，我强调了研究人员可以从这本书中学到什么，以及美国政策制定者如何应用这些经验教训。

引用次数: 0

Cross-National Variation in the Relationship between Welfare Generosity and Single Mother Employment 福利慷慨与单亲母亲就业关系的跨国差异

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120760

T. Biegert, David Brady, L. Hipp

Reform of the U.S. welfare system in 1996 spurred claims that cuts to welfare programs effectively incentivized single mothers to find employment. It is difficult to assess the veracity of those claims, however, absent evidence of how the relationship between welfare benefits and single mother employment generalizes across countries. This study combines data from the European Union Labour Force Survey and the U.S. Current Population Survey (1992-2015) into one of the largest samples of single mothers ever, testing the relationships between welfare generosity and single mothers’ employment and work hours. We find no consistent evidence of a negative relationship between welfare generosity and single mother employment outcomes. Rather, we find tremendous cross-national heterogeneity, which does not clearly correspond to well-known institutional variations. Our findings demonstrate the limitations of single country studies and the pervasive, salient interactions between institutional contexts and social policies.

1996年美国福利制度的改革促使人们声称，削减福利项目有效地激励了单身母亲去找工作。然而，很难评估这些说法的真实性，因为没有证据表明福利和单身母亲就业之间的关系在各国是如何普遍存在的。这项研究结合了欧盟劳动力调查和美国当前人口调查(1992-2015)的数据，形成了有史以来最大的单身母亲样本之一，测试了福利慷慨与单身母亲就业和工作时间之间的关系。我们没有发现一致的证据表明福利慷慨与单身母亲就业结果之间存在负相关关系。相反，我们发现了巨大的跨国异质性，这与众所周知的制度差异并不明显相符。我们的研究结果表明了单一国家研究的局限性，以及制度背景和社会政策之间普遍而显著的相互作用。

引用次数: 1

Effective Policies for Single-Parent Families and Prospects for Policy Reforms in the United States: Concluding Reflections 有效的单亲家庭政策与美国政策改革的前景：结论性思考

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221133682

J. Gornick, Laurie C. Maldonado, Amanda Sheely

This conclusion engages two questions catalyzed by the articles in this volume. First, which policies are effective in reducing economic hardship among single-parent families overall and minimizing disparities across subgroups? Second, what are the prospects for related reforms in the United States? We draw four lessons from the articles in this volume and from prior research about effective policy design: (1) work-family reconciliation policies are crucial; (2) strengthening and stabilizing employment is necessary, but not sufficient; (3) it is important to support the accumulation of wealth in addition to shoring up income; and (4) policies can be designed to include and protect those single parents and their children who are especially at risk. Turning to the feasibility of policy change in the United States, we conclude that some factors—especially policy elements that encourage self-reliance, shifting public opinion, the COVID-19 crisis, and federalism itself—may enhance opportunities for policy development in support of single parents.

这一结论涉及本卷文章引发的两个问题。首先，哪些政策能够有效地减少单亲家庭的整体经济困难，并最大限度地减少亚群体之间的差异？第二，美国相关改革的前景如何？我们从本卷的文章和以往关于有效政策设计的研究中吸取了四个教训：（1）工作与家庭和解政策至关重要；（2）加强和稳定就业是必要的，但还不够；（3）除了支撑收入外，支持财富积累也很重要；以及（4）可以制定政策，以包括和保护那些特别危险的单亲父母及其子女。关于美国政策变化的可行性，我们得出结论，一些因素，尤其是鼓励自力更生、舆论转变、新冠肺炎危机和联邦制本身的政策因素，可能会增加支持单亲父母的政策发展机会。

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引用次数: 1

Child Support Policy across High-Income Countries: Similar Problems, Different Approaches 高收入国家的子女抚养政策:相似的问题，不同的方法

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119959

M. Hakovirta, Laura Cuesta, Mari Haapanen, D. Meyer

We provide an overview of child support policy in high-income countries, highlighting differences in institutional arrangements, the amount of child support due, and the amount of child support received. We show that the United States expects high levels of child support from nonresident parents when compared to other countries, that noncompliance is a problem across countries, and that most European countries deal with nonpayment of child support by providing guarantees of public support for children and resident parents. The guarantee schemes vary in terms of eligibility and generosity. Throughout, we find that child support policy approaches differ across countries. A key policy implication from this review is that the United States may be expecting too much child support from nonresident parents and that it could consider guaranteeing a modest amount of public support to single-parent households.

我们概述了高收入国家的子女抚养政策，强调了制度安排、应支付的子女抚养金额和已收到的子女抚养金额的差异。我们表明，与其他国家相比，美国对非居民父母的子女抚养费的期望较高，不合规是各国的一个问题，大多数欧洲国家通过为儿童和居民父母提供公共支持的保证来处理不支付子女抚养费的问题。这些保证计划在资格和慷慨程度上有所不同。在整个过程中，我们发现各国的儿童抚养政策方法不同。这项研究的一个关键政策暗示是，美国可能对非居民父母的子女抚养费期望过高，它可以考虑保证对单亲家庭提供适度的公共支持。

引用次数: 2

Near-infrared system's efficiency for peripheral intravenous cannulation in a level III neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study. 近红外系统在新生儿三级重症监护病房外周静脉插管中的效率：一项横断面研究。

IF 3 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04480-1

Silvia Ferrario, Gabriele Sorrentino, Giacomo Cavallaro, Ivan Cortinovis, Silvia Traina, Salvatore Muscolo, Alessandro Agosteo, Germana Santini, Elisa Lagostina, Fabio Mosca, Laura Plevani

Venipuncture is a painful and invasive procedure for hospitalised newborns and represents a challenge for neonatal healthcare professionals. This study evaluated the most efficient cannulation method based on the proportion of success at the first attempt, standard care or near-infrared (NIR) device use, and pain assessment. An observational study with two arms was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary-care university hospital in Italy. All newborns undergoing peripheral vein cannulation and only nurses with more than 5 years of professional experience in the NICU were eligible for the first arm. Only newborns with a body weight of >2500 g at cannulation and all nurses working in the NICU were involved in the second arm. In the first arm of the study, no statistically significant differences between the NIR and control groups were found in terms of proportion of successful at the first attempt 60.6% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 48.8; 72.4) vs. 56.1% (CI 95%: 44.1; 68.0) and the mean premature infant pain profile score 6.3 (CI 95%: 5.4-7.1) vs. 5.8 (CI 95%: 5.0-6.6). In the second arm, only among less experienced nurses (<1 year), we observed a significant increase in the proportion of success in the NIR group compared with the control group, nearly tripling the success rate (72.7% [54.1; 91.3] vs. 23.1% [0.2; 46.0]). Conclusion: This study reported no differences between the NIR and control groups. The results also suggest that using a NIR device may be advantageous for healthcare professionals with less experience during first-time cannulation. What is Known: • Venipuncture is a painful procedure commonly used to place a peripheral venous catheter for administering nutrients or drugs. • Near-infrared light facilitates the visualisation of veins and consequently, the performance of cannulation in the paediatric population. What is New: • The near-infrared light device was not associated with fewer attempts and a lower premature infant pain profile score in placing venous access in newborns than the traditional method. • The near-infrared light device could help nurses with less professional experience place a peripheral venous catheter.

对于住院新生儿来说，静脉穿刺是一项痛苦的侵入性操作，也是新生儿医护人员面临的一项挑战。本研究根据首次尝试成功的比例、标准护理或近红外（NIR）设备的使用以及疼痛评估，对最有效的插管方法进行了评估。这项观察性研究在意大利一家三级甲等大学医院的新生儿重症监护室（NICU）进行。所有接受外周静脉插管的新生儿和在新生儿重症监护室工作 5 年以上的护士都有资格参加第一组研究。只有插管时体重大于 2500 克的新生儿和所有在新生儿重症监护室工作的护士才有资格参加第二组研究。在第一组研究中，就首次尝试成功的比例 60.6% (置信区间 [CI] 95%: 48.8; 72.4) vs. 56.1% (CI 95%: 44.1; 68.0) 和早产儿疼痛状况平均评分 6.3 (CI 95%: 5.4-7.1) vs. 5.8 (CI 95%: 5.0-6.6)而言，近红外组和对照组之间没有统计学上的显著差异。在第二组中，只有经验较少的护士 (

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