Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science最新文献

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Nonresident Fathers and the Economic Precarity of Their Children 非居民父亲及其子女的经济不稳定

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221119348

Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Margaret M. C. Thomas, Alexandra Haralampoudis, Huiying Jin

This study examines the relationship between nonresident fathers and their children’s economic precarity. We use a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of children in large U.S. cities and consider a comprehensive set of measures of the involvement of nonresident fathers in their lives. We evaluate both voluntary and involuntary (court-ordered child support) involvement of fathers, and we look at material hardship and income-to-poverty ratio as measures of children’s economic precarity. We find that only high levels of formal child support have a protective effect on children’s economic well-being, while fathers’ voluntary involvement (experienced by 70 percent of children) has a more consistent protective effect. Overall, policies to reduce children’s economic precarity need to focus on improving nonresident fathers’ ability to be involved with and contribute to their children, as well as on direct assistance to custodial mother families.

这项研究考察了非居民父亲与子女经济不稳定之间的关系。我们使用了美国大城市儿童的种族、族裔和社会经济多样性样本，并考虑了一套全面的衡量非居民父亲参与他们生活的指标。我们评估了父亲的自愿和非自愿（法院命令的儿童抚养费）参与，并将物质困难和收入与贫困的比率视为衡量儿童经济不稳定的指标。我们发现，只有高水平的正式儿童支持才能对儿童的经济福祉产生保护作用，而父亲的自愿参与（70%的儿童经历过）具有更一致的保护作用。总体而言，减少儿童经济不稳定的政策需要侧重于提高非居民父亲参与子女事务和为子女做出贡献的能力，以及对监护母亲家庭的直接援助。

引用次数: 1

Ethno-Racial Variation in Single Motherhood Prevalences and Penalties for Child Poverty in the United States, 1995–2018 1995-2018年美国单亲母亲患病率和儿童贫困惩罚的种族差异

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120759

Regina S. Baker

Empirical studies link high racial inequality in U.S. child poverty to the higher prevalence of single motherhood among certain racial groups. But a growing literature is demonstrating how the impact of single parenthood and family structure on children varies by racial group, including evidence that Black children experience smaller single motherhood “penalties” for some outcomes, like education. I use Luxembourg Income Study data for the United States from 1995 to 2018 to further investigations of ethno-racial variation in single motherhood penalties for child poverty. I provide a descriptive portrait of the levels and trends of children living in single-mother households and of the poverty penalties associated with children living in such households. I also show that, on average, Black children experience smaller penalties from single motherhood and Latino children experience larger penalties, both compared to White children. I conclude with discussion of potential reasons for this variation and future directions for research.

实证研究将美国儿童贫困中的高度种族不平等与某些种族群体中较高的单身母亲患病率联系起来。但越来越多的文献表明，单亲家庭和家庭结构对儿童的影响因种族而异，包括有证据表明，黑人儿童在教育等某些方面受到的单亲母亲“惩罚”较小。我使用卢森堡收入研究1995年至2018年美国的数据，进一步调查单身母亲对儿童贫困的惩罚的种族差异。我对生活在单亲家庭的儿童的水平和趋势以及与生活在这种家庭中的儿童有关的贫困惩罚提供了描述性的描述。我还表明，平均而言，黑人孩子受到单身母亲的惩罚较小，拉丁裔孩子受到的惩罚较大，两者都与白人孩子相比。最后，我讨论了这种变化的潜在原因和未来的研究方向。

引用次数: 1

Immigration Policies and the Risks of Single Parenthood for Migrant Women 移民政策和移民妇女单亲家庭的风险

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221124409

Isabel Shutes

In high-income countries, both single parents and migrants face elevated risks of living in poverty, but research has paid little attention to the intersection of single parent and migrant status. I examine the ways in which immigration policies make migrants dependent either on the labor market or on their families as a spouse or partner and how these dependencies present risks to migrant women who are single parents. I draw on qualitative data on migrant women’s experiences in the first five years after migration to the UK, which include their transitions to single parenthood, to explore how their legal status affects the risks that they experience. Those risks concern exclusion from access to social protection and permanent legal residence, where access is contingent on the ability to maintain a relationship to the market as a worker or to the family through marriage or a stable partnership.

在高收入国家，单亲父母和移民都面临着更高的贫困风险，但研究很少关注单亲父母和移民身份的交集。我研究了移民政策使移民依赖劳动力市场或其家庭作为配偶或伴侣的方式，以及这些依赖如何给单亲移民妇女带来风险。我利用移民妇女在移民到英国后头五年的经历的定性数据，包括她们向单亲家庭的转变，来探讨她们的法律地位如何影响她们所经历的风险。这些风险涉及被排除在获得社会保护和永久合法居留权之外，而获得社会保护和永久合法居留权取决于能否作为工人与市场保持关系，或能否通过婚姻或稳定的伙伴关系与家庭保持关系。

引用次数: 1

Making Parental Leave Policies Work for Single Mothers: Lessons from Europe 为单身母亲制定产假政策:来自欧洲的经验教训

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221134445

A. Bártová, Adeline Otto, W. Van Lancker

It is well documented that national parental leave policies encourage parents’ employment. Research on parental leave, though, has generally failed to draw lessons on how leave policy affects the employment and economic well-being of single parents. We examine the extent to which parental leave policies support the employment of single mothers with children under six years old across twenty-seven European countries, showing that single mothers are more likely to work and to work longer hours if they are eligible for parental leave. For single mothers who were not working before childbirth, eligibility for generous leave benefits and longer parental leave are associated with better employment outcomes after childbirth. We argue that while parental leave sustains employment for working single mothers, it might also facilitate entry into employment for nonworking mothers.

有充分的证据表明，国家育儿假政策鼓励父母就业。然而，关于育儿假的研究通常未能从休假政策如何影响单亲父母的就业和经济福祉中吸取教训。我们研究了27个欧洲国家的育儿假政策在多大程度上支持有六岁以下孩子的单身母亲就业，表明如果单身母亲有资格享受育儿假，她们更有可能工作，工作时间更长。对于分娩前没有工作的单身母亲来说，有资格享受慷慨的休假福利和更长的育儿假与分娩后更好的就业结果有关。我们认为，育儿假虽然能维持单身母亲的就业，但也可能有助于非在职母亲就业。

引用次数: 0

Income Support Policies for Single Parents in Europe and the United States: What Works Best? 欧美单亲家庭收入支持政策:哪些最有效?

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221120448

Elise Aerts, I. Marx, Zachary Parolin

Poverty rates among single parents vary considerably across countries, in part reflecting differences in the generosity and design of minimum income protections. We ask what the optimal ways are to target income support to single parents, if the prime objective of policy is to shelter those households from poverty. We map minimum income provisions for working and nonworking single-parent households across Europe and the United States, showing that three things matter for adequate minimum income protection. First, minimum wage levels matter, obviously for working single parents, but also for jobless ones since they effectively set the ‘glass ceiling’ for out-of-work benefits. Second, the overall generosity of the child benefit package is crucial to shelter both working and jobless single parents from poverty. Third, countries that employ a strategy of “targeting within universalism” (that is directing extra support to vulnerable groups such as single parents within the context of a universal benefit program) tend to do best.

各国单亲父母的贫困率差异很大，部分反映了最低收入保护的慷慨程度和设计上的差异。我们想知道，如果政策的主要目标是让这些家庭摆脱贫困，那么向单亲父母提供收入支持的最佳方式是什么。我们绘制了欧洲和美国工薪和非工薪单亲家庭的最低收入规定图，表明有三件事对充分的最低收入保护很重要。首先，最低工资水平很重要，这显然对有工作的单身父母来说很重要，但对失业者来说也很重要，因为它们实际上为失业福利设定了“玻璃天花板”。其次，儿童福利计划的总体慷慨对于帮助在职和失业的单身父母摆脱贫困至关重要。第三，采用“在普遍主义范围内瞄准”战略（即在普遍福利计划的背景下向单亲等弱势群体提供额外支持）的国家往往做得最好。

引用次数: 4

Single Parents Competing in a Dual-Earner Society: Social Policy to Level the Playing Field 单亲父母在双重收入社会中的竞争：公平竞争的社会政策

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221122686

R. Nieuwenhuis

I examine the relative poverty risk among single-parent households in countries that have a large share of households with dual earners. Data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database are used to analyze eighteen OECD countries in the period 1984 to 2010. I find that single parents face higher relative income poverty risks in countries with a large share of dual-earner households and that this higher risk of poverty is related to higher standards of living in those countries: higher standards of living have raised poverty thresholds, and single-parent incomes are less likely to reach those higher poverty thresholds. I also find that this overall pattern varied across institutional contexts: a rise of dual-earner households puts single parents at a disadvantage only in countries that have relatively low public expenditures on childcare and relatively low income transfer policies.

我研究了单亲家庭的相对贫困风险，这些国家的家庭中有很大一部分是双收入者。卢森堡收入研究数据库的数据用于分析1984年至2010年期间18个经合组织国家的情况。我发现，在拥有大量双职工家庭的国家，单亲父母面临着更高的相对收入贫困风险，这种更高的贫困风险与这些国家更高的生活水平有关：更高的生存水平提高了贫困阈值，单亲收入不太可能达到这些更高的贫穷阈值。我还发现，这种总体模式因制度背景而异：只有在儿童保育公共支出相对较低、收入转移政策相对较低的国家，双职工家庭的增加才使单亲父母处于不利地位。

引用次数: 0

The Wealth (Disadvantage) of Single-Parent Households 单亲家庭的财富（劣势）

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221123448

Salvatore Morelli, B. Nolan, Juan C. Palomino, Philippe Van Kerm

Wealth is a buffer against economic shocks and the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. We investigate the wealth of single-parent households in six high-income countries that span a variety of institutional contexts and welfare regimes. Using household survey data, we show that single-parent households in all these countries are disadvantaged in the wealth they hold, compared to dual-parent households—more so in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States; and less so in Italy and, especially, Spain. We tease out major differences in types of wealth holdings in single- and dual-parent households. We find that the single-parent wealth deficit is not explained by differences in age or number of children but that it is influenced by education, income, homeownership, and receipt of intergenerational transfers. We discuss the policy implications of our findings, both in terms of how single parents are treated in social protection and taxation systems and, more broadly, in the supports they require if they are to overcome barriers to accumulating wealth.

财富是对抗经济冲击和劣势代际传递的缓冲。我们调查了六个高收入国家单亲家庭的财富，这些国家跨越了各种制度背景和福利制度。通过家庭调查数据，我们发现，与双亲家庭相比，所有这些国家的单亲家庭在财富方面都处于劣势——在英国、法国、德国和美国更是如此;而在意大利，尤其是西班牙，情况就不那么乐观了。我们梳理出单亲家庭和双亲家庭财富持有类型的主要差异。我们发现，单亲家庭的财富赤字不能用年龄或子女数量的差异来解释，而是受到教育、收入、住房所有权和代际转移收入的影响。我们讨论了我们的研究结果的政策含义，包括单亲父母在社会保护和税收系统中的待遇，以及更广泛地说，如果他们要克服积累财富的障碍，他们需要什么支持。

引用次数: 1

Universal Surface Biotinylation: a simple, versatile and cost-effective sample multiplexing method for single-cell RNA-seq analysis. 通用表面生物素化：一种用于单细胞 RNA-seq 分析的简单、多用途且经济高效的样本复用方法。

2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac017

Michihiko Sugimoto, Yuhki Tada, Shigeyuki Shichino, Saeko Koyamatsu, Noriyuki Tsumaki, Kuniya Abe

Recent advances in single-cell analysis technology have made it possible to analyse tens of thousands of cells at a time. In addition, sample multiplexing techniques, which allow the analysis of several types of samples in a single run, are very useful for reducing experimental costs and improving experimental accuracy. However, a problem with this technique is that antigens and antibodies for universal labelling of various cell types may not be fully available. To overcome this issue, we developed a universal labelling technique, Universal Surface Biotinylation (USB), which does not depend on specific cell surface proteins. By introducing biotin into the amine group of any cell surface protein, we have obtained good labelling results in all the cell types we have tested. Combining with DNA-tagged streptavidin, it is possible to label each cell sample with specific DNA 'hashtag'. Compared with the conventional cell hashing method, the USB procedure seemed to have no discernible adverse effect on the acquisition of the transcriptome in each cell, according to the model experiments using differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can be theoretically used for any type of cells, including cells to which the conventional cell hashing method has not been applied successfully.

单细胞分析技术的最新进展使一次分析数万个细胞成为可能。此外，样本复用技术可在一次运行中分析多种类型的样本，对降低实验成本和提高实验准确性非常有用。然而，这种技术的一个问题是，用于通用标记各种类型细胞的抗原和抗体可能并不完全可用。为了克服这一问题，我们开发了一种通用标记技术--通用表面生物素化（USB），它不依赖于特定的细胞表面蛋白。通过将生物素引入任何细胞表面蛋白的胺基团，我们在测试的所有细胞类型中都获得了良好的标记结果。结合 DNA 标记的链霉亲和素，可以用特定的 DNA "标签 "标记每个细胞样本。根据使用分化小鼠胚胎干细胞进行的模型实验，与传统的细胞散列方法相比，USB 程序似乎对获取每个细胞的转录组没有明显的不利影响。理论上，这种方法可用于任何类型的细胞，包括传统细胞散列法未能成功应用的细胞。

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引用次数: 0

Wombat Roadkill Was Not Reduced by a Virtual Fence. Comment on Stannard et al. Can Virtual Fences Reduce Wombat Road Mortalities? Ecol. Eng. 2021, 172, 106414. 虚拟围栏并未减少袋熊的道路死亡。评论 Stannard 等人：《虚拟围栏能减少袋熊的公路死亡吗？Ecol.2021, 172, 106414.

IF 2.7 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-05-23 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101323

Graeme Coulson, Helena Bender

The roadkill of wildlife is a global problem. Much has been written about deterring wildlife from roads, but, as of yet, there is no empirical support for deterrents based on visual and/or auditory signals. A recent paper entitled 'Can virtual fences reduce wombat road mortalities?'reported the results of a roadkill mitigation trial. The authors installed a 'virtual fence' system produced by iPTE Traffic Solutions Ltd. (Graz, Austria) and evaluated its effectiveness for reducing roadkills of bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) in southern Australia. The authors recorded roadkills in a simple Before-After-Control-Impact design but did not conduct any formal statistical analysis. They also measured three contextual variables (vegetation, wombat burrows, and vehicle velocity) but did not link these to the occurrence of roadkills in space and time. The authors concluded that the iPTE virtual fence system was 'minimally effective', yet 'appears promising'. Our analysis of their data, using standard inferential statistics, showed no effect of the virtual fence on roadkills whatsoever. We conclude that the iPTE system was not effective for mitigating the roadkills of bare-nosed wombats.

路杀野生动物是一个全球性问题。关于阻止野生动物上路的文章已经写了很多，但迄今为止，还没有基于视觉和/或听觉信号的威慑措施得到经验支持。最近一篇题为《虚拟栅栏能减少袋熊在道路上的死亡吗？作者安装了由 iPTE 交通解决方案有限公司（奥地利格拉茨）生产的 "虚拟栅栏 "系统，并对其进行了评估。(奥地利格拉茨）生产的 "虚拟栅栏 "系统，并评估了该系统在澳大利亚南部减少裸鼻袋熊（Vombatus ursinus）路死的有效性。作者采用简单的 "控制前-控制后-影响 "设计记录了路杀情况，但没有进行任何正式的统计分析。他们还测量了三个环境变量（植被、袋熊洞穴和车辆速度），但没有将这些变量与路害发生的时间和空间联系起来。作者总结说，iPTE 虚拟围栏系统 "效果甚微"，但 "似乎很有前途"。我们使用标准推理统计法对他们的数据进行了分析，结果显示虚拟围栏对道路死亡事件没有任何影响。我们的结论是，iPTE 系统对减少裸鼻袋熊的路杀没有效果。

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引用次数: 0

From Prison to Entrepreneurship: Can Entrepreneurship be a Reentry Strategy for Justice-Impacted Individuals? 从监狱到创业：创业能否成为受司法影响的个人的重返策略？

IF 2.8 2区社会学 Q1 Social Sciences

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00027162221115378

Kylie Jiwon Hwang

Justice-impacted people face significant obstacles to employment. This article explores an alternative pathway for these individuals to find work and income: entrepreneurship. While anecdotal evidence suggests that entrepreneurship is common among people with criminal histories, it remains both theoretically and empirically underexamined. I conduct a synthesis of recent research to assess the viability of entrepreneurship as a path to reintegration for returning citizens. I highlight findings on the prevalence of entrepreneurial entry, the underlying mechanism behind entrepreneurship, the economic and social consequences of entrepreneurship, and the barriers and challenges that reentering entrepreneurs face. Finally, I draw attention to key policy implications and suggest new initiatives that can help enhance the viability of entrepreneurship as a reentry strategy for justice-involved individuals.

受司法影响的人在就业方面面临重大障碍。本文探讨了这些人寻找工作和收入的另一条途径：创业。虽然传闻证据表明，创业在有犯罪史的人中很常见，但它在理论和经验上都没有得到充分的检验。我综合了最近的研究，以评估创业作为返回公民重返社会途径的可行性。我强调了关于创业进入的普遍性、创业背后的潜在机制、创业的经济和社会后果以及重新进入创业者面临的障碍和挑战的研究结果。最后，我提请注意关键的政策影响，并提出新的举措，以帮助提高创业的可行性，作为参与司法的个人重返社会的战略。

引用次数: 2

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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全部 ACS Publications Elsevier ieeexplore Springer The Royal Society of Chemistry Wiley

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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

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