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Strengthening the foundation of educational psychology by integrating construct validation into open science reform 将建构验证融入开放科学改革,夯实教育心理学基础
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1898962
J. Flake
Abstract An increased focus on transparency and replication in science has stimulated reform in research practices and dissemination. As a result, the research culture is changing: the use of preregistration is on the rise, access to data and materials is increasing, and large-scale replication studies are more common. In this article, I discuss two problems the methodological reform movement is now ready to tackle given the progress thus far and how educational psychology is particularly well suited to contribute. The first problem is that there is a lack of transparency and rigor in measurement development and use. The second problem is caused by the first—replication research is difficult and potentially futile as long as the first problem persists. I describe how to expand transparent practices into measure use and how construct validation can be implemented to bolster the validity of replication studies.
科学中对透明度和复制的日益关注刺激了研究实践和传播的改革。因此,研究文化正在发生变化:预登记的使用正在增加,对数据和材料的获取正在增加,大规模复制研究更加普遍。在这篇文章中,我讨论了方法论改革运动目前准备解决的两个问题,以及教育心理学如何特别适合做出贡献。第一个问题是在度量开发和使用方面缺乏透明度和严谨性。第二个问题是由第一个问题引起的,只要第一个问题持续存在,复制研究就很困难,而且可能是徒劳的。我描述了如何将透明实践扩展到测量使用中,以及如何实施结构验证以增强复制研究的有效性。
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引用次数: 19
Open science reforms: Strengths, challenges, and future directions 开放科学改革:优势、挑战与未来方向
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1901709
K. Wentzel
Abstract In this article, I comment on the potential benefits and limitations of open science reforms for improving the transparency and accountability of research, and enhancing the credibility of research findings within communities of policy and practice. Specifically, I discuss the role of replication and reproducibility of research in promoting better quality studies, the identification of generalizable principles, and relevance for practitioners and policymakers. Second, I suggest that greater attention to theory might contribute to the impact of open science practices, and discuss ways in which theory has implications for sampling, measurement, and research design. Ambiguities concerning the aims of preregistration and registered reports also are highlighted. In conclusion, I discuss structural roadblocks to open science reform and reflect on the relevance of these reforms for educational psychology.
在这篇文章中,我评论了开放科学改革在提高研究的透明度和问责制以及提高研究成果在政策和实践社区中的可信度方面的潜在好处和局限性。具体来说,我讨论了研究的复制和可再现性在促进更高质量研究中的作用,确定可推广的原则,以及与实践者和决策者的相关性。其次,我建议对理论的更多关注可能有助于开放科学实践的影响,并讨论了理论对抽样、测量和研究设计的影响。还强调了关于预登记和已登记报告的目的的含糊不清。最后,我讨论了开放科学改革的结构性障碍,并反思了这些改革与教育心理学的相关性。
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引用次数: 7
Acknowledgments 致谢。
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1910466
Rohan Arcot, Amy J. Arthur, S. Barnes, Lindsay L Benster, Shannon E. Berg, Leah B. Cherner, Claire Chuter, Kelsie J. Dawson, Lily S. Fritz, Madelyn Gardner, Lindsay M. Lanteri, Jessica Lasky-Fink, Kaitlyn E. May, Michael W. McGarrah, Nan Mu, Prem Umang Satyavolu, Wendy S. Wei, Qiyang Zhang
We would like to thank all of the reviewers who provided invaluable feedback on the articles in this special issue. In addition to Educational Psychologist’s standard peer review process, several early career scholars volunteered to participate in a complementary Junior Scholar Review process. These early career scholars provided authors with feedback on their manuscripts and ensured that the articles were accessible for a wide range of audiences.
我们要感谢所有对本期特刊文章提供宝贵反馈的审稿人。除了《教育心理学家》的标准同行评议过程之外,一些早期职业学者自愿参加了一个补充的初级学者评议过程。这些早期的职业学者为作者的手稿提供反馈,并确保广泛的读者可以访问这些文章。
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引用次数: 0
From old school to open science: The implications of new research norms for educational psychology and beyond 从老派到开放科学:新研究规范对教育心理学及其他领域的影响
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1898961
Hunter Gehlbach, Carly D. Robinson
Abstract Recently, scholars have noted how several “old-school” practices—a host of long-standing scientific norms—in combination, sometimes compromise the credibility of research. In response, other scholarly fields have developed several “open-science” norms and practices to address these credibility issues. Against this backdrop, this special issue explores the extent to which and how these norms should be adopted and adapted for educational psychology and education more broadly. Our introductory article contextualizes the special issue’s goals by overviewing the historical context that led to open science norms (particularly in medicine and psychology); providing a conceptual map to illustrate the interrelationships between various old-school as well as open-science practices; and then describing educational psychologists’ opportunity to benefit from and contribute to the translation of these norms to novel research contexts. We conclude by previewing the articles in the special issue.
最近,学者们注意到,几种“老派”做法——一系列长期存在的科学规范——结合在一起,有时会损害研究的可信度。作为回应,其他学术领域已经开发了一些“开放科学”规范和实践来解决这些可信度问题。在此背景下,本期特刊探讨了这些规范应该在多大程度上以及如何被采用和适应于教育心理学和更广泛的教育。我们的介绍性文章通过概述导致开放科学规范(特别是在医学和心理学领域)的历史背景,将特刊的目标置于背景中;提供一个概念图来说明各种老派和开放科学实践之间的相互关系;然后描述教育心理学家有机会从这些规范翻译到新的研究环境中受益并做出贡献。我们以预览特刊中的文章作为结束。
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引用次数: 25
Improving norms in research culture to incentivize transparency and rigor 改善研究文化规范,鼓励透明度和严谨性
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1902329
David Mellor
Abstract Improving research culture to value transparency and rigor is necessary to engage in a productive “Credibility Revolution.” The field of educational psychology is well positioned to act toward this goal. It will take specific actions by both grassroots groups plus leadership to set standards that will ensure that getting published, funded, or hired is determined by universally supported ideals. These improved standards must ensure that transparency, rigor, and credibility are valued above novelty, impact, and incredibility. Grassroots groups advocate for change and share experience so that the next generation of researchers have the experience needed to sustain these early moves. Each community can take inspiration from others that have made shifts toward better practices. These instances provide opportunities for emulating trail-blazers, training for new practices such as preregistration, and constructively evaluating or criticizing practice in ways that advances the reputation of all involved.
改善研究文化,重视透明度和严谨性,是开展富有成效的“可信度革命”的必要条件。教育心理学领域为实现这一目标做好了准备。它将由基层团体和领导层共同采取具体行动来制定标准,以确保出版、资助或雇用都是由普遍支持的理想决定的。这些改进后的标准必须确保透明度、严谨性和可信度高于新颖性、影响力和可信度。基层组织倡导变革并分享经验,以便下一代研究人员拥有维持这些早期行动所需的经验。每个社区都可以从其他已经转向更好实践的社区获得灵感。这些实例提供了模仿先行者的机会,为新实践(如预注册)提供培训,并以提高所有相关人员声誉的方式建设性地评估或批评实践。
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引用次数: 15
Preregistration and registered reports 预注册和注册报告
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1900851
J. Reich
Abstract Preregistration and registered reports are two promising open science practices for increasing transparency in the scientific process. In particular, they create transparency around one of the most consequential distinctions in research design: the data analytics decisions made before data collection and post-hoc decisions made afterwards. Preregistration involves publishing a time-stamped record of a study design before data collection or analysis. Registered reports are a publishing approach that facilitates the evaluation of research without regard for the direction or magnitude of findings. In this article, I evaluate opportunities and challenges for these open science methods, offer initial guidelines for their use, explore relevant tensions around new practices, and illustrate examples from educational psychology and social science.
预注册和注册报告是提高科学过程透明度的两种有前途的开放科学实践。特别是,它们为研究设计中最重要的区别之一创造了透明度:在数据收集之前做出的数据分析决策和之后做出的事后决策。预注册包括在数据收集或分析之前发布带有时间戳的研究设计记录。注册报告是一种出版方法,可以促进对研究的评估,而不考虑研究结果的方向或大小。在本文中,我评估了这些开放科学方法的机遇和挑战,为它们的使用提供了初步指导,探讨了围绕新实践的相关紧张关系,并举例说明了教育心理学和社会科学的例子。
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引用次数: 14
Research self-efficacy: A meta-analysis 研究自我效能:一个元分析
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1886103
Raluca Livinƫi, George Gunnesch-Luca, D. Iliescu
Abstract Research self-efficacy represents the adaptation of the social cognitive concept of self-efficacy to the field of academic and scientific research and is one of the best predictors of successfully engaging in research activities. The current meta-analysis focuses on the relationship between research self-efficacy and 14 other relevant variables suggested by Social Cognitive Career Theory and analyzes 85 published and unpublished studies conducted between 1989 and 2020 (n = 17,754, 209 effect sizes). The results indicate large associations between research self-efficacy and interest in research, research identity, intention/goals to pursue a career in research, research productivity, attitudes toward research, research training environment, and working alliance with the advisor, moderate associations with research outcome expectations, Holland’s investigative interests, research anxiety, and research mentoring experiences, as well as a small association with year in doctoral studies. There is no significant relationship between research self-efficacy and two other variables, gender and age of participants. Our findings help educators by showing ways through which to increase research self-efficacy in order to improve research training and career outcomes; the results suggest that effective routes for educators are the selection of students who have investigative vocational interests, an active control of possible research anxieties, development of a strong research-oriented culture in the research group and the development of a mentoring and transformational relationship with their trainees.
研究自我效能是社会认知自我效能概念对学术和科学研究领域的适应,是成功从事研究活动的最佳预测因素之一。本meta分析的重点是研究自我效能感与社会认知职业理论提出的其他14个相关变量之间的关系,并分析了1989年至2020年间发表和未发表的85项研究(n = 17,754, 209个效应量)。研究结果表明,研究自我效能与研究兴趣、研究身份、从事研究职业的意图/目标、研究生产力、对研究的态度、研究培训环境和与导师的工作联盟之间存在较大的关联,与研究成果预期、荷兰的研究兴趣、研究焦虑和研究指导经历之间存在适度的关联,与博士学习年限之间存在较小的关联。研究自我效能感与参与者的性别和年龄没有显著的关系。我们的研究结果通过展示提高研究自我效能以改善研究培训和职业成果的方法来帮助教育工作者;研究结果表明,教育工作者的有效途径是选择具有研究性职业兴趣的学生,积极控制可能的研究焦虑,在研究小组中发展强大的研究导向文化,并与他们的学员建立指导和转化关系。
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引用次数: 13
The Multidimensional Knowledge in Text Comprehension framework 文本理解框架中的多维知识
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-02-05 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2021.1872379
Kathryn S. McCarthy, D. McNamara
Abstract Prior knowledge is one of the strongest contributors to comprehension, but there is little specificity about different aspects of prior knowledge and how they impact comprehension. This article introduces the Multidimensional Knowledge in Text Comprehension framework, which conceptualizes prior knowledge along four intersecting dimensions: amount, accuracy, specificity, and coherence. Amount refers to how many relevant concepts the reader knows. Accuracy refers to the extent to which the reader’s knowledge is correct. Specificity refers the degree to which the knowledge is related to information in the target text. Coherence refers to the interconnectedness of prior knowledge. Conceptualizing prior content knowledge along these dimensions deepens understanding of the construct and lends to more specific predictions about how learners process information. Considering knowledge across multiple dimensions is crucially important to the development and selection of prior knowledge assessments and, in turn, educators’ ability to capitalize on learners’ strengths across various comprehension tasks.
摘要先验知识是促进理解的最重要因素之一,但关于先验知识的不同方面及其对理解的影响却缺乏特异性。本文介绍了文本理解中的多维知识框架,该框架从四个相交的维度对先验知识进行了概念化:数量、准确性、特异性和连贯性。量是指读者知道多少相关概念。准确性是指读者的知识正确的程度。专一性是指知识与目的语篇信息的关联程度。连贯性是指先验知识的相互联系。沿着这些维度概念化先前的内容知识可以加深对结构的理解,并有助于更具体地预测学习者如何处理信息。在多个维度上考虑知识对于先验知识评估的发展和选择至关重要,反过来,教育者利用学习者在各种理解任务中的优势的能力也至关重要。
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引用次数: 55
A critical review of the refutation text literature: Methodological confounds, theoretical problems, and possible solutions 对反驳文本文献的批判性回顾:方法论上的混淆、理论问题和可能的解决方案
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-01-24 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2020.1861948
Allison Zengilowski, Brendan A. Schuetze, B. Nash, D. Schallert
Abstract Refutation texts, rhetorical tools designed to reduce misconceptions, have garnered attention across four decades and many studies. Yet, the ability of a refutation text to change a learner’s mind on a topic needs to be qualified and modulated. In this critical review, we bring attention to sources of constraints often overlooked by refutation text researchers. Methodological issues we identified centered on problems of using a single topic (or very few) within a study, the role of testing in conceptual change, and the durability of change beyond an immediate posttest. Theoretical issues included the interpretation of attentional measures, what knowledge domains lend themselves to refutation, what makes a text refutational, and unexplored assumptions about how conceptual change occurs. We sought to clarify how refutation texts may function as an antidote to misconceptions and how future research on refutation texts can better inform understanding of this phenomenon.
摘要反驳文本是一种旨在减少误解的修辞工具,在四十年的许多研究中引起了人们的注意。然而,一篇反驳文章改变学习者对一个话题的看法的能力需要是合格的和调节的。在这篇批判性的评论中,我们关注了经常被反驳文本研究者忽视的约束来源。我们确定的方法问题集中在在研究中使用单一主题(或很少主题)的问题,测试在概念变化中的作用,以及超越立即后测试的变化的持久性。理论问题包括对注意力测量的解释,哪些知识领域适合反驳,什么使文本反驳,以及关于概念变化如何发生的未探索的假设。我们试图澄清反驳文本如何作为误解的解毒剂,以及未来对反驳文本的研究如何更好地为理解这一现象提供信息。
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引用次数: 24
Autonomy-supportive teaching: Its malleability, benefits, and potential to improve educational practice 自主支持教学:它的延展性、益处和改善教育实践的潜力
IF 8.8 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/00461520.2020.1862657
J. Reeve, S. Cheon
Abstract Autonomy-supportive teaching is the adoption of a student-focused attitude and an understanding interpersonal tone that enables the skillful enactment of seven autonomy-satisfying instructional behaviors to serve two purposes—support intrinsic motivation and support internalization. Using self-determination theory principles and empirical findings, researchers have developed and implemented numerous teacher-focused and methodologically-rigorous interventions to provide teachers with the professional developmental experience they need to learn how to become more autonomy supportive. The findings from 51 autonomy-supportive teaching interventions (including 38 randomized control trials) collectively show that (1) teachers can learn how to become more autonomy supportive during instruction (autonomy-supportive teaching is malleable) and, once learned, (2) this greater autonomy-supportive teaching produces a wide range of educationally important student, teacher, and classroom climate benefits (autonomy-supportive teaching is beneficial). Recognizing this, the article shows how the recent surge in autonomy-supportive intervention research has advanced the conceptual understanding of the nature of autonomy-supportive teaching and clarified its potential to improve educational practice.
自主支持教学是指采用以学生为中心的态度和理解的人际语气,使七种满足自主的教学行为能够熟练地实现两个目的——支持内在动机和支持内化。利用自我决定理论原则和实证研究结果,研究人员开发并实施了许多以教师为中心、方法严谨的干预措施,为教师提供他们需要的专业发展经验,以学习如何变得更加支持自主。51项自主支持教学干预(包括38项随机对照试验)的研究结果共同表明:(1)教师可以学习如何在教学过程中变得更支持自主(自主支持教学是可塑的),一旦学会了,(2)这种更大的自主支持教学产生了广泛的教育意义上重要的学生、教师和课堂氛围效益(自主支持教学是有益的)。认识到这一点,本文展示了最近自主支持干预研究的激增如何推进了对自主支持教学本质的概念理解,并阐明了其改善教育实践的潜力。
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引用次数: 129
期刊
Educational Psychologist
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