Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies最新文献

{"title":"Introduction: the intellectual migration analytics","authors":"Wei Li, Lucia Lo, Yixi Lu","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270314","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘intellectual migration’ initially referred to the exodus of European scientists and other professionals to the U.S. in the first half of the twentieth century. Academic and policy debates around issues of ‘brain drain’, ‘brain gain’, and ‘brain circulation’ in recent decades have intensified the usage of this term. A 2015 paper first attempted conceptualising Intellectual Migration as an analytical framework that encompasses a migration spectrum where students to professionals at different life stages move for intellectual pursuits that can advance career development. Li et al. (Citation2021) articulate the framework by elaborating on the underlying key concepts – intellectual capital, intellectual nodes, intellectual gateways, intellectual peripheries – and the role they play in one’s spatial and social mobilities, and connecting internal migration with international migration. This special issue assembles empirical research that addresses issues like the (un)certainty of engaging in intellectual migration, agency-structure dynamics behind migration decisions, and the value of intellectual capital in the migration process. This introductory piece traces the evolution of the intellectual migration conceptualisation while synthesising the findings to affirm the usefulness of the framework in analysing higher-education and highly-skilled migration.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"2 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on motivation to stay: a comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese international students in Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"Eugena Kwon, Min-Jung Kwak, Gowoon Jung, Steven Smith, Kazumi Tsuchiya, Emmanuel Kyeremeh, Michael Zhang","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted international students due to unexpected changes in policies and regulations regarding their visa status and immigration, travel restrictions, and heightened scrutiny against foreigners. Such changes potentially disrupt and affect international students’ post-graduation migration plan: whether they decide to go back to their home country or stay in Canada and apply for permanent residency. This may particularly be the case for Chinese international students, the 2nd largest group of international students in Canada, due to the rise of anti-Asian racism and the stigmatization that the COVID-19 is a ‘Chinese virus’. Using ‘intellectual migration’ as our analytical framework, we pay particular attention to the experiences of Chinese international students in the province of Nova Scotia, an intellectual periphery in Canada. Drawing upon data from online surveys and focus groups, this study compares the experiences of Chinese and non-Chinese international students during the pandemic and whether these experiences have impacted their post-migration plans and their motivation to stay in Nova Scotia, Canada.KEYWORDS: COVID-19 pandemicChinese international studentsPost-graduation planNova Scotia, CanadaIntellectual migration framework Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research has been supported in part by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC COVID PEG 1008-2020-0036).","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"248 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global education trajectories and inequality: STEM workers from China to the US","authors":"Siqiao Xie","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe United States has become reliant on workers from abroad to meet its demand for the knowledge-based economy. However, some migrants may face an earnings deficit relative to similar US-born workers. This paper examines the sources of the deficit and asks whether we should expect the initial deficit to disappear with education attainment and work experience in the US. They are challenging to answer as few data sources measure and track market experiences and educational trajectories of migrants over time. Migration and educational trajectories which reflect the country's source of formal educational credentials as well as other forms of capital may explain the deficit, this study applies sequence analysis to the National Science Foundation’s ‘National College Graduate Survey’ to examine earnings differences between China- and US-born STEM workers. After identifying the dominant migration-education profiles for these STEM workers, I show that the wages of migrants with exclusively China-based education are 5–25% lower than those of workers with at least some US-based education, even among workers who are otherwise similar in terms of experience, legal status, employer type, occupation, degree level and time since migration. These findings point to significant and lasting penalties due to non-US education.KEYWORDS: Migrationeducationintellectual migrationtrajectorysequence analysis Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 College educated, either with STEM-related education or work in a STEM occupation.2 NSCG takes a stratified sampling strategy to maximize its coverage of different demographic, education and occupation groups (National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Citation2019)3 Due to the extremely small sample size, the fifth highest degree is omitted in the analysis.4 Job-Skill Match is derived from the ‘OCEDRLP’ variable in the NSCG dataset, measuring to what extent is the respondent’s work is related to their highest degree. Higher score denotes a closer match.5 Due to data compression in the public-use NSCG dataset, the geographic unit in this analysis is limited to countries and census divisions; the institution identifier is limited to the 1994 Carnegie classification codes; citizenship and visa type are restricted to citizen/non-citizen/naturalized citizen, and temporary/permanent visas.6 Age 25–65 is selected to capture working age population with college education per ACS standard; see US Census Bureau (Citation2020) for detail.7 To reduce the complication in the optimal-matching distance calculation and trajectory clustering process, this study has adopted country code as the indicator of education location, STEM/STEM-related/non-STEM broad group codes for field of study, and 1994 Carnegie code for institution identifier.8 I have tested multiple sequence analysis fit statistics such as the silhouette score and elbow method, and the results all point to the four","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"138 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To study abroad or not, and why? Exploring Chinese university students’ postgraduate intentions","authors":"Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Zheng Lu","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTSince 1991, the annual population of Chinese students studying abroad has increased dramatically, peaking at 703,500 in 2019. This study explores who they are and why they intend to study abroad, using university student survey data collected in 2018 from two major universities in a southwestern city in China. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistical regression analysis were conducted to examine the family and personal factors influencing their intentions to study abroad, followed by non-parametric tests for identifying the primary reasons motivating them to study abroad or inhibiting such intention. It was found that although economic capital shows significant influence, intellectual capital, at both family and personal levels, has the strongest effect on Chinese university students’ intentions to study abroad. Furthermore, being able to accumulate/upgrade intellectual capital is the primary reason for them to consider studying abroad and selecting the destination, whereas the lack of sufficient financial support is a direct deterrent on pursuing international education. Additionally, gender difference matters on intention to study abroad.KEYWORDS: Chinese studentspostgraduate intentionstudy abroadintellectual capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The number can be retrieved at http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202012/t20201214_505447.html2 Intellectual Periphery, Intellectual Gateway and Intellectual Note, are conceptualised in the introduction piece of this special issue (Li, Lo, and Lu, Citation2023).3 ‘Project 211’ and ‘Project 985’ are national projects of China, launched in the 1990s, to fund selected universities to raise their research capacities and international reputations. The ‘double-first-class’ initiative was launched in 2017 to renew the two previous projects, aiming to create world-class universities and disciplines.4 In China, the type of high school students enrolled partially indicates their educational performance and family economic status. Enrolling at key public schools and sometimes prestigious private schools indicates high academic performance; enrolling at international/private schools also implicates well-off family background; while non-key public school students show less educational and/or economic advantages.5 China talent policy is an umbrella term to bracket policies designed to attract the desired talent overseas to China, especially Chinese students with graduate degrees from western universities (Miao, et al. Citation2022)6 All OR values reported in text are significant at the level of .05 or .01 or .001, unless otherwise stated.7 ORs are not cited in some paragraphs, because its values vary between models despite providing same conclusion, general trend is described, and ORs can be found in Table 2.8 According to different survey data and official statistics, the US has been the number one destination for Chinese students","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migratory class-making in global Asian cities: the European mobile middle negotiating ambivalent privilege in Tokyo, Singapore, and Dubai","authors":"Helena Hof, Jaafar Alloul","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2271669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2271669","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the fraught status paradoxes and settlement impediments of European migrants in Asian cities like Tokyo, Singapore, and Dubai. Global European emigration is predominantly imagined as professional ‘expatriation’, framed as temporary if not steeped in linear career pathways of manifest privilege. The implied bifurcation between voluntary European mobilities and economic migrations from the Global South is complicated here by foregrounding the existential aspirations of middling European emigrants who are anxious about their future class position in Europe and therefore resettle along a wider trans-Asian economic corridor. While this European mobile middle retains global advantages in terms of transnational circulation and entry by virtue of their European citizenship capital, they face under-documented legal hurdles and social precarities in their quest for overseas permanence. We conceptualise this transcontinental process, marked by a complex set of mobility ambivalences over time, as ‘migratory class-making’, the distinctive aspirations of which elucidate that structural socioeconomic incentives are equally bound up with contemporary forms of European migration. Enmeshed in this global process of migratory class-making lays a European predicament that speaks of blighted existential hopes about middle-class stability imagined to be the ideal result of multi-year investments in class-making across Europe and Asia.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136261866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A not-so ‘natural’ decision: impact of bureaucratic trajectories on forced migrants’ intention and ability to naturalise","authors":"Liam Haller, Zeynep Yanaşmayan","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268844","url":null,"abstract":"For forced migrants who lack unqualified state protection, citizenship acquisition serves as the only secure way to graduate from legally precarious conditions. However, despite the seemingly obvious upside, the decision to naturalise is not necessarily automatic and for those who do choose to move forward, the process is rarely straightforward. Based on 30 interviews with Syrian forced migrants in Berlin, we address why some applicants who are eligible to naturalise choose not to apply and why eligibility ‘on paper’ does not necessarily translate to ability to naturalise ‘in practice’. By combining literature on migrants’ experiences with street-level bureaucracy and individual-level determinants of naturalisation, the primary objective of this article is to advance our understanding of how citizenship and non-citizenship decisions are made. In order to do so, we build upon the two-step intention-ability framework and in particular introduce ‘bureaucratic trajectory’ as a significant determinant of one’s intention to apply and practical ability to acquire citizenship beyond eligibility. We demonstrate how perceived discretionary implementation and red tape not only constrain but also entice migrants to develop strategies to ‘enable’ access to citizenship.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience and identities: the role of past, present and future in the lives of forced migrants","authors":"Raphaela Berding-Barwick, Ruth McAreavey","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266146","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience has often been used to understand how forced migrants cope in the face of adversities. It is generally described as a process embedded into the wider social environment, which entails the ability of individuals to respond to ongoing change. While much literature focuses on resilience-enhancing factors, advancing a more subjective understanding of resilience has been neglected. We build on ideas by Krause and Schmidt [2020. ‘Refugees as Actors? Critical Reflections on Global Refugee Policies on Self-Reliance and Resilience.’ Journal of Refugee Studies 33 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez059] on the importance of different temporalities for individual agency by examining the role played by individual memories of the past, experiences in the present, and ambitions for the future in resilience processes. Using data from a photo-elicitation study with forced migrants in the North-East of England, we focus on three individual accounts of resilience. Our research highlights how individuals proactively make strategic choices and assume responsibility for their well-being – even if that depends on changing underlying structural issues. We show that, despite a hostile immigration environment, as found in the UK, individuals are able to act and adapt to their environment, although this is limited to a degree. We demonstrate how time matters in personal resilience processes – both as a tactic for resilience for some and a disruptor of resilience for others.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Africanization of immigrants: a multilevel analysis of factors influencing Africans’ willingness to accept immigrants","authors":"Francis D. Boateng, Michael Dzordzormenyoh","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266780","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTImmigration in Africa has increased significantly in the past two decades, with a record number of people moving to Africa from other non-African countries as well as Africans moving to other countries on the continent. This increase in immigration requires an empirical exploration to understand how Africans feel and think about immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to explore Africans’ willingness to accept immigrants and foreign workers into their neighbourhoods. Analyzing large-scale data from more than 45,000 citizens across 34 countries, we examined individual- and country-level factors using a multilevel hierarchical linear approach. At the individual level, our analysis revealed that gender, religious affiliation, nationalism, fear of extremism, and security are important indicators of Africans’ willingness to live with immigrants in their neighbourhoods. While we did not observe any effect for country-level economic variables, it was revealed that regional location was a vital consideration. These observations are helpful in understanding immigration in Africa as well as offering insights for policy development.KEYWORDS: ImmigrationimmigrantsAfricamultilevel analysismigration Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Respondents were asked the following question: Please tell me whether you would like to have people from this group as neighbors – immigrants/foreign workers.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135199812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restoring culture and capital to cultural capital: origin–destination cultural distance and immigrant earnings in the United States","authors":"Qian He, Theodore P. Gerber, Yu Xie","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266149","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAn extensive sociological literature maintains that cultural capital is pivotal in perpetuating social inequalities. However, empirical tests of cultural capital theory focus on how culture influences educational outcomes, not earnings, and they mainly look for cultural differences across social classes within societies. We propose a direct test of economic returns to cultural capital based instead on differences in national cultures across countries. Using the American Community Survey and the National Survey of College Graduates, we analyze the relationship between immigrants’ lack of U.S.-specific cultural capital, proxied by cultural distance between the origin country and the U.S., and their earnings. Findings consistently indicate that origin – U.S. cultural distance is linked to immigrants’ lower earnings after controlling for numerous other factors, supporting cultural capital theory. Cultural distance earnings penalties are more pronounced for immigrants with at least a bachelor’s degree, those arriving in adulthood, and those with foreign degrees. Moreover, county-level analysis reveals more sizable cultural distance penalties in more competitive and unequal labour markets, highlighting how subnational receiving contexts shape origin-country disparities in immigrants’ economic incorporation at their destinations.KEYWORDS: Immigrant economic incorporationcontexts of receptionplace of educationreturns to educationcultural capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For example, Friedman and Laurison (Citation2019, 15) pithily summarize the role of cultural capital after acknowledging it is a ‘more complex’ and ‘hard to detect’ aspect of class privilege than economic or social capital: ‘simply by expressing their tastes or opinions, the privileged are able to cash in their embodied cultural capital in multiple settings.’ The only quantitative evidence they provide for such ‘cashing in’ on upper-class culture is an origin-class pay gap within elite professions. However, such a pay gap might stem from any unobserved factors that both affect earnings and also correlate with class origin.2 A related body of literature in business studies shows that cultural distance between countries affects corporate decision-making about whether to integrate foreign entities or form joint ventures, as cultural similarity lowers the economic uncertainties associated with integration (see Kogut and Singh Citation1988).3 ACS respondents with negative or zero earned income in the surveyed year accounted for only 0.06 percent of the overall analytic sample; excluding these individuals does not alter our results.4 We excluded from this analysis immigrants from member states of the former Soviet Union because the ACS did not further distinguish the individual countries, such as Russia, Estonia, Armenia, and Tajikistan. The ACS also lumped ‘North Korea’ and ‘South Korea’ into a single region called ‘Kore","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135350745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing migration through vulnerability at Spain’s southern maritime border: a malleable concept in a securitised and marketised regime","authors":"Marry-Anne Karlsen","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2264516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2264516","url":null,"abstract":"Vulnerability has emerged as a central policy concept in migration governance. Despite its growing importance, the concept remains contested and ambiguous. As multiple conceptions of vulnerability circulate, it becomes crucial to gain a better understanding of how ‘vulnerability’ might shape practices on the ground. In this article, I explore how different actors in the province of Cádiz, located at Spain and the EU’s southern maritime border, understood, and operationalised ‘vulnerability’. The aim is to advance understandings of vulnerability as a mechanism of governance in the reception of people on the move in the context of so-called ‘mixed movements’. My focus is on how vulnerability as a new classifying label overlaps with and fragments previous labels that underpin migration governance. Through the analysis, I show how the malleability of the notion of vulnerability constituted an opportunity for actors on the ground to challenge categorical and legal distinctions between migrants. However, civil society organisations’ engagement with vulnerability not only represented a ‘push-back’ of restrictive policies but was also a way to adapt and survive in a securitised and marketised regime.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}