Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270337
Xiaojie Li
ABSTRACTForeign-born scholars can accumulate and/or utilise their intellectual capital (IC) through intellectual migration. IC is a combination of transferrable human, cultural, and social capital. While IC has been conceptualised, no known studies have measured it. As foreign-born scholars often develop academic networks that transcend geographical and ethnic boundaries, their IC should not be simplified as a single scale. Adopting the ego-centric network analysis method, this study proposes an approach to quantify foreign-born scholars’ IC based on their co-author network. This approach includes a group of measures to capture IC within and between different geographic and ethnic contexts. Based on the co-authorship data collected among China-born scholars at a public research university in the U.S., this study examines how their IC levels evolve over time, differ between younger- and older-generation scholars, and whether they are influenced by where one receives a PhD degree.KEYWORDS: China-born scholarsintellectual capitaltransnational research collaborationsocial network analysisco-authorship networks Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
{"title":"China-born scholars’ intellectual capital: a network approach","authors":"Xiaojie Li","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270337","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTForeign-born scholars can accumulate and/or utilise their intellectual capital (IC) through intellectual migration. IC is a combination of transferrable human, cultural, and social capital. While IC has been conceptualised, no known studies have measured it. As foreign-born scholars often develop academic networks that transcend geographical and ethnic boundaries, their IC should not be simplified as a single scale. Adopting the ego-centric network analysis method, this study proposes an approach to quantify foreign-born scholars’ IC based on their co-author network. This approach includes a group of measures to capture IC within and between different geographic and ethnic contexts. Based on the co-authorship data collected among China-born scholars at a public research university in the U.S., this study examines how their IC levels evolve over time, differ between younger- and older-generation scholars, and whether they are influenced by where one receives a PhD degree.KEYWORDS: China-born scholarsintellectual capitaltransnational research collaborationsocial network analysisco-authorship networks Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"78 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342
Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Ling Ma
ABSTRACTThis is a comparative study on Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China. Adopting the concepts of intellectual gateway (IG), intellectual node (IN) and intellectual capital (IC) from the intellectual migration (IM) framework, as well as the amenities perspective in migration studies, this article conceptualises Chengdu as an emerging IG and Guangzhou as a typical IG. Through analysing macro-level public data and first-hand interviews and survey data at the micro level, it explores academic returnees’destination choice and if urban amenities and individual preferences influence their onward migration intention. It concludes that academic returnees’choice of destination is not only highly related to their pursuit of IC development and economic capital, but is also influenced by their preferences of different types of cultural amenities. Chengdu’s cultural amenities tend to attract and retain more personal-life-oriented academic returnees, while Guangzhou is favoured by professional-life-oriented returnees. Furthermore, compared to returnees in Guangzhou, those in Chengdu are more likely to stay for longer terms. It is suggested that building rich cultural amenities and intellectual networks can be potential advantages for emerging IGs in attracting and retaining intellectual migrants.KEYWORDS: Academic returneesdestinationreturn migrationonward migrationamenity AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to extend their sincere appreciation to the editors and reviewers, for their careful reading as well as detailed and insightful comments. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971183; 42371229;41971184).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 YTTP is a sub-program of TTP launched in 2011 to attract overseas top-tier scientists under the age of 40.2 Sichuan area refers to the geographic area of Sichuan, thus it includes Chongqing.
{"title":"Comparing Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou: reasons for return, choice of destination and onward migration intention","authors":"Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Ling Ma","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270342","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis is a comparative study on Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China. Adopting the concepts of intellectual gateway (IG), intellectual node (IN) and intellectual capital (IC) from the intellectual migration (IM) framework, as well as the amenities perspective in migration studies, this article conceptualises Chengdu as an emerging IG and Guangzhou as a typical IG. Through analysing macro-level public data and first-hand interviews and survey data at the micro level, it explores academic returnees’destination choice and if urban amenities and individual preferences influence their onward migration intention. It concludes that academic returnees’choice of destination is not only highly related to their pursuit of IC development and economic capital, but is also influenced by their preferences of different types of cultural amenities. Chengdu’s cultural amenities tend to attract and retain more personal-life-oriented academic returnees, while Guangzhou is favoured by professional-life-oriented returnees. Furthermore, compared to returnees in Guangzhou, those in Chengdu are more likely to stay for longer terms. It is suggested that building rich cultural amenities and intellectual networks can be potential advantages for emerging IGs in attracting and retaining intellectual migrants.KEYWORDS: Academic returneesdestinationreturn migrationonward migrationamenity AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to extend their sincere appreciation to the editors and reviewers, for their careful reading as well as detailed and insightful comments. This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971183; 42371229;41971184).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 YTTP is a sub-program of TTP launched in 2011 to attract overseas top-tier scientists under the age of 40.2 Sichuan area refers to the geographic area of Sichuan, thus it includes Chongqing.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332
Yining Tan, Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Guanglong Pang
ABSTRACTThis paper advances the conceptualisation and application of intellectual capital, a key concept in the intellectual migration framework, to understand international student mobility. The intellectual migration framework contends that higher-education and highly-skilled migrants acquire, upgrade and utilise intellectual capital for upward career and social mobility. This paper argues that intellectual capital is not the sum of different forms of capitals, but a complete package with human, cultural and social capitals working in synergy through the agency of migrants. Focusing on higher-education students at the beginning of the intellectual migration continuum, it analyzes how intellectual capital is differentially accumulated at various stages of the educational process. Drawing on 51 semi-structured interviews with Chinese international students in North America, we learn that pre-migration intellectual capital, due largely to parents and family, reflects social inequality in contemporary societies whereas that obtained while studying abroad reveals more on individual agency. As such, intellectual capital accumulation abroad serves as a mediating process, especially for those with less privileged backgrounds. Supportive international higher education sectors in both sending and receiving countries can also assist students in their intellectual capital cultivation process and contribute to alleviating educational inequality.KEYWORDS: Intellectual capitalmobilityintellectual migrationChinese international studentsNorth America AcknowledgementWe appreciate all research participants for sharing their stories. We are grateful of the reviews and comments from the editor and the anonymous reviews. We also thank Dr. Elaine Ho of National University of Singapore for the feedback to the early draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). A US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Additional informationFundingA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.
{"title":"Intellectual capital and student mobility","authors":"Yining Tan, Lucia Lo, Wei Li, Guanglong Pang","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270332","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper advances the conceptualisation and application of intellectual capital, a key concept in the intellectual migration framework, to understand international student mobility. The intellectual migration framework contends that higher-education and highly-skilled migrants acquire, upgrade and utilise intellectual capital for upward career and social mobility. This paper argues that intellectual capital is not the sum of different forms of capitals, but a complete package with human, cultural and social capitals working in synergy through the agency of migrants. Focusing on higher-education students at the beginning of the intellectual migration continuum, it analyzes how intellectual capital is differentially accumulated at various stages of the educational process. Drawing on 51 semi-structured interviews with Chinese international students in North America, we learn that pre-migration intellectual capital, due largely to parents and family, reflects social inequality in contemporary societies whereas that obtained while studying abroad reveals more on individual agency. As such, intellectual capital accumulation abroad serves as a mediating process, especially for those with less privileged backgrounds. Supportive international higher education sectors in both sending and receiving countries can also assist students in their intellectual capital cultivation process and contribute to alleviating educational inequality.KEYWORDS: Intellectual capitalmobilityintellectual migrationChinese international studentsNorth America AcknowledgementWe appreciate all research participants for sharing their stories. We are grateful of the reviews and comments from the editor and the anonymous reviews. We also thank Dr. Elaine Ho of National University of Singapore for the feedback to the early draft of this manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). A US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.Additional informationFundingA US National Science Foundation grant (BCS-1660526) and a Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant (435-2017-1168) funded the research project that this article is based upon. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding agencies.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"200 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340
Zheng Lu, Yixi Lu, Lucia Lo, Haihua Zhu, Jason Jean
ABSTRACTAs a key player in intellectual migration, international students are affected by various micro-, meso- and macro-level factors when making their study destination choice. Existing literature on this topic mostly adopts a qualitative approach and limits to investigations of country choice. By applying exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric modelling on a set of panel data, this study instead focuses on macro-level analyses of international students’ regional destination choice in China. First, we found that the spatial distribution of international students in China have changed over the course of our 1999–2018 study period. International students primarily concentrate in and/or around economic hubs or intellectual gateways although increase in semi-intellectual gateways are also observed. Second, international students in China has spatial effects and their study area choice is significantly affected by the number of international students studying there in the past, the quality of higher education, the availability of public infrastructure, touristic attractiveness, and the presence of policy incentives. These factors exercise greater influence on degree-seeking than non-degree-seeking students. Together, they represent persistence effect, learning and living environment effect, and spatial diffusion effect.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationinternational student mobilityspatial distributionChina Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The study area of this paper includes 31 provincial-level administrative regions in Mainland China. Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan are not included in the analysis.2 Chinese government scholarship (中国政府奖学金) refers to the scholarship to foreign students provided by Ministry of Education. MoE entrusts China Scholarship Council (CSC) to be responsible for the recruitment of Chinese government scholarship students and the management of daily affairs. In other words, Chinese government scholarship is a national-level scholarship provided by central government, and the data do not include scholarships provided by local governments and educational institutions.3 This Yearbook only provides monitoring data of key cities, and most of them are capital city of a province.4 Cluster maps for degree-seeking and non-degree-seeking students show similar features.5 CV=σ/X¯, of which σ is the standard deviation of dataset X and X¯ is the mean. A higher CV indicates a larger regional disparity of international students’ distribution.Additional informationFundingA grant from the National Social Science Fund of China (21BJL097) funded the research project that this article is based upon.
{"title":"International students in China: regional distribution and macro-influencing factors","authors":"Zheng Lu, Yixi Lu, Lucia Lo, Haihua Zhu, Jason Jean","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAs a key player in intellectual migration, international students are affected by various micro-, meso- and macro-level factors when making their study destination choice. Existing literature on this topic mostly adopts a qualitative approach and limits to investigations of country choice. By applying exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial econometric modelling on a set of panel data, this study instead focuses on macro-level analyses of international students’ regional destination choice in China. First, we found that the spatial distribution of international students in China have changed over the course of our 1999–2018 study period. International students primarily concentrate in and/or around economic hubs or intellectual gateways although increase in semi-intellectual gateways are also observed. Second, international students in China has spatial effects and their study area choice is significantly affected by the number of international students studying there in the past, the quality of higher education, the availability of public infrastructure, touristic attractiveness, and the presence of policy incentives. These factors exercise greater influence on degree-seeking than non-degree-seeking students. Together, they represent persistence effect, learning and living environment effect, and spatial diffusion effect.KEYWORDS: Intellectual migrationinternational student mobilityspatial distributionChina Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The study area of this paper includes 31 provincial-level administrative regions in Mainland China. Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan are not included in the analysis.2 Chinese government scholarship (中国政府奖学金) refers to the scholarship to foreign students provided by Ministry of Education. MoE entrusts China Scholarship Council (CSC) to be responsible for the recruitment of Chinese government scholarship students and the management of daily affairs. In other words, Chinese government scholarship is a national-level scholarship provided by central government, and the data do not include scholarships provided by local governments and educational institutions.3 This Yearbook only provides monitoring data of key cities, and most of them are capital city of a province.4 Cluster maps for degree-seeking and non-degree-seeking students show similar features.5 CV=σ/X¯, of which σ is the standard deviation of dataset X and X¯ is the mean. A higher CV indicates a larger regional disparity of international students’ distribution.Additional informationFundingA grant from the National Social Science Fund of China (21BJL097) funded the research project that this article is based upon.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"247 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270314
Wei Li, Lucia Lo, Yixi Lu
The term ‘intellectual migration’ initially referred to the exodus of European scientists and other professionals to the U.S. in the first half of the twentieth century. Academic and policy debates around issues of ‘brain drain’, ‘brain gain’, and ‘brain circulation’ in recent decades have intensified the usage of this term. A 2015 paper first attempted conceptualising Intellectual Migration as an analytical framework that encompasses a migration spectrum where students to professionals at different life stages move for intellectual pursuits that can advance career development. Li et al. (Citation2021) articulate the framework by elaborating on the underlying key concepts – intellectual capital, intellectual nodes, intellectual gateways, intellectual peripheries – and the role they play in one’s spatial and social mobilities, and connecting internal migration with international migration. This special issue assembles empirical research that addresses issues like the (un)certainty of engaging in intellectual migration, agency-structure dynamics behind migration decisions, and the value of intellectual capital in the migration process. This introductory piece traces the evolution of the intellectual migration conceptualisation while synthesising the findings to affirm the usefulness of the framework in analysing higher-education and highly-skilled migration.
{"title":"Introduction: the intellectual migration analytics","authors":"Wei Li, Lucia Lo, Yixi Lu","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270314","url":null,"abstract":"The term ‘intellectual migration’ initially referred to the exodus of European scientists and other professionals to the U.S. in the first half of the twentieth century. Academic and policy debates around issues of ‘brain drain’, ‘brain gain’, and ‘brain circulation’ in recent decades have intensified the usage of this term. A 2015 paper first attempted conceptualising Intellectual Migration as an analytical framework that encompasses a migration spectrum where students to professionals at different life stages move for intellectual pursuits that can advance career development. Li et al. (Citation2021) articulate the framework by elaborating on the underlying key concepts – intellectual capital, intellectual nodes, intellectual gateways, intellectual peripheries – and the role they play in one’s spatial and social mobilities, and connecting internal migration with international migration. This special issue assembles empirical research that addresses issues like the (un)certainty of engaging in intellectual migration, agency-structure dynamics behind migration decisions, and the value of intellectual capital in the migration process. This introductory piece traces the evolution of the intellectual migration conceptualisation while synthesising the findings to affirm the usefulness of the framework in analysing higher-education and highly-skilled migration.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"2 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270334
Eugena Kwon, Min-Jung Kwak, Gowoon Jung, Steven Smith, Kazumi Tsuchiya, Emmanuel Kyeremeh, Michael Zhang
ABSTRACTThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted international students due to unexpected changes in policies and regulations regarding their visa status and immigration, travel restrictions, and heightened scrutiny against foreigners. Such changes potentially disrupt and affect international students’ post-graduation migration plan: whether they decide to go back to their home country or stay in Canada and apply for permanent residency. This may particularly be the case for Chinese international students, the 2nd largest group of international students in Canada, due to the rise of anti-Asian racism and the stigmatization that the COVID-19 is a ‘Chinese virus’. Using ‘intellectual migration’ as our analytical framework, we pay particular attention to the experiences of Chinese international students in the province of Nova Scotia, an intellectual periphery in Canada. Drawing upon data from online surveys and focus groups, this study compares the experiences of Chinese and non-Chinese international students during the pandemic and whether these experiences have impacted their post-migration plans and their motivation to stay in Nova Scotia, Canada.KEYWORDS: COVID-19 pandemicChinese international studentsPost-graduation planNova Scotia, CanadaIntellectual migration framework Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research has been supported in part by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC COVID PEG 1008-2020-0036).
{"title":"The impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on motivation to stay: a comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese international students in Nova Scotia, Canada","authors":"Eugena Kwon, Min-Jung Kwak, Gowoon Jung, Steven Smith, Kazumi Tsuchiya, Emmanuel Kyeremeh, Michael Zhang","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270334","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted international students due to unexpected changes in policies and regulations regarding their visa status and immigration, travel restrictions, and heightened scrutiny against foreigners. Such changes potentially disrupt and affect international students’ post-graduation migration plan: whether they decide to go back to their home country or stay in Canada and apply for permanent residency. This may particularly be the case for Chinese international students, the 2nd largest group of international students in Canada, due to the rise of anti-Asian racism and the stigmatization that the COVID-19 is a ‘Chinese virus’. Using ‘intellectual migration’ as our analytical framework, we pay particular attention to the experiences of Chinese international students in the province of Nova Scotia, an intellectual periphery in Canada. Drawing upon data from online surveys and focus groups, this study compares the experiences of Chinese and non-Chinese international students during the pandemic and whether these experiences have impacted their post-migration plans and their motivation to stay in Nova Scotia, Canada.KEYWORDS: COVID-19 pandemicChinese international studentsPost-graduation planNova Scotia, CanadaIntellectual migration framework Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research has been supported in part by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC COVID PEG 1008-2020-0036).","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"248 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270338
Siqiao Xie
ABSTRACTThe United States has become reliant on workers from abroad to meet its demand for the knowledge-based economy. However, some migrants may face an earnings deficit relative to similar US-born workers. This paper examines the sources of the deficit and asks whether we should expect the initial deficit to disappear with education attainment and work experience in the US. They are challenging to answer as few data sources measure and track market experiences and educational trajectories of migrants over time. Migration and educational trajectories which reflect the country's source of formal educational credentials as well as other forms of capital may explain the deficit, this study applies sequence analysis to the National Science Foundation’s ‘National College Graduate Survey’ to examine earnings differences between China- and US-born STEM workers. After identifying the dominant migration-education profiles for these STEM workers, I show that the wages of migrants with exclusively China-based education are 5–25% lower than those of workers with at least some US-based education, even among workers who are otherwise similar in terms of experience, legal status, employer type, occupation, degree level and time since migration. These findings point to significant and lasting penalties due to non-US education.KEYWORDS: Migrationeducationintellectual migrationtrajectorysequence analysis Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 College educated, either with STEM-related education or work in a STEM occupation.2 NSCG takes a stratified sampling strategy to maximize its coverage of different demographic, education and occupation groups (National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Citation2019)3 Due to the extremely small sample size, the fifth highest degree is omitted in the analysis.4 Job-Skill Match is derived from the ‘OCEDRLP’ variable in the NSCG dataset, measuring to what extent is the respondent’s work is related to their highest degree. Higher score denotes a closer match.5 Due to data compression in the public-use NSCG dataset, the geographic unit in this analysis is limited to countries and census divisions; the institution identifier is limited to the 1994 Carnegie classification codes; citizenship and visa type are restricted to citizen/non-citizen/naturalized citizen, and temporary/permanent visas.6 Age 25–65 is selected to capture working age population with college education per ACS standard; see US Census Bureau (Citation2020) for detail.7 To reduce the complication in the optimal-matching distance calculation and trajectory clustering process, this study has adopted country code as the indicator of education location, STEM/STEM-related/non-STEM broad group codes for field of study, and 1994 Carnegie code for institution identifier.8 I have tested multiple sequence analysis fit statistics such as the silhouette score and elbow method, and the results all point to the four
摘要知识经济时代，美国对外来劳动力的依赖日益加深。然而，与美国出生的同类工人相比，一些移民可能面临收入赤字。本文考察了赤字的来源，并询问我们是否应该期望最初的赤字随着美国的教育程度和工作经验而消失。这些问题很难回答，因为很少有数据来源可以衡量和跟踪移民的市场经验和教育轨迹。移民和教育轨迹反映了国家正规教育证书的来源以及其他形式的资本可以解释赤字，本研究将序列分析应用于美国国家科学基金会的“全国大学毕业生调查”，以检查中国和美国出生的STEM工人之间的收入差异。在确定了这些STEM工人的主要移民教育概况之后，我表明，完全在中国接受教育的移民的工资比至少接受过一些美国教育的工人的工资低5-25%，即使是在经验、法律地位、雇主类型、职业、学位水平和移民后时间方面相似的工人也是如此。这些发现表明，非美国教育对学生造成了重大而持久的惩罚。关键词:移民教育、智力移民轨迹、序列分析披露声明作者未报告潜在利益冲突。大专学历，具有STEM相关教育或从事STEM职业NSCG采用分层抽样策略，以最大限度地覆盖不同的人口、教育和职业群体(National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Citation2019)。3由于样本量极小，在分析中省略了第五高度工作技能匹配来自NSCG数据集中的“OCEDRLP”变量，衡量受访者的工作与他们的最高程度相关的程度。得分越高表示比赛越接近由于公共使用NSCG数据集的数据压缩，本分析中的地理单位仅限于国家和人口普查区;机构标识符限于1994年卡内基分类代码;公民身份和签证类型仅限于公民/非公民/归化公民，临时/永久签证选择25-65岁是为了捕获按ACS标准受过大学教育的工作年龄人口;详见美国人口普查局(Citation2020)为了减少最优匹配距离计算和轨迹聚类过程的复杂性，本研究采用国家代码作为教育地点的指标，采用STEM/STEM相关/非STEM广泛组代码作为研究领域，采用1994年卡内基代码作为机构标识符我测试了多个序列分析拟合统计，如剪影分数和肘部法，结果都指向四种类型的解决方案这五个美国出生的轨迹的细节将不会在这里讨论，因为它们不是本分析的重点。有关美国出生的基因序列的更多细节和可视化，请参见附录1我在这里使用非线性曲线是因为STEM工作者的工资不一定遵循传统的年龄收入概况。详见Deming and Noray (Citation2018)NSCG数据提供了被调查者从最高到第五高等教育学位的回顾性教育历史。由于样本量有限，在序列分析中省略了第五高度。因此，这些可视化的起点应该被解释为被调查者的第四个最高度，而不是第一个度，因为他们可能有四个以上的度。
{"title":"Global education trajectories and inequality: STEM workers from China to the US","authors":"Siqiao Xie","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270338","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe United States has become reliant on workers from abroad to meet its demand for the knowledge-based economy. However, some migrants may face an earnings deficit relative to similar US-born workers. This paper examines the sources of the deficit and asks whether we should expect the initial deficit to disappear with education attainment and work experience in the US. They are challenging to answer as few data sources measure and track market experiences and educational trajectories of migrants over time. Migration and educational trajectories which reflect the country's source of formal educational credentials as well as other forms of capital may explain the deficit, this study applies sequence analysis to the National Science Foundation’s ‘National College Graduate Survey’ to examine earnings differences between China- and US-born STEM workers. After identifying the dominant migration-education profiles for these STEM workers, I show that the wages of migrants with exclusively China-based education are 5–25% lower than those of workers with at least some US-based education, even among workers who are otherwise similar in terms of experience, legal status, employer type, occupation, degree level and time since migration. These findings point to significant and lasting penalties due to non-US education.KEYWORDS: Migrationeducationintellectual migrationtrajectorysequence analysis Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 College educated, either with STEM-related education or work in a STEM occupation.2 NSCG takes a stratified sampling strategy to maximize its coverage of different demographic, education and occupation groups (National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Citation2019)3 Due to the extremely small sample size, the fifth highest degree is omitted in the analysis.4 Job-Skill Match is derived from the ‘OCEDRLP’ variable in the NSCG dataset, measuring to what extent is the respondent’s work is related to their highest degree. Higher score denotes a closer match.5 Due to data compression in the public-use NSCG dataset, the geographic unit in this analysis is limited to countries and census divisions; the institution identifier is limited to the 1994 Carnegie classification codes; citizenship and visa type are restricted to citizen/non-citizen/naturalized citizen, and temporary/permanent visas.6 Age 25–65 is selected to capture working age population with college education per ACS standard; see US Census Bureau (Citation2020) for detail.7 To reduce the complication in the optimal-matching distance calculation and trajectory clustering process, this study has adopted country code as the indicator of education location, STEM/STEM-related/non-STEM broad group codes for field of study, and 1994 Carnegie code for institution identifier.8 I have tested multiple sequence analysis fit statistics such as the silhouette score and elbow method, and the results all point to the four","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"138 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270326
Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Zheng Lu
ABSTRACTSince 1991, the annual population of Chinese students studying abroad has increased dramatically, peaking at 703,500 in 2019. This study explores who they are and why they intend to study abroad, using university student survey data collected in 2018 from two major universities in a southwestern city in China. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistical regression analysis were conducted to examine the family and personal factors influencing their intentions to study abroad, followed by non-parametric tests for identifying the primary reasons motivating them to study abroad or inhibiting such intention. It was found that although economic capital shows significant influence, intellectual capital, at both family and personal levels, has the strongest effect on Chinese university students’ intentions to study abroad. Furthermore, being able to accumulate/upgrade intellectual capital is the primary reason for them to consider studying abroad and selecting the destination, whereas the lack of sufficient financial support is a direct deterrent on pursuing international education. Additionally, gender difference matters on intention to study abroad.KEYWORDS: Chinese studentspostgraduate intentionstudy abroadintellectual capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The number can be retrieved at http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202012/t20201214_505447.html2 Intellectual Periphery, Intellectual Gateway and Intellectual Note, are conceptualised in the introduction piece of this special issue (Li, Lo, and Lu, Citation2023).3 ‘Project 211’ and ‘Project 985’ are national projects of China, launched in the 1990s, to fund selected universities to raise their research capacities and international reputations. The ‘double-first-class’ initiative was launched in 2017 to renew the two previous projects, aiming to create world-class universities and disciplines.4 In China, the type of high school students enrolled partially indicates their educational performance and family economic status. Enrolling at key public schools and sometimes prestigious private schools indicates high academic performance; enrolling at international/private schools also implicates well-off family background; while non-key public school students show less educational and/or economic advantages.5 China talent policy is an umbrella term to bracket policies designed to attract the desired talent overseas to China, especially Chinese students with graduate degrees from western universities (Miao, et al. Citation2022)6 All OR values reported in text are significant at the level of .05 or .01 or .001, unless otherwise stated.7 ORs are not cited in some paragraphs, because its values vary between models despite providing same conclusion, general trend is described, and ORs can be found in Table 2.8 According to different survey data and official statistics, the US has been the number one destination for Chinese students
【摘要】自1991年以来，中国每年出国留学人数急剧增加，2019年达到70.35万人的峰值。这项研究利用2018年在中国西南城市两所主要大学收集的大学生调查数据，探讨了他们是谁以及他们为什么打算出国留学。通过双变量分析和多项逻辑回归分析来检验影响他们出国留学意愿的家庭和个人因素，然后通过非参数测试来确定促使他们出国留学或抑制他们出国留学意愿的主要原因。研究发现，尽管经济资本对中国大学生出国留学意愿的影响显著，但家庭和个人层面的智力资本对中国大学生出国留学意愿的影响最大。此外，能够积累/提升智力资本是他们考虑出国留学和选择目的地的主要原因，而缺乏足够的经济支持是他们追求国际教育的直接阻碍。此外，性别差异对留学意向也有影响。关键词:中国学生研究生留学意向智力资本披露声明作者未发现潜在利益冲突。注1这个数字可以在http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202012/t20201214_505447.html2上检索到智力边缘，智力门户和智力笔记，在本期特刊的介绍部分进行了概念化(Li, Lo, and Lu, Citation2023)。“211工程”和“985工程”是中国在20世纪90年代启动的国家项目，旨在资助选定的大学提高其研究能力和国际声誉。“双一流”计划于2017年启动，延续了之前的两个项目，旨在打造世界一流的大学和学科在中国，高中录取学生的类型在一定程度上反映了他们的教育成绩和家庭经济状况。进入重点公立学校，有时甚至是著名的私立学校就读，表明学业成绩优异;就读国际/私立学校也意味着富裕的家庭背景;而非重点公立学校的学生则表现出较少的教育和/或经济优势中国人才政策是一个总称，包括旨在吸引所需海外人才到中国的政策，特别是从西方大学获得研究生学位的中国学生(苗等)。除非另有说明，文本中报告的所有OR值在0.05或0.01或0.001水平上均具有显著性部分段落没有引用or，因为虽然得出的结论相同，但不同模型的or值不同，描述了总体趋势，or见表2.8根据不同的调查数据和官方统计，美国多年来一直是中国留学生的首选目的地，而加拿大很可能排在第3至第5位(如Colson Citation2016;Statista Citation2022)。本研究项目由美国国家科学基金(BCS-1660526)、加拿大社会科学与人文研究理事会(435-2017-1168)和中国国家社会科学基金(21BJL097)资助。
{"title":"To study abroad or not, and why? Exploring Chinese university students’ postgraduate intentions","authors":"Yixi Lu, Jason Jean, Zheng Lu","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2270326","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTSince 1991, the annual population of Chinese students studying abroad has increased dramatically, peaking at 703,500 in 2019. This study explores who they are and why they intend to study abroad, using university student survey data collected in 2018 from two major universities in a southwestern city in China. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logistical regression analysis were conducted to examine the family and personal factors influencing their intentions to study abroad, followed by non-parametric tests for identifying the primary reasons motivating them to study abroad or inhibiting such intention. It was found that although economic capital shows significant influence, intellectual capital, at both family and personal levels, has the strongest effect on Chinese university students’ intentions to study abroad. Furthermore, being able to accumulate/upgrade intellectual capital is the primary reason for them to consider studying abroad and selecting the destination, whereas the lack of sufficient financial support is a direct deterrent on pursuing international education. Additionally, gender difference matters on intention to study abroad.KEYWORDS: Chinese studentspostgraduate intentionstudy abroadintellectual capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The number can be retrieved at http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202012/t20201214_505447.html2 Intellectual Periphery, Intellectual Gateway and Intellectual Note, are conceptualised in the introduction piece of this special issue (Li, Lo, and Lu, Citation2023).3 ‘Project 211’ and ‘Project 985’ are national projects of China, launched in the 1990s, to fund selected universities to raise their research capacities and international reputations. The ‘double-first-class’ initiative was launched in 2017 to renew the two previous projects, aiming to create world-class universities and disciplines.4 In China, the type of high school students enrolled partially indicates their educational performance and family economic status. Enrolling at key public schools and sometimes prestigious private schools indicates high academic performance; enrolling at international/private schools also implicates well-off family background; while non-key public school students show less educational and/or economic advantages.5 China talent policy is an umbrella term to bracket policies designed to attract the desired talent overseas to China, especially Chinese students with graduate degrees from western universities (Miao, et al. Citation2022)6 All OR values reported in text are significant at the level of .05 or .01 or .001, unless otherwise stated.7 ORs are not cited in some paragraphs, because its values vary between models despite providing same conclusion, general trend is described, and ORs can be found in Table 2.8 According to different survey data and official statistics, the US has been the number one destination for Chinese students","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2271669
Helena Hof, Jaafar Alloul
This paper discusses the fraught status paradoxes and settlement impediments of European migrants in Asian cities like Tokyo, Singapore, and Dubai. Global European emigration is predominantly imagined as professional ‘expatriation’, framed as temporary if not steeped in linear career pathways of manifest privilege. The implied bifurcation between voluntary European mobilities and economic migrations from the Global South is complicated here by foregrounding the existential aspirations of middling European emigrants who are anxious about their future class position in Europe and therefore resettle along a wider trans-Asian economic corridor. While this European mobile middle retains global advantages in terms of transnational circulation and entry by virtue of their European citizenship capital, they face under-documented legal hurdles and social precarities in their quest for overseas permanence. We conceptualise this transcontinental process, marked by a complex set of mobility ambivalences over time, as ‘migratory class-making’, the distinctive aspirations of which elucidate that structural socioeconomic incentives are equally bound up with contemporary forms of European migration. Enmeshed in this global process of migratory class-making lays a European predicament that speaks of blighted existential hopes about middle-class stability imagined to be the ideal result of multi-year investments in class-making across Europe and Asia.
{"title":"Migratory class-making in global Asian cities: the European mobile middle negotiating ambivalent privilege in Tokyo, Singapore, and Dubai","authors":"Helena Hof, Jaafar Alloul","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2271669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2271669","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the fraught status paradoxes and settlement impediments of European migrants in Asian cities like Tokyo, Singapore, and Dubai. Global European emigration is predominantly imagined as professional ‘expatriation’, framed as temporary if not steeped in linear career pathways of manifest privilege. The implied bifurcation between voluntary European mobilities and economic migrations from the Global South is complicated here by foregrounding the existential aspirations of middling European emigrants who are anxious about their future class position in Europe and therefore resettle along a wider trans-Asian economic corridor. While this European mobile middle retains global advantages in terms of transnational circulation and entry by virtue of their European citizenship capital, they face under-documented legal hurdles and social precarities in their quest for overseas permanence. We conceptualise this transcontinental process, marked by a complex set of mobility ambivalences over time, as ‘migratory class-making’, the distinctive aspirations of which elucidate that structural socioeconomic incentives are equally bound up with contemporary forms of European migration. Enmeshed in this global process of migratory class-making lays a European predicament that speaks of blighted existential hopes about middle-class stability imagined to be the ideal result of multi-year investments in class-making across Europe and Asia.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136261866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268844
Liam Haller, Zeynep Yanaşmayan
For forced migrants who lack unqualified state protection, citizenship acquisition serves as the only secure way to graduate from legally precarious conditions. However, despite the seemingly obvious upside, the decision to naturalise is not necessarily automatic and for those who do choose to move forward, the process is rarely straightforward. Based on 30 interviews with Syrian forced migrants in Berlin, we address why some applicants who are eligible to naturalise choose not to apply and why eligibility ‘on paper’ does not necessarily translate to ability to naturalise ‘in practice’. By combining literature on migrants’ experiences with street-level bureaucracy and individual-level determinants of naturalisation, the primary objective of this article is to advance our understanding of how citizenship and non-citizenship decisions are made. In order to do so, we build upon the two-step intention-ability framework and in particular introduce ‘bureaucratic trajectory’ as a significant determinant of one’s intention to apply and practical ability to acquire citizenship beyond eligibility. We demonstrate how perceived discretionary implementation and red tape not only constrain but also entice migrants to develop strategies to ‘enable’ access to citizenship.
{"title":"A not-so ‘natural’ decision: impact of bureaucratic trajectories on forced migrants’ intention and ability to naturalise","authors":"Liam Haller, Zeynep Yanaşmayan","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2268844","url":null,"abstract":"For forced migrants who lack unqualified state protection, citizenship acquisition serves as the only secure way to graduate from legally precarious conditions. However, despite the seemingly obvious upside, the decision to naturalise is not necessarily automatic and for those who do choose to move forward, the process is rarely straightforward. Based on 30 interviews with Syrian forced migrants in Berlin, we address why some applicants who are eligible to naturalise choose not to apply and why eligibility ‘on paper’ does not necessarily translate to ability to naturalise ‘in practice’. By combining literature on migrants’ experiences with street-level bureaucracy and individual-level determinants of naturalisation, the primary objective of this article is to advance our understanding of how citizenship and non-citizenship decisions are made. In order to do so, we build upon the two-step intention-ability framework and in particular introduce ‘bureaucratic trajectory’ as a significant determinant of one’s intention to apply and practical ability to acquire citizenship beyond eligibility. We demonstrate how perceived discretionary implementation and red tape not only constrain but also entice migrants to develop strategies to ‘enable’ access to citizenship.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135994432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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