Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266146
Raphaela Berding-Barwick, Ruth McAreavey
Resilience has often been used to understand how forced migrants cope in the face of adversities. It is generally described as a process embedded into the wider social environment, which entails the ability of individuals to respond to ongoing change. While much literature focuses on resilience-enhancing factors, advancing a more subjective understanding of resilience has been neglected. We build on ideas by Krause and Schmidt [2020. ‘Refugees as Actors? Critical Reflections on Global Refugee Policies on Self-Reliance and Resilience.’ Journal of Refugee Studies 33 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez059] on the importance of different temporalities for individual agency by examining the role played by individual memories of the past, experiences in the present, and ambitions for the future in resilience processes. Using data from a photo-elicitation study with forced migrants in the North-East of England, we focus on three individual accounts of resilience. Our research highlights how individuals proactively make strategic choices and assume responsibility for their well-being – even if that depends on changing underlying structural issues. We show that, despite a hostile immigration environment, as found in the UK, individuals are able to act and adapt to their environment, although this is limited to a degree. We demonstrate how time matters in personal resilience processes – both as a tactic for resilience for some and a disruptor of resilience for others.
{"title":"Resilience and identities: the role of past, present and future in the lives of forced migrants","authors":"Raphaela Berding-Barwick, Ruth McAreavey","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266146","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience has often been used to understand how forced migrants cope in the face of adversities. It is generally described as a process embedded into the wider social environment, which entails the ability of individuals to respond to ongoing change. While much literature focuses on resilience-enhancing factors, advancing a more subjective understanding of resilience has been neglected. We build on ideas by Krause and Schmidt [2020. ‘Refugees as Actors? Critical Reflections on Global Refugee Policies on Self-Reliance and Resilience.’ Journal of Refugee Studies 33 (1): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez059] on the importance of different temporalities for individual agency by examining the role played by individual memories of the past, experiences in the present, and ambitions for the future in resilience processes. Using data from a photo-elicitation study with forced migrants in the North-East of England, we focus on three individual accounts of resilience. Our research highlights how individuals proactively make strategic choices and assume responsibility for their well-being – even if that depends on changing underlying structural issues. We show that, despite a hostile immigration environment, as found in the UK, individuals are able to act and adapt to their environment, although this is limited to a degree. We demonstrate how time matters in personal resilience processes – both as a tactic for resilience for some and a disruptor of resilience for others.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266780
Francis D. Boateng, Michael Dzordzormenyoh
ABSTRACTImmigration in Africa has increased significantly in the past two decades, with a record number of people moving to Africa from other non-African countries as well as Africans moving to other countries on the continent. This increase in immigration requires an empirical exploration to understand how Africans feel and think about immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to explore Africans’ willingness to accept immigrants and foreign workers into their neighbourhoods. Analyzing large-scale data from more than 45,000 citizens across 34 countries, we examined individual- and country-level factors using a multilevel hierarchical linear approach. At the individual level, our analysis revealed that gender, religious affiliation, nationalism, fear of extremism, and security are important indicators of Africans’ willingness to live with immigrants in their neighbourhoods. While we did not observe any effect for country-level economic variables, it was revealed that regional location was a vital consideration. These observations are helpful in understanding immigration in Africa as well as offering insights for policy development.KEYWORDS: ImmigrationimmigrantsAfricamultilevel analysismigration Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Respondents were asked the following question: Please tell me whether you would like to have people from this group as neighbors – immigrants/foreign workers.
{"title":"Africanization of immigrants: a multilevel analysis of factors influencing Africans’ willingness to accept immigrants","authors":"Francis D. Boateng, Michael Dzordzormenyoh","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266780","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTImmigration in Africa has increased significantly in the past two decades, with a record number of people moving to Africa from other non-African countries as well as Africans moving to other countries on the continent. This increase in immigration requires an empirical exploration to understand how Africans feel and think about immigrants. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to explore Africans’ willingness to accept immigrants and foreign workers into their neighbourhoods. Analyzing large-scale data from more than 45,000 citizens across 34 countries, we examined individual- and country-level factors using a multilevel hierarchical linear approach. At the individual level, our analysis revealed that gender, religious affiliation, nationalism, fear of extremism, and security are important indicators of Africans’ willingness to live with immigrants in their neighbourhoods. While we did not observe any effect for country-level economic variables, it was revealed that regional location was a vital consideration. These observations are helpful in understanding immigration in Africa as well as offering insights for policy development.KEYWORDS: ImmigrationimmigrantsAfricamultilevel analysismigration Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Respondents were asked the following question: Please tell me whether you would like to have people from this group as neighbors – immigrants/foreign workers.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135199812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266149
Qian He, Theodore P. Gerber, Yu Xie
ABSTRACTAn extensive sociological literature maintains that cultural capital is pivotal in perpetuating social inequalities. However, empirical tests of cultural capital theory focus on how culture influences educational outcomes, not earnings, and they mainly look for cultural differences across social classes within societies. We propose a direct test of economic returns to cultural capital based instead on differences in national cultures across countries. Using the American Community Survey and the National Survey of College Graduates, we analyze the relationship between immigrants’ lack of U.S.-specific cultural capital, proxied by cultural distance between the origin country and the U.S., and their earnings. Findings consistently indicate that origin – U.S. cultural distance is linked to immigrants’ lower earnings after controlling for numerous other factors, supporting cultural capital theory. Cultural distance earnings penalties are more pronounced for immigrants with at least a bachelor’s degree, those arriving in adulthood, and those with foreign degrees. Moreover, county-level analysis reveals more sizable cultural distance penalties in more competitive and unequal labour markets, highlighting how subnational receiving contexts shape origin-country disparities in immigrants’ economic incorporation at their destinations.KEYWORDS: Immigrant economic incorporationcontexts of receptionplace of educationreturns to educationcultural capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For example, Friedman and Laurison (Citation2019, 15) pithily summarize the role of cultural capital after acknowledging it is a ‘more complex’ and ‘hard to detect’ aspect of class privilege than economic or social capital: ‘simply by expressing their tastes or opinions, the privileged are able to cash in their embodied cultural capital in multiple settings.’ The only quantitative evidence they provide for such ‘cashing in’ on upper-class culture is an origin-class pay gap within elite professions. However, such a pay gap might stem from any unobserved factors that both affect earnings and also correlate with class origin.2 A related body of literature in business studies shows that cultural distance between countries affects corporate decision-making about whether to integrate foreign entities or form joint ventures, as cultural similarity lowers the economic uncertainties associated with integration (see Kogut and Singh Citation1988).3 ACS respondents with negative or zero earned income in the surveyed year accounted for only 0.06 percent of the overall analytic sample; excluding these individuals does not alter our results.4 We excluded from this analysis immigrants from member states of the former Soviet Union because the ACS did not further distinguish the individual countries, such as Russia, Estonia, Armenia, and Tajikistan. The ACS also lumped ‘North Korea’ and ‘South Korea’ into a single region called ‘Kore
{"title":"Restoring culture and capital to cultural capital: origin–destination cultural distance and immigrant earnings in the United States","authors":"Qian He, Theodore P. Gerber, Yu Xie","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266149","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAn extensive sociological literature maintains that cultural capital is pivotal in perpetuating social inequalities. However, empirical tests of cultural capital theory focus on how culture influences educational outcomes, not earnings, and they mainly look for cultural differences across social classes within societies. We propose a direct test of economic returns to cultural capital based instead on differences in national cultures across countries. Using the American Community Survey and the National Survey of College Graduates, we analyze the relationship between immigrants’ lack of U.S.-specific cultural capital, proxied by cultural distance between the origin country and the U.S., and their earnings. Findings consistently indicate that origin – U.S. cultural distance is linked to immigrants’ lower earnings after controlling for numerous other factors, supporting cultural capital theory. Cultural distance earnings penalties are more pronounced for immigrants with at least a bachelor’s degree, those arriving in adulthood, and those with foreign degrees. Moreover, county-level analysis reveals more sizable cultural distance penalties in more competitive and unequal labour markets, highlighting how subnational receiving contexts shape origin-country disparities in immigrants’ economic incorporation at their destinations.KEYWORDS: Immigrant economic incorporationcontexts of receptionplace of educationreturns to educationcultural capital Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 For example, Friedman and Laurison (Citation2019, 15) pithily summarize the role of cultural capital after acknowledging it is a ‘more complex’ and ‘hard to detect’ aspect of class privilege than economic or social capital: ‘simply by expressing their tastes or opinions, the privileged are able to cash in their embodied cultural capital in multiple settings.’ The only quantitative evidence they provide for such ‘cashing in’ on upper-class culture is an origin-class pay gap within elite professions. However, such a pay gap might stem from any unobserved factors that both affect earnings and also correlate with class origin.2 A related body of literature in business studies shows that cultural distance between countries affects corporate decision-making about whether to integrate foreign entities or form joint ventures, as cultural similarity lowers the economic uncertainties associated with integration (see Kogut and Singh Citation1988).3 ACS respondents with negative or zero earned income in the surveyed year accounted for only 0.06 percent of the overall analytic sample; excluding these individuals does not alter our results.4 We excluded from this analysis immigrants from member states of the former Soviet Union because the ACS did not further distinguish the individual countries, such as Russia, Estonia, Armenia, and Tajikistan. The ACS also lumped ‘North Korea’ and ‘South Korea’ into a single region called ‘Kore","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135350745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-06DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2264516
Marry-Anne Karlsen
Vulnerability has emerged as a central policy concept in migration governance. Despite its growing importance, the concept remains contested and ambiguous. As multiple conceptions of vulnerability circulate, it becomes crucial to gain a better understanding of how ‘vulnerability’ might shape practices on the ground. In this article, I explore how different actors in the province of Cádiz, located at Spain and the EU’s southern maritime border, understood, and operationalised ‘vulnerability’. The aim is to advance understandings of vulnerability as a mechanism of governance in the reception of people on the move in the context of so-called ‘mixed movements’. My focus is on how vulnerability as a new classifying label overlaps with and fragments previous labels that underpin migration governance. Through the analysis, I show how the malleability of the notion of vulnerability constituted an opportunity for actors on the ground to challenge categorical and legal distinctions between migrants. However, civil society organisations’ engagement with vulnerability not only represented a ‘push-back’ of restrictive policies but was also a way to adapt and survive in a securitised and marketised regime.
{"title":"Governing migration through vulnerability at Spain’s southern maritime border: a malleable concept in a securitised and marketised regime","authors":"Marry-Anne Karlsen","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2264516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2264516","url":null,"abstract":"Vulnerability has emerged as a central policy concept in migration governance. Despite its growing importance, the concept remains contested and ambiguous. As multiple conceptions of vulnerability circulate, it becomes crucial to gain a better understanding of how ‘vulnerability’ might shape practices on the ground. In this article, I explore how different actors in the province of Cádiz, located at Spain and the EU’s southern maritime border, understood, and operationalised ‘vulnerability’. The aim is to advance understandings of vulnerability as a mechanism of governance in the reception of people on the move in the context of so-called ‘mixed movements’. My focus is on how vulnerability as a new classifying label overlaps with and fragments previous labels that underpin migration governance. Through the analysis, I show how the malleability of the notion of vulnerability constituted an opportunity for actors on the ground to challenge categorical and legal distinctions between migrants. However, civil society organisations’ engagement with vulnerability not only represented a ‘push-back’ of restrictive policies but was also a way to adapt and survive in a securitised and marketised regime.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Public attitudes toward immigration have attracted much scholarly interest and extensive empirical research in recent years. Despite a sizeable theoretical and empirical literature, no firm conclusions have been drawn regarding the factors affecting immigration opinion. We address this gap through a formal meta-analysis derived from the literature regarding immigration attitudes from the top journals of several social science disciplines in the years 2009–2019 and based on a population of 1185 estimates derived from 144 unique analyses on individual-level factors affecting attitudes to immigration. The meta-analytical findings show that two individual-level characteristics are most significantly associated with attitudes to immigration -- education (positively) and age (negatively). Our results further reveal that the same individual characteristics do not necessarily explain immigration policy attitudes and attitudes toward immigrants' contribution. The findings challenge several conventional micro-level theories of attitudes to immigration. The meta-analysis can inform future research when planning the set of explanatory variables to avoid omitting key determinants.
{"title":"Which individual-level factors explain public attitudes toward immigration? a meta-analysis","authors":"Lenka Dražanová, Jérôme Gonnot, Tobias Heidland, Finja Krüger","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2265576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2265576","url":null,"abstract":"Public attitudes toward immigration have attracted much scholarly interest and extensive empirical research in recent years. Despite a sizeable theoretical and empirical literature, no firm conclusions have been drawn regarding the factors affecting immigration opinion. We address this gap through a formal meta-analysis derived from the literature regarding immigration attitudes from the top journals of several social science disciplines in the years 2009–2019 and based on a population of 1185 estimates derived from 144 unique analyses on individual-level factors affecting attitudes to immigration. The meta-analytical findings show that two individual-level characteristics are most significantly associated with attitudes to immigration -- education (positively) and age (negatively). Our results further reveal that the same individual characteristics do not necessarily explain immigration policy attitudes and attitudes toward immigrants' contribution. The findings challenge several conventional micro-level theories of attitudes to immigration. The meta-analysis can inform future research when planning the set of explanatory variables to avoid omitting key determinants.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135481023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266148
Simon Roland Birkvad
Many states have recently re-discovered citizenship deprivation as a tool to exclude undesirable citizens. Scholars have primarily discussed the implications of this policy (re)turn from perspective of the state and the migrant communities targeted, while leaving embodied experiences of denaturalisation unexamined. This article draws on a unique interview material with 28 individuals in a hard-to-reach group: people facing citizenship deprivation and statelessness or deportation from Norway. In 2015–2016, the Norwegian government stepped up efforts to uncover and sanction cases of naturalisation fraud. Legal reinforcement was coupled with government rhetoric that spread fear and insecurity in the targeted populations. As such, it is exemplary of affective governance. Inspired by Ahmed’s economic and relational perspective on emotions, this article asks: what emotions circulate and stick in the affective economy of denaturalisation? How do these emotions shape individual bodies, families and communities exposed to denaturalisation? Exposure to denaturalisation gave shape to three constellations of emotions and estrangement: (i) pain, anger, and alienation from the national body, (ii) fear and destabilisation of families and communities, and (iii) exhaustion and self-estrangement. Undergoing the process of citizenship deprivation is therefore not only a deeply unsettling, embodied experience but also a process that reshapes social relations.
{"title":"Circles of alienation: examining first-hand experiences of citizenship deprivation through the perspective of emotions and estrangement","authors":"Simon Roland Birkvad","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2266148","url":null,"abstract":"Many states have recently re-discovered citizenship deprivation as a tool to exclude undesirable citizens. Scholars have primarily discussed the implications of this policy (re)turn from perspective of the state and the migrant communities targeted, while leaving embodied experiences of denaturalisation unexamined. This article draws on a unique interview material with 28 individuals in a hard-to-reach group: people facing citizenship deprivation and statelessness or deportation from Norway. In 2015–2016, the Norwegian government stepped up efforts to uncover and sanction cases of naturalisation fraud. Legal reinforcement was coupled with government rhetoric that spread fear and insecurity in the targeted populations. As such, it is exemplary of affective governance. Inspired by Ahmed’s economic and relational perspective on emotions, this article asks: what emotions circulate and stick in the affective economy of denaturalisation? How do these emotions shape individual bodies, families and communities exposed to denaturalisation? Exposure to denaturalisation gave shape to three constellations of emotions and estrangement: (i) pain, anger, and alienation from the national body, (ii) fear and destabilisation of families and communities, and (iii) exhaustion and self-estrangement. Undergoing the process of citizenship deprivation is therefore not only a deeply unsettling, embodied experience but also a process that reshapes social relations.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134974942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259038
Lea Klarenbeek
ABSTRACTThe conventional notion of integration as ‘immigrants becoming part of something’ has been widely criticised for its undesirable normative connotations. In response, scholars either discard the concept altogether, or they strive for a ‘non-normative approach’. In this paper, I argue that both strategies are unsatisfactory and present a third: through ameliorative conceptual analysis, I rethink the concept such that it is useful for both the normative and analytical purposes of investigating inequalities and social boundaries that so often emerge in contexts of immigration. Building on insights from political philosophy, I argue for a conception of integration problems as a subset of relational inequality. Crucially, this framework shifts the site of the integration problem and process from ‘the immigrant’, and a process that ‘immigrants’ go through, to the relations amongst all people within a society, and a process of relational change amongst them.KEYWORDS: Integrationmigrationrelational equalitypolitical theoryrelational sociology AcknowledgementsThanks to Richard Alba, Floris Vermeulen, Eric Schliesser, Rainer Forst, Luara Ferracioli, Ilaria Cozzaglio, Natalie Welfens, Fenneke Wekker and Fatiha El-Hajjari for their stimulating conversations on the concept of relational integration in various stages of the development of this framework. Thanks to Enzo Rossi en Wouter Schakel for their thoughtful feedback on previous versions of the manuscript, as well as for their overall moral support. Thanks to the participants of the Normative Orders Seminar at the Goethe University Frankfurt, and the ECPR panel on Relational Equality for their thought-provoking questions. They have furthered my thinking on this concept substantially. Thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their time and their valuable comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 I have provided a more elaborate discussion of the ways in which migration scholars use this conventional notion of ‘integration of migrants into society’, in an earlier article (Klarenbeek Citation2021).2 So, whereas some opponents have refuted integration for being an organicist term (Schinkel Citation2017), I would argue that a relational understanding of the concept actually leaves more semantical space to stay away from functionalist and organicist thinking than these alternatives do.3 See also Gassan Hage’s (Citation2000) critique on the assumptions of white supremacy in many understandings of multiculturalism.4 From the outset, the resident category will not be clear-cut. First, residency may be temporary because people are mobile. Second, under the influence of globalization, physical residency may not always be the most important determinant of who forms a community, and who is subject to which institutions and political rules (Bauböck and Guiraudon Citation2009). E-government and digital citizenship (Björklund Citation2016) provides a situation
{"title":"Relational integration: from integrating migrants to integrating social relations","authors":"Lea Klarenbeek","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259038","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe conventional notion of integration as ‘immigrants becoming part of something’ has been widely criticised for its undesirable normative connotations. In response, scholars either discard the concept altogether, or they strive for a ‘non-normative approach’. In this paper, I argue that both strategies are unsatisfactory and present a third: through ameliorative conceptual analysis, I rethink the concept such that it is useful for both the normative and analytical purposes of investigating inequalities and social boundaries that so often emerge in contexts of immigration. Building on insights from political philosophy, I argue for a conception of integration problems as a subset of relational inequality. Crucially, this framework shifts the site of the integration problem and process from ‘the immigrant’, and a process that ‘immigrants’ go through, to the relations amongst all people within a society, and a process of relational change amongst them.KEYWORDS: Integrationmigrationrelational equalitypolitical theoryrelational sociology AcknowledgementsThanks to Richard Alba, Floris Vermeulen, Eric Schliesser, Rainer Forst, Luara Ferracioli, Ilaria Cozzaglio, Natalie Welfens, Fenneke Wekker and Fatiha El-Hajjari for their stimulating conversations on the concept of relational integration in various stages of the development of this framework. Thanks to Enzo Rossi en Wouter Schakel for their thoughtful feedback on previous versions of the manuscript, as well as for their overall moral support. Thanks to the participants of the Normative Orders Seminar at the Goethe University Frankfurt, and the ECPR panel on Relational Equality for their thought-provoking questions. They have furthered my thinking on this concept substantially. Thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their time and their valuable comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 I have provided a more elaborate discussion of the ways in which migration scholars use this conventional notion of ‘integration of migrants into society’, in an earlier article (Klarenbeek Citation2021).2 So, whereas some opponents have refuted integration for being an organicist term (Schinkel Citation2017), I would argue that a relational understanding of the concept actually leaves more semantical space to stay away from functionalist and organicist thinking than these alternatives do.3 See also Gassan Hage’s (Citation2000) critique on the assumptions of white supremacy in many understandings of multiculturalism.4 From the outset, the resident category will not be clear-cut. First, residency may be temporary because people are mobile. Second, under the influence of globalization, physical residency may not always be the most important determinant of who forms a community, and who is subject to which institutions and political rules (Bauböck and Guiraudon Citation2009). E-government and digital citizenship (Björklund Citation2016) provides a situation","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135243516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259039
Nan Zhang, Maria Abascal
ABSTRACTAccording to new assimilation theory, assimilation can entail not only the adoption, by immigrants, of the established population's cultural practices, but also the adoption, by the established population, of immigrants' cultural practices. However, empirical research on assimilation has either neglected adaptation on the part of the established population or identified only modest changes. We examine reactions to a massive and rapid inflow of immigrants, and specifically, those of Mexican-origin Californios around the time of the Gold Rush of 1849. Treating naming patterns as indicators of assimilation, we find that Mexican American children born in California after 1849 were significantly less likely to receive distinctively Hispanic first names. As a placebo test, we further show that a similar pattern does not obtain in areas (e.g. New Mexico) that did not experience a rapid inflow of new American settlers. The findings validate an important insight of new assimilation theory, as well as shed new light on contemporary research on demographic change.KEYWORDS: Assimilationdemographic changenatural experimentcultural practice Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 From the perspective of California Native people, the Gold Rush brought a ‘true reign of terror,’ killing, by one estimate, 100,000 Native people in 25 years (Dunbar-Ortiz Citation2014, 129).2 A parallel strategy is employed to identify the population of Neuvo Mexicanos.3 Unfortunately, we are not able to classify individuals in cases where both parents are not present in the household at the time of census enumeration, because full data on parental birthplace is unavailable. These individuals are therefore excluded from our analyses.4 We define the Hispanic population based on parental birthplace. Specifically, individuals are coded as Hispanic if both parents are born in Mexico, Spain, Latin America or California/New Mexico before 1848. As before, individuals of mixed parentage are dropped, as are individuals for whom we do not have full parental information. The remaining sample is coded as non-Hispanic.5 And specifically, in the remaining, non-Hispanic population in the California, New Mexico, and flat samples.6 Following standard practice, we drop from our calculations ‘rare’ names that occur than 10 times in the 20% sample.7 Statham (Citation2021)'s study of ‘imported assimilation’ amongst Thai-Western couples provides a contemporary example of how power asymmetries can drive the direction of cultural assimilation as Thai women shift their tastes, identities and lifestyle to accommodate their Western partners. See also Statham (Citation2020).8 Again, from the perspective of Californios.
{"title":"Cultural adaptation and demographic change: evidence from Mexican-American naming patterns after the California Gold Rush","authors":"Nan Zhang, Maria Abascal","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAccording to new assimilation theory, assimilation can entail not only the adoption, by immigrants, of the established population's cultural practices, but also the adoption, by the established population, of immigrants' cultural practices. However, empirical research on assimilation has either neglected adaptation on the part of the established population or identified only modest changes. We examine reactions to a massive and rapid inflow of immigrants, and specifically, those of Mexican-origin Californios around the time of the Gold Rush of 1849. Treating naming patterns as indicators of assimilation, we find that Mexican American children born in California after 1849 were significantly less likely to receive distinctively Hispanic first names. As a placebo test, we further show that a similar pattern does not obtain in areas (e.g. New Mexico) that did not experience a rapid inflow of new American settlers. The findings validate an important insight of new assimilation theory, as well as shed new light on contemporary research on demographic change.KEYWORDS: Assimilationdemographic changenatural experimentcultural practice Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 From the perspective of California Native people, the Gold Rush brought a ‘true reign of terror,’ killing, by one estimate, 100,000 Native people in 25 years (Dunbar-Ortiz Citation2014, 129).2 A parallel strategy is employed to identify the population of Neuvo Mexicanos.3 Unfortunately, we are not able to classify individuals in cases where both parents are not present in the household at the time of census enumeration, because full data on parental birthplace is unavailable. These individuals are therefore excluded from our analyses.4 We define the Hispanic population based on parental birthplace. Specifically, individuals are coded as Hispanic if both parents are born in Mexico, Spain, Latin America or California/New Mexico before 1848. As before, individuals of mixed parentage are dropped, as are individuals for whom we do not have full parental information. The remaining sample is coded as non-Hispanic.5 And specifically, in the remaining, non-Hispanic population in the California, New Mexico, and flat samples.6 Following standard practice, we drop from our calculations ‘rare’ names that occur than 10 times in the 20% sample.7 Statham (Citation2021)'s study of ‘imported assimilation’ amongst Thai-Western couples provides a contemporary example of how power asymmetries can drive the direction of cultural assimilation as Thai women shift their tastes, identities and lifestyle to accommodate their Western partners. See also Statham (Citation2020).8 Again, from the perspective of Californios.","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134957827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259108
Sascha Riaz
{"title":"Does inequality foster xenophobia? Evidence from the German refugee crisis","authors":"Sascha Riaz","doi":"10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2023.2259108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48371,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135014860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2023.2258688
Maurice Crul
Richard Alba has been at the forefront of renewing classical assimilation theory based on empirical data on post-1960s migrants in the US. He focused on the assimilation of migrant groups into the dominant non-Hispanic white majority group. This article − once again − rethinks assimilation theory. I argue that the new demographic reality in majority–minority cities in Europe and North America necessitates a new research direction, entailing the development of a novel theoretical framework and partially new research tools. Not only has the relative size of the majority group decreased, but shifting positions of power are also challenging us to rethink assimilation frameworks. I propose to look at present-day processes of integration and assimilation more as multi-directional. Everyone (including the former majority group) integrates into the ethnically and racially diverse urban context. I outline the contours of a new theoretical framework: Integration into Diversity (ID) Theory. This article focuses on how members of the former majority group integrate into the diverse city context. Based on their diversity attitudes and diversity practices, I analyse how their ID positions relate to socio-economic outcomes, the quality of inter-ethnic relations and feelings of belonging and safety.
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