Journal of Communication最新文献

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Literacy training vs. psychological inoculation? Explicating and comparing the effects of predominantly informational and predominantly motivational interventions on the processing of health statistics 识字培训与心理接种？解释和比较以信息为主的干预措施和以激励为主的干预措施对健康统计数据处理的影响

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae032

Ozan Kuru

Communicating statistics is challenging and fraught with mis-contextualization and causal misattributions. Can we train the public against statistical misrepresentations? Pre-emptive interventions against misinformation primarily include literacy tips/training and inoculation. In theory, inoculation has an additional motivational component (forewarning). However, forewarning has not been directly tested against literacy interventions, calling into question inoculation’s distinction. We critique the theoretical boundary work and compare these informational and motivational interventions in the context of health statistics. The longitudinal experiment compared the effects of interventions on processing accurate and inaccurate statistics about COVID-19 vaccines and/or genetically modified organisms across digital platforms. Both interventions prevented an elevation in risk perceptions following exposure to statistical misinformation at a later time. However, literacy intervention increased risk perceptions following exposure to accurate statistics too, suggesting an additional benefit of forewarning. Those with high levels of pre-existing misinformation concern exhibited inoculation effects more strongly. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical implications.

传播统计数据具有挑战性，而且充满了错误的语境和因果错误归因。我们能否对公众进行培训，使其免受统计失实的影响？针对错误信息的预防性干预措施主要包括扫盲提示/培训和接种。从理论上讲，接种还有一个额外的动机成分（预警）。然而，预先警告并未直接与扫盲干预措施进行对比测试，这就对接种的区别提出了质疑。我们对理论界的工作进行了批判，并在健康统计的背景下对这些信息和动机干预措施进行了比较。纵向实验比较了干预措施对处理数字平台上有关 COVID-19 疫苗和/或转基因生物的准确和不准确统计数据的影响。这两种干预措施都能防止在以后接触到统计错误信息后风险感知的上升。然而，扫盲干预也提高了人们在接触准确统计数据后的风险意识，这表明预先警示具有额外的益处。那些事先对错误信息高度关注的人表现出更强的接种效应。我们将讨论其理论、经验和实践意义。

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引用次数: 0

Organizational communication for social change on social media: NPOs’ social media strategies based on their perception of three stakeholder networks in collective and connective action 社交媒体上促进社会变革的组织传播：非营利组织的社交媒体战略基于其对集体行动和联系行动中三个利益相关者网络的认识

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae034

Jennifer Ihm

Social media transform and complicate nonprofit organizations’ (NPOs) traditional communication to engage and lead stakeholders for collective action. Stakeholders can self-organize for connective action on social media and form stakeholder networks of varied potential and structures that NPOs may leverage for collective goals. Facing such networks, NPOs may communicate in diverse ways to accommodate and take advantage of the diverse stakeholder networks. Through two surveys conducted with 375 (Study 1) and 74 (Study 2) NPOs, this study suggests that NPOs diversify their communication to leverage different potential from each stakeholder network by crafting different types of social media activities based on their perception of different networks. This study develops a comprehensive theoretical understanding of NPOs’ transformed and complex communication strategies for stakeholder engagement in driving social change, opening up new avenues for organizational communication and collective and connective action scholarship.

社交媒体改变了非营利组织（NPO）的传统传播方式，并使之复杂化，从而吸引和引导利益相关者采取集体行动。利益相关者可以在社交媒体上自发组织开展联系行动，并形成具有不同潜力和结构的利益相关者网络，非营利组织可以利用这些网络实现集体目标。面对这样的网络，非营利组织可以采用不同的传播方式来适应和利用不同的利益相关者网络。本研究通过对375家（研究1）和74家（研究2）非营利组织进行的两项调查表明，非营利组织可根据其对不同网络的认知，通过精心设计不同类型的社交媒体活动，以多样化的传播方式利用各利益相关者网络的不同潜力。本研究从理论上全面理解了非营利组织在利益相关者参与推动社会变革方面所采取的转型和复杂的传播策略，为组织传播、集体行动和联系行动学术研究开辟了新的途径。

引用次数: 0

The persistence of toxic online messages influences perceptions of harm and attributions of blame 有毒网络信息的持续存在会影响对伤害的认知和责任归属

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae024

Charles K Monge, Nicholas L Matthews, David C DeAndrea

Researchers often use attribution theory to understand how people make sense of messages. Unlike the ephemeral actions typically investigated using attribution frameworks, messages can persist. Our study observed how persistence influences the harmfulness of messages and how people levy blame upon harmful posters and those ostensibly obligated and capable of intervening. Grounded in the path model of blame, a randomized experiment (N = 520) tested whether persistence cues in an online environment (low vs high message persistence) influenced appraisals of the harmfulness of online toxicity (i.e., sexism on Reddit), inferences of mental states for relevant agents (e.g., awareness, capacity), attributions of blame, and motives to respond. Results indicated that greater persistence increased perceived harmfulness and motivated individuals to place greater blame upon inactive/ineffective moderators who were capable of intervening.

研究人员经常使用归因理论来了解人们如何理解信息。与通常使用归因框架研究的短暂行为不同，信息可以持续存在。我们的研究观察了持续性如何影响信息的危害性，以及人们如何对有害的海报和那些表面上有义务、有能力进行干预的人进行指责。以指责的路径模型为基础，随机实验（N = 520）测试了在线环境中的持续性线索（低信息持续性与高信息持续性）是否会影响对在线毒性（即 Reddit 上的性别歧视）危害性的评价、对相关行为主体心理状态的推断（如意识、能力）、指责的归因以及回应的动机。结果表明，持续性越强，感知到的危害性就越大，并促使个体将更大的责任归咎于不活跃/无效的、有能力干预的调节者。

引用次数: 0

Too amused to stop? Self-control and the disengagement process on Netflix 太有趣而停不下来？Netflix 上的自我控制和脱离过程

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae023

Alicia Gilbert, Leonard Reinecke, Adrian Meier, Susanne E Baumgartner, Felix Dietrich

Consuming media entertainment often challenges recipients’ self-control. While past research related self-control almost exclusively to whether individuals engage in media use, it might be equally relevant for the disengagement from media use. Testing core assumptions of the Appraisal of Media Use, Self-Control, and Entertainment (AMUSE) model, the present study investigates the situational interplay of self-control and affective appraisals in predicting disengagement from Netflix use. Preregistered hypotheses were tested based on an event-contingent experience sampling design, in which 205 adult Netflix users in the Netherlands and Germany were tracked and surveyed for two weeks. Results demonstrate that disengagement is contingent upon enjoyment and appreciation and that enjoyment, in turn, can be “spoiled” by feeling guilty. Self-control influenced goal conflict and enjoyment throughout the reception process. We discuss opportunities for modeling disengagement from media use with situational research approaches.

媒体娱乐消费往往会挑战接受者的自我控制能力。过去的研究几乎只将自我控制与个人是否参与媒体使用联系在一起，但它可能与脱离媒体使用同样相关。本研究检验了 "媒体使用、自控力和娱乐评价（AMUSE）"模型的核心假设，调查了自控力和情感评价在预测脱离 Netflix 使用方面的情景相互作用。本研究基于事件-权变经验抽样设计，对荷兰和德国的 205 名 Netflix 成年用户进行了为期两周的跟踪和调查，对预先注册的假设进行了检验。结果表明，脱离是以享受和欣赏为条件的，而享受反过来又会被内疚感所 "破坏"。在整个接受过程中，自我控制影响着目标冲突和享受。我们讨论了利用情景研究方法模拟脱离媒体使用的机会。

引用次数: 0

Engaged interorganizational networks and resilience in the humanitarian sector 参与式组织间网络与人道主义部门的复原力

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae018

Minkyung Kim, Marya L Doerfel

This study extends the communication theory of resilience (CTR) by examining social networks that facilitate resilience for refugee-oriented humanitarian organizations (ROHOs). This study draws on a network survey and interviews from ROHOs in the United States and South Korea during the height of coronavirus disease 2019. Results illuminate how refugees, generally seen as the subject of concern, become engaged in networks with organizations to facilitate organizational resilience. A close inspection of the nature of interorganizational relationships revealed that resilience was a function of ties that involved engaged communication and not simply transactional relationships. This article shows how organizational resilience is facilitated when the people are engaged as part of organizational networks: networks cutting across systems to organizations to the vulnerable constituents, themselves. The study advances prior research on organizational resilience by specifying what it means to leverage social networks for organizational stability, which has direct implications for the policy and organizational systems.

本研究通过考察促进以难民为导向的人道主义组织（ROHOs）复原力的社会网络，扩展了复原力沟通理论（CTR）。在2019年冠状病毒疾病高峰期，本研究通过网络调查和访谈，对美国和韩国的ROHOs进行了研究。研究结果揭示了通常被视为关注对象的难民是如何参与到组织网络中以促进组织复原力的。对组织间关系性质的仔细研究表明，抗灾能力是涉及参与性交流而非简单交易关系的纽带的功能。本文展示了当人们作为组织网络的一部分参与其中时，是如何促进组织复原力的：这些网络跨越系统、组织和弱势成员本身。这项研究明确了利用社会网络促进组织稳定的意义，对政策和组织系统产生了直接影响，从而推进了之前关于组织复原力的研究。

引用次数: 0

The concept of normalization in the production of LGBTIQ+ media imaginaries: the scriptwriters’ conceptions 制作 LGBTIQ+ 媒体想象中的正常化概念：编剧的观念

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae014

Isabel Villegas-Simón, Maria T Soto-Sanfiel

The representation of the LGBTIQ+ community in TV series has received major attention from academia, mostly from textual and reception perspectives. However, the creative and industrial processes behind the production of media content, including the writers’ views and experiences, remain under-explored, especially outside of the United States and Northern Europe. Drawing on Queer Production Studies, this research seeks to fill this gap in Queer Media Studies by examining Spanish screenwriters’ experiences and conceptions regarding the creation of fictional LGBTIQ+ characters for TV shows, and observes how the broadcasting industry influences this process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 Spanish screenwriters. Following thematic analysis informed by grounded theory, the main results show that normalization guides the creation of LGBTIQ+ characters, although there are differences in the way screenwriters define this concept. Moreover, the narrative exposition of the intimate lives of LGBTIQ+ characters emerges as the main dilemma in that normalization. Likewise, scriptwriters perceive ambivalent attitudes from the TV industry: Whereas the inclusion of LGBTIQ+ characters seems mandatory these days, there are fears that this might lead to low viewing figures or of reputations being tarnished by negative criticism. The results of this investigation further our understanding of how the concept of normalization shapes the creation of LGBTIQ+ media representations as perceived by professionals who play significant roles in their production. These findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge within LGBTIQ+ media studies and the construction of queer media representations. They also expand the scope of the under-explored field of Production Studies and diversify its geographical area of study.

LGBTIQ+ 群体在电视剧中的表现受到了学术界的高度关注，主要是从文本和接受的角度。然而，媒体内容制作背后的创意和工业流程，包括编剧的观点和经验，仍未得到充分探讨，尤其是在美国和北欧以外地区。本研究借鉴了 "同性恋制作研究"（Queer Production Studies），通过考察西班牙编剧在为电视节目创作虚构的 LGBTIQ+ 角色时的经验和观念，并观察广播行业如何影响这一过程，试图填补同性恋媒体研究中的这一空白。对 19 位西班牙编剧进行了半结构化访谈。根据基于理论的主题分析，主要结果显示，正常化指导着 LGBTIQ+ 角色的创作，尽管编剧们对这一概念的定义存在差异。此外，对 LGBTIQ+ 角色私密生活的叙事阐述成为正常化过程中的主要困境。同样，编剧们也看到了电视行业的矛盾态度：虽然如今加入 LGBTIQ+ 角色似乎是强制性的，但也有人担心这会导致收视率下降，或因负面批评而使声誉受损。这项调查的结果进一步加深了我们对 "正常化 "这一概念如何影响 LGBTIQ+ 媒体形象创作的理解，因为在制作过程中扮演重要角色的专业人士对这一概念有着深刻的认识。这些发现有助于促进 LGBTIQ+ 媒体研究和同性恋媒体表征构建方面的知识发展。这些发现还扩大了制作研究这一探索不足的领域的范围，并使其研究的地理区域多样化。

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引用次数: 0

Have courage and be kind: gender depictions, female empowerment, and modern audience ratings in film adaptations of Cinderella from 1914 to 2022 勇敢善良：1914 年至 2022 年《灰姑娘》改编电影中的性别描写、女性赋权和现代观众评分

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae013

Jane Shawcroft, McKell A Jorgensen-Wells, Sarah M Coyne, Adam A Rogers, Madeleine Meldrum

Fairytales may represent a unique genre of media well-suited to depict feminine traits as valuable to characters of all genders by positioning traditionally feminine-coded traits as sources of strength and power to characters in fairytale plots. To examine this theoretical supposition, this study examines the association between indices of female empowerment (United States), modern audience ratings of films, and gendered depictions within 31 film adaptations of Cinderella produced over the span of 100 years. Results indicate Cinderella was consistently depicted as more feminine and the Prince more masculine, but both Cinderella and the Prince consistently displayed both masculine and feminine traits—providing mixed evidence of the renegotiation of gender in fairytales. Cinderella’s femininity was negatively related to indices of female empowerment, but positively related to modern audience ratings, suggesting possible tension between the production and consumption of gendered media in this context.

童话可能是一种独特的媒体类型，它通过将传统上以女性为编码的特质定位为童话情节中人物的力量和权力来源，将女性特质描绘成对所有性别的人物都有价值的特质。为了检验这一理论假设，本研究考察了女性赋权指数（美国）、现代观众对电影的评分以及 100 年间 31 部《灰姑娘》改编电影中的性别描述之间的关联。结果表明，《灰姑娘》始终被描绘成更女性化，而《王子》则更男性化，但《灰姑娘》和《王子》始终同时表现出男性和女性的特征--为童话中的性别重新谈判提供了混合证据。灰姑娘的女性特质与女性赋权指数呈负相关，但与现代观众收视率呈正相关，这表明在这种情况下，性别媒体的生产与消费之间可能存在紧张关系。

引用次数: 0

Pornography, identification, alcohol, and condomless sex. 色情、鉴定、酒精和无套性行为。

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-03-19 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae009

Paul J Wright, Robert S Tokunaga, Debby Herbenick

Using national probability data from the 2022 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, the present study evaluated whether moderators of the association between frequency of pornography exposure and condomless sex are consistent with the sexual script acquisition, activation, application model's (₃AM) suppositions about the facilitating effects of wishful identification and decreased self-regulation and forethought capacity. Consistent with the ₃AM, two-way interaction effect analysis indicated that the strength of the positive association between exposure frequency and condomless sex increased as identification intensified. Inconsistent with the ₃AM, two-way interaction effect analysis indicated that the association between exposure frequency and condomless sex was not significantly different among those who had and had not consumed alcohol before their last sexual encounter. However, the three-way interaction between exposure frequency, identification, and alcohol use did suggest a role for each ₃AM moderator, as the catalyzing effect of identification was operable among those who had consumed alcohol only.

本研究利用 2022 年全国性健康和行为调查的全国概率数据，评估了色情制品接触频率与无套性行为之间关系的调节因素是否符合性脚本获取、激活和应用模型（3AM）关于一厢情愿的认同以及自我调节和预见能力下降的促进作用的假设。与 3AM 模式一致的是，双向交互效应分析表明，随着认同感的增强，暴露频率与无套性行为之间的正相关强度也会增加。与 "3AM "不一致的是，双向交互效应分析表明，在最后一次性接触前饮酒和未饮酒者之间，接触频率与无套性行为之间的关联没有显著差异。然而，接触频率、认同和饮酒之间的三向交互作用确实表明了 3AM 调节因子的作用，因为认同的催化作用只在饮酒者中起作用。

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引用次数: 0

The professional backstaging of diversity in journalism 新闻业多样性的专业后台

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae011

Ashley W Carter, Patrick Ferrucci

This study examines how diverse US-based journalists—both Black, Indigenous, and people of color and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer [or sometimes questioning] and others—perform their diversity within newsrooms. Applying Goffman’s theory of dramaturgy, the study illustrates the nuanced differences in terms of how journalists perform their diverse identities differently on both the frontstage and backstage. These differences are explained through the proliferation of historical norms such as objectivity in journalism in the United States, norms that curtail how diversity can be enacted. The study introduces the concept of professional backstaging, a concept that describes how professional norms can bypass organizational and individual agency to force certain actions off the frontstage. Finally, the discussion theorizes how these findings—and particularly the concept of professional backstaging—can contribute to future work across studies of media organizations and within the discipline of organizational communication.

本研究探讨了在美国的黑人、原住民、有色人种以及女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋、变性人、同性恋者[有时是质疑者]和其他人等不同记者如何在新闻编辑室中表现其多样性。本研究运用戈夫曼的戏剧理论，阐述了记者在前台和后台如何以不同方式表现其多元化身份的细微差别。这些差异可以通过美国新闻业客观性等历史规范的扩散来解释，这些规范限制了多样性的表现方式。本研究引入了 "专业后台 "的概念，这一概念描述了专业规范如何绕过组织和个人代理，迫使某些行为退出前台。最后，讨论从理论上探讨了这些发现--尤其是 "专业后台 "的概念--如何有助于媒体组织研究和组织传播学科的未来工作。

引用次数: 0

Empowering social media users: nudge toward self-engaged verification for improved truth and sharing discernment 增强社交媒体用户的能力：推动自我参与验证，提高真理和分享辨别力

IF 7.9 1区文学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Journal of Communication

Pub Date : 2024-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae007

Fangjing Tu

How can we empower social media users to better discern the veracity of news and share less false news? This survey experiment (N = 636) assessed the effectiveness of two interventions—signing a Pro-Truth Pledge and utilizing a Fact-Checking Guide. Results showed that utilizing the Fact-Checking Guide increased skepticism of news posts, likelihood to verify news posts, verification engagement, and reduced intention to share news without regard to news veracity. Before and after comparisons indicated that after verification engagement activities, truth and sharing discernment improved with higher factual accuracy ratings for true news, lower accuracy ratings for false news, and a greater likelihood to share true news compared to false news. Individual’s engagement in verification was identified as a crucial mechanism through which the Fact-Checking Guide intervention led to better truth and sharing discernment. The study could inform social media designs that promote a truthful news environment.

我们怎样才能让社交媒体用户更好地辨别新闻的真实性并减少分享虚假新闻？这项调查实验（N = 636）评估了两种干预措施的效果--签署《支持真相承诺书》和使用《事实核查指南》。结果显示，使用《事实核查指南》提高了对新闻帖子的怀疑度、核实新闻帖子的可能性、核实参与度，并降低了不考虑新闻真实性而分享新闻的意愿。前后对比表明，在参与验证活动后，真相和分享的辨别力得到了提高，对真实新闻的事实准确性评分更高，对虚假新闻的准确性评分更低，与虚假新闻相比，分享真实新闻的可能性更大。个人参与验证被认为是《事实核查指南》干预提高真实性和分享辨别力的关键机制。这项研究可以为促进新闻真实环境的社交媒体设计提供参考。

引用次数: 0

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