Research Policy最新文献

英文中文

Timing, modifications, and tenor of firms' mandatory R&D disclosures: The role of competition 企业强制性研发信息披露的时间、修改和主旨：竞争的作用

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105112

Chandrika Rathee , Sumeet Malik , Rossella Salandra

Regulatory requirements for disclosure are often designed to advance transparency and public welfare. Yet, firms may approach these mandates with caution. In this study, we investigate the role of competitive pressures on firms' discretion in fulfilling mandatory R&D disclosures. We focus on pharmaceutical firms required to publish their clinical trial results on ClinicalTrials.gov and examine three key elements of disclosure: the timing of disclosure, modifications to pre-established research objectives, and the use of positively toned scientific publications. These disclosure elements are crucial because they can potentially undermine the regulatory goals of enhancing transparency and public welfare. Our findings indicate that, under intense competition, firms disclose their R&D results more promptly. However, they make more extensive changes to their stated research objectives and are more likely to link positively toned scientific publications to their disclosures. We discuss the implications of our findings for the literature on R&D disclosures and questionable reporting, as well as for regulators and policymakers enforcing disclosure mandates.

对信息披露的监管要求往往是为了提高透明度和公共福利。然而，企业可能会谨慎对待这些规定。在本研究中，我们探讨了竞争压力对企业在履行强制性研发信息披露时的自由裁量权的影响。我们重点研究了被要求在 ClinicalTrials.gov 上公布临床试验结果的制药公司，并考察了披露的三个关键要素：披露的时间、对预先确定的研究目标的修改以及使用正面调性的科学出版物。这些披露要素至关重要，因为它们有可能破坏提高透明度和公共福利的监管目标。我们的研究结果表明，在激烈的竞争中，企业会更及时地披露研发成果。然而，它们会对自己宣称的研究目标进行更广泛的修改，并更有可能将积极调性的科学出版物与它们的披露联系起来。我们将讨论我们的研究结果对研发成果披露和可疑报告文献的影响，以及对监管者和政策制定者执行披露任务的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Do you see what I see? How expertise and a decision-maker role influence the recognition and selection of novel ideas 你看到了我看到的东西吗？专业知识和决策者角色如何影响新想法的识别和选择

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105139

Michela Beretta , Dirk Deichmann , Lars Frederiksen , Daan Stam

While organizations often assume that expertise helps assessors in evaluating novel ideas, the empirical evidence for this proposition is inconsistent. We suggest that this is because prior studies do not tease out the effect of expertise from that of taking a decision-maker role. Organizations rely on experts to evaluate ideas but not every expert is also a decision-maker. Therefore, understanding whether and when experts are best positioned to evaluate novel ideas is important. We conducted two studies to address this issue. In Study 1, we experimentally examined how different individuals recognize novel ideas and whether or not they select them. We find that while expertise fosters the recognition and selection of novel ideas, being in a decision-maker role hinders it. Moreover, the effects of expertise on idea selection decrease for those in a decision-maker role. To extend the generalizability of our findings, we conducted Study 2—a field study employing data collected from an international firm's ideation platform over the course of 11 months. We find support for the contrasting effects of expertise and decision-maker role on the selection of novel ideas. Our findings suggest how idea evaluation processes in, for instance, open innovation or crowdsourcing contexts can be organized more effectively.

虽然各组织通常认为专业知识有助于评估者评估新想法，但这一观点的经验证据并不一致。我们认为，这是因为之前的研究没有将专业知识的影响与扮演决策者角色的影响区分开来。组织依赖专家来评估创意，但并非每位专家都是决策者。因此，了解专家是否以及何时最适合评估新创意非常重要。我们针对这一问题开展了两项研究。在研究 1 中，我们通过实验考察了不同个体如何识别新颖的想法以及他们是否会选择这些想法。我们发现，虽然专业知识有助于识别和选择新颖的想法，但作为决策者的角色却会阻碍识别和选择。此外，对于那些处于决策者角色的人来说，专业知识对想法选择的影响会减弱。为了扩大研究结果的可推广性，我们进行了研究 2--一项实地研究，采用了从一家国际公司的创意平台收集到的数据，历时 11 个月。我们发现，专业知识和决策者角色对新创意的选择产生了截然不同的影响。我们的研究结果为如何更有效地组织开放式创新或众包背景下的创意评估过程提供了建议。

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引用次数: 0

What workers and robots do: An activity-based analysis of the impact of robotization on changes in local employment 工人和机器人的工作：基于活动分析机器人化对当地就业变化的影响

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105135

Mauro Caselli , Andrea Fracasso , Sergio Scicchitano , Silvio Traverso , Enrico Tundis

This work investigates the impact that changes in the local exposure to robots had on changes in Italian employment over the period 2011–2018. It contributes to the debate by providing novel and granular evidence on the impact of robot adoption on new activity-based groups of occupations and by focusing on the overlap between the functional similarities of robot applications and occupations. This framework, consistently centered on workers’ and robots’ activities, reveals highly heterogeneous effects of robotization, ranging from positive to negative across different groups of occupations, thereby supporting a nuanced and granular reading of this debated phenomenon. In particular, the local share of robot operators increases where the increase in robot adoption is larger, while the local share of workers using intensively their torso decreases.

这项研究调查了 2011-2018 年间当地接触机器人情况的变化对意大利就业变化的影响。它提供了新颖、细致的证据，说明机器人的采用对基于活动的新职业群体的影响，并关注机器人应用与职业的功能相似性之间的重叠，从而为相关讨论做出了贡献。这一框架始终以工人和机器人的活动为中心，揭示了机器人化的高度异质性影响，这些影响在不同的职业群体中从正面到负面不等，从而支持对这一争论不休的现象进行细致入微的解读。特别是，在机器人应用增幅较大的地方，机器人操作员在当地所占的比例会增加，而密集使用躯干的工人在当地所占的比例则会减少。

引用次数: 0

From perfume to spirits: Exaptation of a bundle of local resources by an outsider entrepreneur 从香水到烈酒：外来企业家对本地资源的改造

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105137

Pierpaolo Andriani , Gino Cattani , Rani J. Dang , Renata Kaminska

Exaptation is fundamental to understanding the emergence of novelty in economic systems. Existing research has primarily focused on ‘product-first/new market’ exaptation of a single resource, largely overlooking ‘problem-first’ contexts, particularly where exaptation involves a bundle of resources. Through an exploratory qualitative case study of Comte de Grasse, a distillery start-up founded by an outsider entrepreneur in the perfume cluster of Grasse, South of France, this paper explores the intricate interplay between entrepreneurial decisions and actions that lead to the exaptation of a bundle of resources, resulting in the creation of a new business within an existing regional cluster. Our findings highlight analogical search as a key mechanism that enables entrepreneurs to address identified market needs by repurposing local resources rather than developing new ones. The insights from our research enrich the prevailing theory on exaptation by further highlighting its agentic nature and demonstrating that it can involve more than a single resource.

适应性是理解经济系统中新颖性出现的基础。现有研究主要关注单一资源的 "产品优先/新市场 "嬗变，在很大程度上忽略了 "问题优先 "的背景，尤其是当嬗变涉及一系列资源时。Comte de Grasse 是一位外来创业者在法国南部格拉斯香水产业集群创办的一家初创酒厂，本文通过对该酒厂的探索性定性案例研究，探讨了创业者的决策和行动之间错综复杂的相互作用，这些决策和行动导致了对资源包的改造，从而在现有区域集群内创建了一家新企业。我们的研究结果强调，类比搜索是一种关键机制，它使企业家能够通过重新利用当地资源而不是开发新资源来满足已确定的市场需求。我们的研究进一步突出了外适应的代理性质，并证明外适应涉及的资源可能不止一种，从而丰富了有关外适应的现有理论。

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引用次数: 0

A portfolio approach to research funding 研究资金的组合方法

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105129

Erik Canton

This study argues that portfolio theory can provide a powerful tool to make research funding decisions. The proposed methodology allows for an informed management decision process, also in the presence of project interdependencies and multiple policy objectives. Despite its potential to improve funding decisions, the portfolio model is not widely applied in practice. The most common approach is merit-based funding where the evaluators' scores of the individual proposals guide funding decisions. A possible explanation is that conventions play a role in the selection process. Survey data show that policy practitioners working in the field of research and innovation policy have a relatively strong preference for the merit-based funding model, suggesting the presence of a “club-effect”.

本研究认为，投资组合理论可以为科研经费决策提供强有力的工具。所提出的方法允许在项目相互依赖和多重政策目标的情况下，进行知情的管理决策过程。尽管投资组合模式具有改善资助决策的潜力，但在实践中并未得到广泛应用。最常见的方法是择优资助，即由评估人员对单个建议的评分来指导资助决策。一种可能的解释是，惯例在遴选过程中发挥了作用。调查数据显示，研究与创新政策领域的政策执行者相对更倾向于择优资助模式，这表明存在 "俱乐部效应"。

引用次数: 0

Endogeny in measuring research excellence. In-house publishing and conflict of interests in Polish science evaluation 衡量卓越研究的内生因素。波兰科学评价中的内部出版和利益冲突

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105134

Ireneusz Sadowski , Łukasz Zamęcki

The ministerial exercise of evaluation of scientific institutions gained a pivotal role in the Polish system of science and higher education after the 2018 reform. The evaluation process under the new rules was concluded in 2022, and in the fields of social sciences and humanities (SSH), it was based to a large extent on domestic publications. We have compiled a sample of articles in journals that exerted the highest impact in the four selected SSH disciplines (over 19 thousand articles in 67 journals) to show elements of partiality in how the evaluation was administered. In particular, we show that a degree of control over a journal prompted a substantially higher share of in-house (endogenous) publications, and we point to clear signs of adaptation by editors to the changes in evaluation rules introduced by the Ministry of Science. The results of that particular national case illustrate that domestic indicators of research excellence are relatively prone to bias, as institutions very often have dual and conflicting roles.

2018 年改革后，部级科研机构评估工作在波兰科学和高等教育体系中占据了举足轻重的地位。新规则下的评估过程于 2022 年结束，在社会科学与人文科学（SSH）领域，评估在很大程度上基于国内出版物。我们对选定的四个社会科学及人文科学学科中影响最大的期刊（67 种期刊中的 1.9 万多篇文章）中的文章进行了抽样汇编，以显示评估管理中的偏颇之处。特别是，我们发现，对期刊的一定程度的控制会促使内部（内生）出版物的比例大幅提高，我们还指出了编辑适应科学部引入的评估规则变化的明显迹象。这一特殊国家案例的结果表明，国内的卓越研究指标相对容易出现偏差，因为机构往往扮演着双重和相互冲突的角色。

引用次数: 0

From local markets to global legitimacy: A materialization perspective on technological innovation system's dynamics 从本地市场到全球合法性：技术创新体系动态的物化视角

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105130

David Ayrapetyan , Nicolas Befort , Frans Hermans

The Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) literature has made considerable strides in exploring the spatial aspect of technological innovation dynamics over the past decade. Abandoning the purely national focus on TISs, scholars have theorized TIS dynamics simultaneously along multiple geographical scales, such as regional, national, and global. Yet, the conceptual and empirical insights on the local scale of TISs have been limited. This paper elaborates a local spatial perspective on TISs and elucidates how the local scale interacts with broader scales through structural couplings. We use technological materialization to define the local scale and illustrate our perspective with a case study on a local biorefining TIS evolution in France. Using event-history analysis, we explore how the local scale evolved through functional interactions both within and across the local and broader scales. The results reveal shifting configurations of TIS functions and their interactions at various scales in different periods: while the local scale was characterized by materialization of biorefining technology and local market formation, broader scales played more versatile roles by providing resources to, forming end markets for, and establishing the legitimacy of the local scale. Policy should promote biorefinery-internal markets through technological materialization and disseminate local success stories at broader scales.

过去十年来，技术创新系统（TIS）文献在探索技术创新动态的空间方面取得了长足进步。学者们摒弃了对技术创新系统的纯粹国家关注，而是同时从区域、国家和全球等多个地理尺度对技术创新系统的动态进行了理论化。然而，关于技术创新服务地方尺度的概念和经验见解却很有限。本文从地方空间的角度阐述了技术创新系统，并阐明了地方尺度如何通过结构耦合与更广泛的尺度相互作用。我们使用技术物化来定义地方尺度，并通过对法国地方生物精炼技术创新演变的案例研究来说明我们的观点。通过事件史分析，我们探讨了地方尺度如何通过地方尺度和更大尺度内部和之间的功能互动而演变。研究结果揭示了不同时期不同尺度的技术创新系统功能配置及其相互作用的变化：地方尺度的特点是生物精炼技术的具体化和地方市场的形成，而更广泛的尺度则通过为地方尺度提供资源、为其形成终端市场和确立其合法性而发挥着更多的作用。政策应通过技术具体化促进生物精炼内部市场，并在更大范围内传播当地的成功经验。

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引用次数: 0

Consumption targeted innovation for women: From principle to practice? 针对妇女的消费创新：从原则到实践？

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105132

Shai Oksenberg , Amos Zehavi

This study explores the gendered dimension of innovation policy, taking the perspective of women as users and consumers of innovation, rather than as participants in the innovative workforce; a perspective which has not yet been fully analysed. Based on an analysis of policy documents by supra-national, national, and sub-national agencies and elite interviews, the research examines the beginnings of a new policy we term “Consumption Targeted Innovation for Women” (CTIW) in a limited number of advanced economies: The EU, and the specific cases of Austria and Israel. Elaborating on the necessity of this policy, the dynamics of its spread and its challenges moving forward, the research contributes conceptually to the budding literature on inclusive innovation policy, and practically to the analysis of emerging policies that are likely to further gender equality in innovation. We argue that CTIW is a response to market failure in the form of innovation designs that systematically cater to male needs and preferences while mostly ignoring those of women. The spread of CTIW policies is driven by policy entrepreneurs from the academic world. Policy adoption depends on the degree to which government in general is committed to gender equality and more specifically gender mainstreaming policy. However, even where the environment is ideologically favorable, CTIW must contend with the fact that most policy attention is focused on measures dedicated to furthering gender-equality on the production side.

本研究探讨了创新政策的性别维度，将妇女视为创新的使用者和消费者，而不是创新劳动力的参与者；这一视角尚未得到充分分析。基于对超国家、国家和次国家机构政策文件的分析以及对精英的访谈，本研究探讨了在少数发达经济体中，我们称之为 "针对女性消费的创新"（CTIW）的新政策的开端：欧盟以及奥地利和以色列的具体情况。本研究详细阐述了这一政策的必要性、其传播的动态以及未来面临的挑战，从概念上为包容性创新政策方面正在萌芽的文献做出了贡献，从实践上为分析有可能促进创新中的性别平等的新兴政策做出了贡献。我们认为，CTIW 是对市场失灵的一种回应，市场失灵的表现形式是创新设计系统地迎合男性的需求和偏好，而大多忽视女性的需求和偏好。CTIW 政策的传播是由学术界的政策企业家推动的。政策的采用取决于政府在多大程度上致力于性别平等，更具体地说，是性别主流化政策。然而，即使在意识形态环境有利的情况下，CTIW 也必须面对这样一个事实，即大多数政策的关注点都集中在致力于促进生产方面性别平等的措施上。

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引用次数: 0

Investment in intangible assets and economic complexity 无形资产投资和经济复杂性

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105133

Jorge M. Uribe

We study the nexus between a country's economic complexity and its investment level in intangible assets. Our data spans 27 countries, all sector classifications and 8 intangible categories, which allows us to consider over 188 indicators per country. Our approach offers a complementary more policy-oriented perspective, for economic complexity, compared to relatedness. Results underscore the significance of high knowledge intensity intangibles, such as research and development, in explaining economic complexity. Policy recommendations advocate for prioritizing R&D in manufacturing, alongside fostering complementary activities like employee training, design, and branding in the same sector. In the first part of our results, we introduce an intangible-complexity score for policymakers, enabling the assessment of a country's relative performance in ensuring complexity through investments in various forms of intangible capital, on a country basis. Our second set of estimates, which control for a vast set of potential confounders (almost 800), offer a precise measure of the average impact of intangible investments on complexity, and allow us to argue for the empirical superiority of recent advances in causal machine learning when modeling complexity.

我们研究了一个国家的经济复杂性与其无形资产投资水平之间的关系。我们的数据横跨 27 个国家、所有行业分类和 8 个无形资产类别，这使我们能够考虑每个国家超过 188 个指标。与相关性相比，我们的方法为经济复杂性提供了一个更面向政策的补充视角。研究结果强调了研发等高知识密集度无形资产在解释经济复杂性方面的重要性。政策建议主张优先考虑制造业的研究与开发，同时促进同一行业的员工培训、设计和品牌推广等互补活动。在第一部分的研究成果中，我们为政策制定者引入了无形复杂性评分，从而能够以国家为单位，评估一个国家在通过投资各种形式的无形资本来确保复杂性方面的相对表现。我们的第二组估计值控制了大量的潜在混杂因素（近 800 个），提供了无形投资对复杂性平均影响的精确测量，使我们能够论证因果机器学习的最新进展在复杂性建模方面的经验优势。

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引用次数: 0

Balancing the radical and the incremental: CEO affiliative humor and organizational ambidexterity 平衡激进与渐进：首席执行官的附属幽默与组织的灵活性

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105131

Robert J. Campbell , Cole E. Short , Scott D. Graffin

Organizational ambidexterity is positively associated with firm performance. Yet, it is difficult for CEOs to implement ambidextrous strategies as the radical and incremental innovations that underlie ambidexterity are seemingly incongruous. As such, an important task for both scholars and practitioners involves discerning which factors influence organizational ambidexterity. Building on incongruity theory, we address this puzzle by focusing on CEO affiliative humor, establishing its link with ambidexterity, and further developing and testing theory related to boundary conditions. Through videometric analysis of executive interviews, textual analysis of quarterly earnings calls, and a series of supplemental tests, we offer robust evidence for our study's key relationships. Our study thus makes several contributions, including shedding light on a new pathway—CEO affiliative humor—through which firms can carry out and manage the radical and incremental innovations that underlie ambidexterity, as well by highlighting the complementary role of the CEO-director interface in this regard.

组织灵活性与公司业绩呈正相关。然而，首席执行官很难实施灵活战略，因为支撑灵活的激进创新和渐进创新似乎并不协调。因此，对于学者和从业者来说，一项重要的任务就是找出影响组织灵活性的因素。在不协调理论的基础上，我们通过关注首席执行官的附属幽默来解决这一难题，建立其与灵活性的联系，并进一步发展和检验与边界条件相关的理论。通过对高管访谈的视频分析、对季度收益电话会议的文本分析以及一系列补充测试，我们为研究的关键关系提供了有力的证据。因此，我们的研究做出了多项贡献，包括揭示了一种新的途径--首席执行官的附属幽默，通过这种途径，企业可以实施和管理作为灵活性基础的激进和渐进式创新，同时还强调了首席执行官和董事在这方面的互补作用。

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