Research Policy最新文献

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Gender diversity in academic entrepreneurship: Social impact motives and the NSF I-corps program

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105169

April Burrage , Nilanjana Dasgupta , Ina Ganguli

This study examines gender differences in the social impact and commercial motives for academic entrepreneurship using the National Science Foundation's Innovation Corps (NSF I-Corps) program. I-Corps provides experiential entrepreneurship training to faculty and graduate student researchers at local I-Corps university sites and through a nationwide program. Since the inception of I-Corps, only 20 % of participants have been women. We first use survey data from one I-Corps university site to show that women had higher social entrepreneurial intentions compared to commercial entrepreneurial intentions, and their social entrepreneurial intentions were higher than men's. We then extend and generalize this finding by analyzing 1267 publicly available project summaries from the National I-Corps Program from 2011 to 2019. We find that women PIs' project proposals emphasized social impact significantly more than men, while projects for all PIs emphasized commercial impact to a similar degree. We next ran a field experiment to estimate the causal impact of social impact vs. commercial motives by experimentally manipulating the recruitment email messages inviting researchers to participate in the I-Corps training program. We find that women were more likely to show interest in a social impact version of a message compared to a commercial version, while men showed equal interest in both types of messages. Taken together, our results indicate that women are more interested in pursuing commercialization and entrepreneurship activities when they are tackling societal problems. They suggest that low-cost interventions that emphasize the social impact value of entrepreneurial opportunities may increase gender diversity in entrepreneurship activities.

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引用次数: 0

Accounting backgrounds and technological innovation: Are accountant CEOs inferior innovators?

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105175

Jian Cao , Feng Chen , Mingxiang Li , Xin Luo

Studies grounded in the theory of vocational personality suggest that accountants exhibit a conventional personality type in virtue of which they tend to be relatively uncreative. The well-observed phenomenon whereby corporations appoint CEOs with accounting backgrounds raises the question of how effectively accountant CEOs lead technological innovation. Using a large dataset of patents issued to U.S. firms from 2001 through 2018, we find that firms with accountant CEOs are associated with lower innovation output and a weaker propensity to pursue explorative innovations but greater efficiency in generating innovation output per unit of resource input. We also show that industry growth mitigates the negative effects of accountant CEOs on exploration and innovation while enhancing their capacity to promote innovation efficiency. Our findings delineate the trade-offs associated with accountant CEO appointments and highlight a significant yet underexplored aspect of a CEO's personal background—underlying vocational personality traits—as determinants that influence innovation pathways and strategic outcomes.

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引用次数: 0

Innovation and zombie firms: Empirical evidence from Italy

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105172

Andrea Ascani , Lakshmi Balachandran Nair

Zombie firms are businesses that cannot repay debt from current profits over an extended period and yet continue to operate and avoid failure. This article specifically investigates whether and under what circumstances the presence of zombies in an industry constitutes a barrier to the innovativeness of non-zombies in the same sector. Conceptually, non-zombie firms may face tougher access to finance and fiercer market competition when zombies are in business, and this could reduce their innovative efforts. By analysing matched patent-firm data from Bureau van Dijk ORBIS Intellectual Property on 426,130 Italian firms from 2012 to 2018, we find evidence in favour of this negative intra-industry spillover. Nonetheless, this general relationship is subject to various contingencies. Specifically, zombies are detrimental to healthy firms that (i) depend on external sources of finance, (ii) operate in highly competitive markets, (iii) are more exposed to the erosion of their market shares, and (iv) do not possess a pre-existing strong knowledge base. Our findings have relevant policy and managerial implications.

引用次数: 0

Gender biases in assistant professor recruitment: Does discipline matter?

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105170

Heike Solga , Alessandra Rusconi , Sophie Hofmeister

Higher education institutions have implemented various affirmative action policies aimed at increasing the representation of female professors, including measures to reduce gender bias in professorship appointments. This raises the question of whether gender bias still exists. Research on gender bias in assistant professor appointments remains sparse. We therefore examine whether gender bias in assistant professor recruitment exists and differs across disciplines (looking at mathematics/physics, economics/sociology/political science, and German studies). Our analysis is based on a factorial survey experiment with 1857 professors from German universities in 2020. We draw on Crandall and Eshleman's (2003) justification-suppression model to argue that gender policies can help suppress the expression of prejudices (negative stereotypes) against female applicants. Our results show that in all disciplines studied, female applicants receive higher ratings than male applicants, both for perceived qualification for an assistant professorship and for being invited for an interview. The female advantage is more pronounced in mathematics/physics when applicants are perceived to be equally qualified, suggesting a greater normative pressure to comply with gender-based preferential selection. In mathematics/physics, however, we also find a smaller premium for having received a research grant among female applicants. Overall, the observed female advantage is rather small in all disciplines studied.

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引用次数: 0

Interpretive aspects of claim language and patent scope

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105171

Srinivasan Ananthraman , Bart Cambré , Henry Delcamp

Patent scope is an important patent policy lever. We distinguish between the verbose and interpretive aspects of claim language wherein the latter is predominantly characterized by scope-broadening terms and the former is exclusively constructed from scope-narrowing terms and operationalize these aspects based on the proportions of the corresponding characterizing terms in the claims. Using samples ranging from half a million to two million patents, we test and validate the association between our scope measures and several established indicators of patent value and find that the association is not only statistically significant but also economically substantive. Our study contributes to theory by expounding the salience of verbose and interpretive aspects of claim language to patent scope studies and empirical literature by advancing valid and reliable indicators of patent scope based on claim interpretation. For patent policymakers, our study enables a more precise assessment of patent scope during patent examinations. Innovators can benefit from the knowledge of our patent scope measures by enhancing the quality and eventual value of their patents and patent portfolios.

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引用次数: 0

Does shareholder overlap alleviate patent holdup?

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105167

Heng Geng , Harald Hau , Sandy Lai , Pengfei Liu

Patent protection can generate holdup problems for follow-on innovators when technologies protected in early patents complement their inventions. This study investigates whether institutional shareholder overlap between firms with precursory patents and follow-on innovators can reduce such patent holdup problems. Using patent citation links to track complementary patents, we find empirical support for such a holdup attenuation hypothesis of institutional shareholder overlap. Follow-on innovators with greater institutional shareholder overlap to precursory patent owners enjoy greater success with their patent portfolio, face less patent conflict as measured by patent litigation, and feature higher levels of R&D investments. The holdup attenuation effect is stronger if product complexity makes securing ex ante patent licenses more difficult.

引用次数: 0

Open innovation in ecosystems: Exploring how the affiliation of an ecosystem partner impacts the benefits of collaboration in open innovation

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105168

Sohvi Heaton , Jungwon Min

By combining insights from the open innovation literature with the dynamic capabilities framework, we investigate how three types of open innovation partner choices—partners from competing ecosystems, partners within the same ecosystem, and partners outside any ecosystem—affect firms' innovation outcomes. Additionally, we examine the moderating role of firms' adaptability in this relationship. Analyzing panel data for 70 global airline companies from 47 countries, we find that collaborating with a partner from a competing open innovation ecosystem enhances a firm's innovation effort more than partnering with a company from the same ecosystem or one without an ecosystem. Moreover, our results indicate that this relationship is particularly pronounced for firms exhibiting greater adaptability in times of crisis. Overall, we contribute to open innovation research by challenging the implicit assumption that open innovation occurs solely within dyadic relationships and viewing the open innovation system as static. Instead, we emphasize the interplay of interdependencies and competition across innovation ecosystems, conceptualizing the open innovation system as more dynamic. In this dynamic system, especially under conditions of uncertainty, we highlight firm-level adaptability as a critical boundary condition for successful open innovation.

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引用次数: 0

The entrepreneurial ecosystem clock keeps on ticking – A replication and extension of Coad and Srhoj (2023)

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105154

Jasper van Dijk , Jip Leendertse , Erik Stam , Frank van Rijnsoever

A key hypothesis in the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) literature is that a positive relation exists between the quality of EEs and the prevalence of productive entrepreneurship. Recently, Coad and Srhoj (2023) argued that the quality of EEs should also be positively related to the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. However, using two different measures for high-growth firms in regions in Croatia and Slovenia, they found no consistent evidence for the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. This led them to conclude that the EE framework is not valuable for policymakers. We contend that their generalization is incorrect and that their findings are consistent with a further articulation of the EE approach.

We build our argument in two empirical studies. In Study 1, we replicate the approach by Coad and Srhoj (2023) in the Netherlands, where we find strong evidence for the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. We argue that the differences found in the replication study can be explained by accounting for the quality and size of EEs. In Study 2, we follow up on this notion by formulating two new hypotheses about the effect of quality and size of EEs on the persistence of productive entrepreneurship but argue that this effect decreases in strength as the quality and size of entrepreneurial ecosystems increase. Our hypotheses are supported by data on EEs and innovative start-ups in Europe. Accordingly, our results reconcile the different findings in the literature regarding the persistence of productive entrepreneurship. Theoretically, our work provides a further articulation of the EE approach by explaining the persistence of productive entrepreneurship, in addition to the more commonly studied prevalence of productive entrepreneurship. We conclude with policy implications of our findings.

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引用次数: 0

Implementing responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects: A framework and application

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105164

Melf-Hinrich Ehlers , Nadja El Benni , Mélanie Douziech

Responsible research and innovation concepts are popular at higher levels of organising research policy, which must align with the design and management of individual research projects. However, at this lower level, there is still a need for clearer guidance on how to support responsible research and innovation through the development of socially desirable and sustainable technologies. This is particularly evident in the agri-food sector, where calls for innovation have been on the increase, but novel technologies are often controversial and their contribution to sustainable development is uncertain. Integration of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment is required at the early stages of technology development in projects, during which technology development can still respond to social concerns and sustainability assessments. The few first attempts are often vague about the methods applicable in projects to support the sustainable and responsible development of technology. This paper develops a conceptual approach that integrates methods required to support the anticipation, reflexivity, inclusion, and responsiveness keys of responsible research and innovation with sustainability assessment methods, along typical phases of a research project. A case study of agricultural photovoltaics illustrates the applicability of the framework across a full research project cycle. The framework addresses the gap in how to apply methods that support responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment in research projects. It enables synergies between responsible research and innovation and sustainability assessment. In the first steps of assessment, when the unknowns and uncertainties surrounding novel technologies are great, research and sustainability assessment require systematic anticipation of developments and impacts. In this context, sustainability assessment can support reflexivity in more detail than previously suggested approaches.

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引用次数: 0

How symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences exploratory innovation under conditions of combinability

IF 7.5 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2024-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2024.105030

Arjan Markus , Juan Antonio Candiani , Victor A. Gilsing

We examine how symmetry between intrafirm knowledge and collaboration structures influences firms' exploratory innovation performance. Symmetry means that the inventors' collaboration structure mimics their knowledge structure, implying that inventors with similar domain knowledge collaborate, whereas inventors with dissimilar domain knowledge do not. We argue and show that intrafirm symmetry is the commonly used form by most firms, as it is intuitive and pays off on average. However, it also comes with an inherent risk for their exploratory innovation performance. To address this, we include a key condition of a firm's technological environment: the ease or difficulty with which its knowledge domains can be combined. Based on a sample of 170 publicly traded semiconductor firms over 23 years, we find a positive association between the symmetry of a firm's collaboration and knowledge structure and its exploratory innovation performance under average combinability. This relationship changes when firms operate under low or high combinability conditions. Both these conditions favor firms that deviate from symmetry by relying on a parallel, isolated configuration or multidisciplinary configuration. Our contribution to the literature lies herein that we show when firms and their managers should pay attention to stimulating and optimizing collaboration, as has been the dominant focus until now, but also, and equally important, when disbanding this standing collaboration among inventors is more effective for a firm's exploratory innovation. Most firms overlook the risk that comes with a symmetric configuration under conditions of low or high combinability and are better off instead through one of two less common, asymmetric configurations of their inventor collaboration and knowledge structures.

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