Research Policy最新文献

Shelter in scholarship: Evidence from a global survey of hosts for displaced Ukrainian scientists 奖学金庇护：来自全球对流离失所的乌克兰科学家的东道主调查的证据

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105425

Michael E. Rose , Katarína Juríková , Marina Pelepets , Olga Slivko , Julia Yereshko

In response to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the global scientific community launched a range of support offers for displaced Ukrainian scientists. This paper examines the characteristics of these offers that attracted the most interest from Ukrainian scholars. We conduct a survey of hosts offering 2416 support opportunities registered in the #ScienceForUkraine database (22.3% participation rate). 56.9% support offers received at least one eligible application and 47.4% helped at least one Ukrainian scientist. Our analysis reveals that scholarships were more in demand than academic positions, joint applications for funding, or access to resources, and that offers connected to the Humanities were more popular than other disciplines. For hosts, solidarity was the primary motivation to offer help, and the availability of suitable funding was the second most common reason. Focusing on future policy design, our findings imply that support programmes for displaced scientists play a role in motivating hosts to help refugee scholars, and that these programmes should emphasise flexibility and consider the disciplinary composition of the affected academic community.

作为对俄罗斯于2022年2月全面入侵乌克兰的回应，全球科学界为流离失所的乌克兰科学家提供了一系列支持。本文考察了这些提议的特点，吸引了乌克兰学者的最大兴趣。我们对在#ScienceForUkraine数据库中登记的提供2416个支持机会的主持人进行了调查（参与率为22.3%）。56.9%的人至少收到了一份符合条件的申请，47.4%的人帮助了至少一名乌克兰科学家。我们的分析显示，与学术职位、联合申请资金或获得资源相比，奖学金的需求更大，与人文学科相关的奖学金比其他学科更受欢迎。对于东道国来说，团结是提供帮助的主要动机，其次是获得适当的资金。着眼于未来的政策设计，我们的研究结果表明，为流离失所的科学家提供支持的项目在激励东道国帮助难民学者方面发挥了作用，这些项目应该强调灵活性，并考虑受影响的学术团体的学科构成。

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引用次数: 0

Inventing modern invention: The professionalization of technological progress in the US 发明现代发明：美国技术进步的专业化

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105382

Matte Hartog , Andres Gomez-Lievano , Ricardo Hausmann , Frank Neffke

Over the course of the mid-19th and early 20th century, the US transformed from an agricultural economy to the frontier in technology. To study this transition, we digitize half a million pages of patent yearbooks that describe inventors, organizations and technologies on over 1.6M patents. We combine this with demographic information from US census records and information on corporate research from large-scale repeated surveys of industrial research labs. Our data reveal that in the early 1920s a new system of innovation — based on teamwork and engineers — started to rapidly replace the existing craftsmanship-based invention that had dominated innovation in the 19th century. We argue that this new system relied on an organizational innovation: industrial research labs. These labs supported high-skill teamwork, replacing the collaborations within families with professional ties in firms and industrial research labs. The systemic shift in innovation had far-reaching consequences: it changed the division of labor in invention, led to an explosion of novelty and teamwork, and reshaped the geography of innovation in the US.

在19世纪中期和20世纪初的过程中，美国从一个农业经济体转变为科技前沿。为了研究这一转变，我们将50万页专利年鉴数字化，这些年鉴描述了超过160万项专利的发明者、组织和技术。我们将其与美国人口普查记录中的人口统计信息以及对工业研究实验室进行的大规模重复调查中的企业研究信息相结合。我们的数据显示，在20世纪20年代早期，一种以团队合作和工程师为基础的新创新体系开始迅速取代19世纪主导创新的以工艺为基础的发明。我们认为，这种新体系依赖于一种组织创新：工业研究实验室。这些实验室支持高技能的团队合作，用公司和工业研究实验室的专业关系取代家庭内部的合作。创新的系统性转变产生了深远的影响：它改变了发明领域的劳动分工，导致了创新和团队合作的爆炸式增长，重塑了美国创新的地理位置。

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引用次数: 0

How disruptive is financial technology? 金融科技的颠覆性有多大？

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105423

Douglas Cumming , Hisham Farag , Santosh Koirala , Danny McGowan

We study whether Financial Technology (Fintech) disrupts the banking sector by intensifying competition for scarce deposits funds and raising deposit rates. Using difference-in-difference estimation around the exogenous removal of marketplace platform investing restrictions by US states, we show the cost of deposits increase by approximately 5.9% within small financial institutions. However, these price changes are effective in preventing a drain of liquidity. Size and geographical diversification through branch networks can mitigate the effects of Fintech competition by sourcing deposits from less competitive markets. The findings highlight the unintended consequences of the growing Fintech sector on banks and offer policy insights for regulators and managers into the ongoing development and impact of technology on the banking sector.

我们研究金融科技（Fintech）是否通过加剧对稀缺存款资金的竞争和提高存款利率来扰乱银行业。在美国各州外生取消市场平台投资限制的情况下，使用差中差估计，我们发现小型金融机构的存款成本增加了约5.9%。然而，这些价格变化在防止流动性流失方面是有效的。通过分支网络的规模和地域多样化，可以通过从竞争不那么激烈的市场获取存款来减轻金融科技竞争的影响。研究结果突显了金融科技行业不断发展对银行产生的意想不到的后果，并为监管机构和管理人员提供了政策见解，以了解技术对银行业的持续发展和影响。

引用次数: 0

The software complexity of nations 国家的软件复杂性

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105422

Sándor Juhász , Johannes Wachs , Jermain Kaminski , César A. Hidalgo

Despite the growing importance of the digital sector, research on economic complexity and its implications continues to rely mostly on administrative records—e.g. data on exports, patents, and employment—that have blind spots when it comes to the digital economy. In this paper we use data on the geography of programming languages used in open-source software to extend economic complexity ideas to the digital economy. We estimate a country's software economic complexity index (ECI^software) and show that it complements the ability of measures of complexity based on trade, patents, and research to account for international differences in GDP per capita, income inequality, and emissions. We also show that open-source software follows the principle of relatedness, meaning that a country's entries and exits in programming languages are partly explained by its current pattern of specialization. Together, these findings help extend economic complexity ideas and their policy implications to the digital economy.

尽管数字部门的重要性日益增加，但对经济复杂性及其影响的研究仍然主要依赖于行政记录，例如：关于出口、专利和就业的数据——当涉及到数字经济时，这些数据存在盲点。在本文中，我们使用开源软件中使用的编程语言的地理数据来将经济复杂性的思想扩展到数字经济。我们估计了一个国家的软件经济复杂性指数（ecisoft），并表明它补充了基于贸易、专利和研究的复杂性测量的能力，以解释人均GDP、收入不平等和排放的国际差异。我们还表明，开源软件遵循相关性原则，这意味着一个国家在编程语言方面的进入和退出部分是由其当前的专业化模式解释的。总之，这些发现有助于将经济复杂性思想及其对数字经济的政策影响扩展到数字经济。

引用次数: 0

The effects of public procurement requirements and voluntary standards on environmental product innovation 公共采购要求和自愿性标准对环境产品创新的影响

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105419

Bastian Krieger , Anne Rainville

Public procurement requirements and voluntary standards are increasingly used to foster environmental product innovations. However, quantitative evidence on their individual and joint effects is absent, and their conceptualization remains at an early stage. This paper makes two contributions. First, it introduces the distinction between rigid threshold and flexible benchmark uses of voluntary standards in public tenders, theorizing their opposing effects on environmental product innovations. Second, using data from 5127 firms in the 2021 German Innovation Survey, it provides the first quantitative analysis of their individual and joint effects across varying degrees of environmental significance. Results show that public procurement requirements and voluntary standards individually increase the probability of firms introducing more radical/disruptive environmental product innovations with high environmental significance. However, their interaction reveals a negative effect – discomplementarity – likely driven by a rigid standard use, which offsets the effectiveness of procurement requirements. For more incremental environmental product innovations with low environmental significance, only voluntary standards exhibit a positive effect. These findings suggest that voluntary standards might limit the capability of public procurement to foster more radical/disruptive environmental product innovations, while supporting more incremental innovations when used independently.

公共采购要求和自愿标准越来越多地用于促进环境产品创新。然而，关于它们的个体和联合效应的定量证据是缺乏的，它们的概念化仍处于早期阶段。本文有两个贡献。首先，它介绍了在公开招标中使用自愿标准的刚性门槛和灵活基准之间的区别，从理论上阐述了它们对环境产品创新的相反影响。其次，利用2021年德国创新调查中5127家公司的数据，首次对它们在不同程度的环境意义上的个体和联合效应进行了定量分析。结果表明，公共采购要求和自愿性标准各自增加了企业引入具有高环境意义的激进/破坏性环境产品创新的可能性。但是，它们之间的相互作用显示出一种消极的影响- -互补性- -可能是由于严格的标准使用造成的，这抵销了采购要求的效力。对于环境意义较低的渐进式环保产品创新，只有自愿性标准才会产生积极的影响。这些发现表明，自愿性标准可能会限制公共采购促进更激进/破坏性的环境产品创新的能力，而在独立使用时支持更多的渐进式创新。

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引用次数: 0

Firm training, automation, and wages: International worker-level evidence 公司培训、自动化和工资：国际工人水平的证据

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105424

Oliver Falck , Yuchen Guo , Christina Langer , Valentin Lindlacher , Simon Wiederhold

Firm training is widely regarded as crucial for protecting workers from automation, yet there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this belief. Using internationally harmonized data from over 90,000 workers across 37 industrialized countries, we construct an individual-level measure of automation risk based on tasks performed at work. Our analysis reveals substantial within-occupation variation in automation risk, overlooked by existing occupation-level measures. To assess whether firm training mitigates automation risk, we exploit within-occupation and within-industry variation. Additionally, we employ entropy balancing to re-weight workers without firm training based on a rich set of background characteristics, including tested numeracy skills as a proxy for unobserved ability. We find that training reduces workers’ automation risk by 3.8 percentage points, equivalent to 8% of the average automation risk. The training-induced reduction in automation risk accounts for 15% of the wage returns to firm training. Firm training is effective in reducing automation risk and increasing wages across nearly all countries, underscoring the external validity of our findings. Training is similarly effective across gender, age, and education groups, suggesting widely shared benefits rather than gains concentrated in specific demographic segments.

企业培训被广泛认为是保护工人免受自动化影响的关键，然而缺乏经验证据来支持这一观点。利用来自37个工业化国家的9万多名工人的国际统一数据，我们基于工作中执行的任务构建了一个个人层面的自动化风险度量。我们的分析揭示了自动化风险在职业内部的巨大差异，被现有的职业水平措施所忽视。为了评估企业培训是否减轻了自动化风险，我们利用了职业内和行业内的变化。此外，我们基于丰富的背景特征，包括测试过的计算技能作为不可观察能力的代理，使用熵平衡来重新加权没有经过严格培训的员工。我们发现，培训将工人的自动化风险降低了3.8个百分点，相当于平均自动化风险的8%。培训导致的自动化风险降低占企业培训工资回报的15%。在几乎所有国家，企业培训在降低自动化风险和提高工资方面都是有效的，这强调了我们研究结果的外部有效性。培训在性别、年龄和教育群体中同样有效，这表明广泛共享的利益，而不是集中在特定的人口群体中。

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引用次数: 0

Is the dominance of graduates from top-tier universities among tenured faculty driven by prestige or output? Evidence from 50 years of university appointments in Germany 一流大学的毕业生在终身教职中占主导地位，是受到声望还是产出的驱动？来自德国50年来大学任命的证据

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105411

Stefan Buechele , Guido Buenstorf , Matthias Huegel , Johannes Koenig , Maria Theissen

Prior research has shown that a large fraction of tenured university faculty in the U.S. and other countries were trained at a small number of highly prestigious universities. The question remains whether this concentration is due to competitive advantages held by candidates from these universities, or whether it reflects the larger output of early-career researchers aspiring to faculty positions by these universities. To address this question, we analyze data covering the full population of doctoral graduates in Germany since the 1960s. Similar to studies of the U.S. system of higher education, we observe a strong concentration of professors trained at a small number of universities, with the top five universities accounting for 17.9% of all appointed university professors. However, we find no systematic evidence indicating that the prestige of the doctoral degree-granting university systematically affects individuals' odds of being appointed to professorships, as prestigious universities train disproportionate numbers of doctoral graduates. Despite increasing stratification tendencies within the German system of higher education, our results also do not indicate that the importance of the degree-granting university for the academic careers of its doctoral graduates has increased over the past 50 years. While doctoral graduates from top-tier traditional universities and top-tier technical universities appear to be more likely to secure faculty positions at universities of the same category, this pattern reflects a large share of doctoral graduates returning to their degree-granting university after initial appointments elsewhere.

先前的研究表明，在美国和其他国家，大部分终身教职员工都是在少数几所极具声望的大学接受培训的。问题仍然是，这种集中是由于这些大学的候选人拥有竞争优势，还是反映了渴望在这些大学担任教职的早期职业研究人员的更多产出。为了解决这个问题，我们分析了自20世纪60年代以来德国所有博士毕业生的数据。与对美国高等教育体系的研究类似，我们观察到教授高度集中于少数几所大学，排名前五的大学占所有任命大学教授的17.9%。然而，我们没有发现有系统的证据表明，授予博士学位的大学的声望系统地影响了个人被任命为教授的几率，因为名牌大学培养的博士毕业生数量不成比例。尽管德国高等教育体系的分层趋势日益加剧，但我们的研究结果也没有表明，在过去50年里，授予学位的大学对其博士毕业生的学术生涯的重要性有所增加。虽然来自一流传统大学和一流技术大学的博士毕业生似乎更有可能在同类大学获得教职，但这一模式反映出，很大一部分博士毕业生在最初在其他地方任职后回到了授予学位的大学。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring R&D activity through 10-K narrative disclosures 通过10-K叙述披露来衡量研发活动

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105409

Panayiotis C. Andreou , Neophytos Lambertides , Marina Magidou , Anna E. Maruska

This study develops a textual R&D measure based on narrative disclosures in firms’ 10-K filings. Using a tailored lexicon and a core-contextual word-pairing approach, our measure captures qualitative narratives of firms’ R&D activities. We validate this measure using discriminant, construct, reliability, predictive, and external validity tests. The results show that the measure captures latent R&D activity and significantly improves the prediction of important outcomes, including patents, citations, and firm valuation, particularly for firms with missing or zero reported R&D data. We find that narrative R&D is positively associated with growth opportunities, suggesting a mechanism through which it influences firm valuation. Further, positive changes in narrative R&D are not associated with the R&D puzzle, suggesting that the measure facilitates more immediate market integration of innovation-related information than traditional metrics. The textual R&D measure provides a new perspective on the drivers of future innovation output and firm performance, shedding light on key factors that shape long-term competitiveness. Importantly, the textual measure helps to mitigate the limitations of traditional R&D metrics, particularly in cases where firms under-report R&D expenditures or engage in non-patentable forms of innovation.

本研究基于公司10-K文件中的叙述性披露开发了一种文本R&；D度量。使用量身定制的词汇和核心上下文词对方法，我们的测量捕获了公司研发活动的定性叙述。我们使用判别、构造、信度、预测和外部效度测试来验证这一测量。结果表明，该方法捕获了潜在的研发活动，并显著提高了对重要结果的预测，包括专利、引用和公司估值，特别是对于缺乏或没有报告研发数据的公司。我们发现，叙事性研发与成长机会正相关，表明其影响公司估值的机制。此外，叙述r&d的积极变化与r&d难题无关，这表明该措施比传统指标更能促进创新相关信息的直接市场整合。本文的研发指标为未来创新产出和企业绩效的驱动因素提供了一个新的视角，揭示了塑造长期竞争力的关键因素。重要的是，文本度量有助于减轻传统研发指标的局限性，特别是在企业少报研发支出或从事不可专利形式的创新的情况下。

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引用次数: 0

Discriminatory R&D policy mix for small and large firms: Policy sequencing and behavioral responses 大中小型企业歧视性研发政策组合：政策排序与行为反应

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2026.105410

Xiaoyong Dai , Mengqi Wang , Kaihua Chen

This paper examines the interaction between the allocation of R&D subsidies and tax incentives, and how policy sequencing shapes the behavioral outcomes of the policy mix, particularly for small and large firms. We analyze a Chinese R&D tax incentive program that provides tax incentives to firms with R&D intensity above a specified threshold. We document discriminatory policy sequencing: large firms typically receive larger subsidies before qualifying for tax incentives, whereas small firms receive larger subsidies after becoming eligible for tax incentives. This sequencing is associated with heterogeneous behavioral responses. Large firms tend to maintain their R&D levels just above the threshold, whereas small firms continue to increase R&D spending after surpassing the eligibility threshold and receiving tax incentives. The empirical findings indicate a policy misalignment: financially constrained small firms rely more on subsidies to cover upfront R&D costs, whereas large firms strategically respond to the tax incentive threshold even without initial R&D subsidies. Our study highlights the importance of aligning policy-instrument sequencing with firms' specific needs and conditions to design and implement more effective R&D policy mixes.

本文考察了研发补贴分配与税收激励之间的相互作用，以及政策排序如何影响政策组合的行为结果，特别是对小型和大型企业而言。本文分析了中国研发税收激励计划，该计划为研发强度超过一定阈值的企业提供税收激励。我们记录了歧视性政策顺序：大公司通常在有资格享受税收优惠之前获得更多补贴，而小企业在有资格享受税收优惠之后获得更多补贴。这个序列与异质行为反应有关。大公司倾向于保持他们的研发水平略高于门槛，而小公司在超过资格门槛并获得税收激励后继续增加研发支出。实证研究结果表明了一种政策偏差：财政拮据的小企业更多地依赖补贴来支付前期研发成本，而大型企业即使没有初始研发补贴，也会对税收激励门槛做出战略反应。我们的研究强调了将政策工具排序与企业的具体需求和条件相结合的重要性，以设计和实施更有效的研发政策组合。

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引用次数: 0

Researcher positions and the emergence of interdisciplinary scientific fields – The case of synthetic biology 研究人员的职位和跨学科科学领域的出现——以合成生物学为例

IF 8 1区管理学 Q1 MANAGEMENT

Research Policy

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2025.105395

Philipp Baaden , Stefanie Bröring , Michael Rennings , Philip Shapira

Interdisciplinary scientific fields emerge at the intersections of existing disciplines, driving innovations that are well-suited to address grand societal challenges. While the literature generally recognizes the role of individual researchers in advancing these fields, less is known about how the researchers' positions impact the emergence of an interdisciplinary scientific field. Using synthetic biology as a case, this study analyzes publication and research grant data to explore how researchers contribute to and shape these evolutionary processes.

We conceptualize four types of researchers as drivers in the formation of interdisciplinary fields: (1) impactful, (2) innovation-oriented, (3) socially-central, and (4) interdisciplinary researchers. Employing a dynamic partitioning approach based on personal characteristics, and leveraging findings from a random forest regression analysis, we examine how distinct groups and features of researchers contribute to the evolution of synthetic biology.

Our findings indicate that researchers with a background in biological sciences have a higher citation impact on the field and highlight the critical role of early- and mid-career researchers in shaping the field's early innovation potential, as measured by patent citations. Furthermore, our analysis shows that interdisciplinary collaborations are–unsurprisingly–important for an emerging interdisciplinary field, as indicated by researchers' social centrality. However, researchers with more distant academic backgrounds relative to the emerging interdisciplinary scientific field tend to be more interdisciplinary than those with a higher proximity.

These insights advance our understanding of how researchers' positions shape emerging scientific fields, offering insights into which researchers contribute to field formation and enhancing our knowledge of the micro-level dynamics of interdisciplinary scientific field formation.

跨学科的科学领域出现在现有学科的交叉点，推动创新，非常适合解决重大的社会挑战。虽然文献普遍承认个别研究人员在推进这些领域的作用，但很少有人知道研究人员的立场如何影响跨学科科学领域的出现。以合成生物学为例，本研究分析了出版物和研究资助数据，以探索研究人员如何促进和塑造这些进化过程。我们将四种类型的研究人员定义为跨学科领域形成的驱动因素：(1)有影响力的，(2)创新导向的，(3)社会中心的，(4)跨学科的研究人员。采用基于个人特征的动态划分方法，并利用随机森林回归分析的结果，我们研究了研究人员的不同群体和特征对合成生物学进化的贡献。我们的研究结果表明，具有生物科学背景的研究人员对该领域的引用影响更高，并突出了职业生涯早期和中期的研究人员在塑造该领域的早期创新潜力方面的关键作用。此外，我们的分析表明，正如研究人员的社会中心性所表明的那样，跨学科合作对于新兴的跨学科领域来说并不奇怪。然而，相对于新兴的跨学科科学领域，学术背景越远的研究人员往往比接近程度越高的研究人员更具跨学科性。这些见解促进了我们对研究人员的立场如何塑造新兴科学领域的理解，提供了研究人员对领域形成的贡献的见解，并增强了我们对跨学科科学领域形成的微观动态的认识。

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引用次数: 0