Pub Date : 2023-09-27DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf958
Ana C Martinez, Eva M Schiaffino, Ana P Aranzola, Christian A Fernandez, Myeong-Lok Seol, Cameroun G Sherrard, Jennifer Jones, William H Huddleston, Donald A Dornbusch, Sreeprasad T Sreenivasan, Pedro Cortes, Eric MacDonald, Alexis Maurel
Abstract In this work, the ability to print shape-conformable batteries with multi-process additive manufacturing is reported. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) 3D printing process is employed to manufacture gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), while direct ink writing process is used to prepare positive electrodes. The sodium-ion chemistry has proven to be an adequate substitute to lithium-ion due to the availability of resources and their potential lower production cost and enhanced safety. Three-dimensional printing technologies have the potential to revolutionize the production of shape-conformable batteries with intricate geometries that have been demonstrated to increase the specific surface area of the electrode and ion diffusion, thus leading to improved power performances. This study shows the preparation of composite UV-photocurable resins with different polymer matrix-to-liquid electrolyte ratios, designed to act as GPEs once printed via VPP. The impact of the liquid electrolyte ratio within the GPEs is thoroughly examined through a variety of electrochemical techniques. The exposure time printing parameter is optimized to ensure adequate print accuracy of the GPE. Using the optimized resin composition as material feedstock, shape-conformable 3D printed GPE exhibiting an ionic conductivity of 3.3 × 10 −3 S·cm −1 at room temperature and a stability window up to 4.8 V vs. Na 0 /Na + is obtained. In parallel, a composite ink loaded with Na 0.44 MnO 2 and conductive additives is developed to 3D print via direct ink writing positive electrodes. After demonstrating the functionality of the independent 3D printed components in SIBs, the last part of this work is focused on combining the 3D printed Na 0.44 MnO 2 electrode and the 3D printed GPE into the same battery cell to pave the way towards the manufacturing of a complete 3D printed battery thanks to different additive manufacturing processes.
{"title":"Multiprocess 3D printing of sodium-ion batteries via vat photopolymerization and direct ink writing","authors":"Ana C Martinez, Eva M Schiaffino, Ana P Aranzola, Christian A Fernandez, Myeong-Lok Seol, Cameroun G Sherrard, Jennifer Jones, William H Huddleston, Donald A Dornbusch, Sreeprasad T Sreenivasan, Pedro Cortes, Eric MacDonald, Alexis Maurel","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf958","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work, the ability to print shape-conformable batteries with multi-process additive manufacturing is reported. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) 3D printing process is employed to manufacture gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), while direct ink writing process is used to prepare positive electrodes. The sodium-ion chemistry has proven to be an adequate substitute to lithium-ion due to the availability of resources and their potential lower production cost and enhanced safety. Three-dimensional printing technologies have the potential to revolutionize the production of shape-conformable batteries with intricate geometries that have been demonstrated to increase the specific surface area of the electrode and ion diffusion, thus leading to improved power performances. This study shows the preparation of composite UV-photocurable resins with different polymer matrix-to-liquid electrolyte ratios, designed to act as GPEs once printed via VPP. The impact of the liquid electrolyte ratio within the GPEs is thoroughly examined through a variety of electrochemical techniques. The exposure time printing parameter is optimized to ensure adequate print accuracy of the GPE. Using the optimized resin composition as material feedstock, shape-conformable 3D printed GPE exhibiting an ionic conductivity of 3.3 × 10 −3 S·cm −1 at room temperature and a stability window up to 4.8 V vs. Na 0 /Na + is obtained. In parallel, a composite ink loaded with Na 0.44 MnO 2 and conductive additives is developed to 3D print via direct ink writing positive electrodes. After demonstrating the functionality of the independent 3D printed components in SIBs, the last part of this work is focused on combining the 3D printed Na 0.44 MnO 2 electrode and the 3D printed GPE into the same battery cell to pave the way towards the manufacturing of a complete 3D printed battery thanks to different additive manufacturing processes.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135477757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-25DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf957
Tapas Samanta, Chris Taake, Laila Bondzio, Luana Caron
Abstract The nature of the phase transition has been studied in MnNi 1− x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03 ( x = 0.20–0.50) through magnetization, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction measurements; and the associated reversibility in the magnetocaloric effect has been examined. A small amount of Al substitution for Ge can lower the structural phase transition temperature, resulting in a coupled first-order magnetostructural transition (MST) from a ferromagnetic orthorhombic to a paramagnetic hexagonal phase in MnNi 1− x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03 . Interestingly, a composition-dependent triple point (TP) has been detected in the studied system, where the first-order MST is split into an additional phase boundary at higher temperature with a second-order transition character. The critical-field-value of the field-induced MST decreases with increasing Co concentration and disappears at the TP ( x = 0.37) resembling most field-sensitive MST among the studied compositions. An increase of the hexagonal lattice parameter a hex near the TP indicates a lattice softening associated with an enhancement of the vibrational amplitude in the Ni/Co site. The lattice softening leads to a larger field-induced structural entropy change (structural entropy change≫ magnetic entropy change, for this class of materials) with the application of a lower field, which results in a larger reversibility of the low-field entropy change (|Δ S rev | = 6.9 J kg −1 K for Δ μ 0 H = 2 T) at the TP.
通过磁化、差示扫描量热和x射线衍射测量，研究了MnNi 1−x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03 (x = 0.20-0.50)的相变性质;并研究了磁热效应中相关的可逆性。少量Al取代Ge可以降低结构相变温度，导致MnNi 1−x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03中由铁磁正交向顺磁六方相耦合的一阶磁结构转变(MST)。有趣的是，在所研究的体系中检测到组分依赖的三相点(TP)，其中一阶MST在较高温度下分裂成具有二阶转变特征的附加相边界。场致MST的临界场值随Co浓度的增加而减小，在TP (x = 0.37)处消失，与所研究组分中大多数场敏感MST相似。在TP附近六边形晶格参数的增加表明晶格软化与Ni/Co位置的振动振幅增强有关。在低场作用下，晶格软化导致更大的场致结构熵变(结构熵变比磁熵变要大)，从而导致TP处低场熵变的可逆性更大(Δ μ 0 H = 2 T时，S rev | = 6.9 J kg−1 K)。
{"title":"Entropy change reversibility in MnNi<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>Ge<sub>0.97</sub>Al<sub>0.03</sub> near the triple point","authors":"Tapas Samanta, Chris Taake, Laila Bondzio, Luana Caron","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf957","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The nature of the phase transition has been studied in MnNi 1− x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03 ( x = 0.20–0.50) through magnetization, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction measurements; and the associated reversibility in the magnetocaloric effect has been examined. A small amount of Al substitution for Ge can lower the structural phase transition temperature, resulting in a coupled first-order magnetostructural transition (MST) from a ferromagnetic orthorhombic to a paramagnetic hexagonal phase in MnNi 1− x Co x Ge 0.97 Al 0.03 . Interestingly, a composition-dependent triple point (TP) has been detected in the studied system, where the first-order MST is split into an additional phase boundary at higher temperature with a second-order transition character. The critical-field-value of the field-induced MST decreases with increasing Co concentration and disappears at the TP ( x = 0.37) resembling most field-sensitive MST among the studied compositions. An increase of the hexagonal lattice parameter a hex near the TP indicates a lattice softening associated with an enhancement of the vibrational amplitude in the Ni/Co site. The lattice softening leads to a larger field-induced structural entropy change (structural entropy change≫ magnetic entropy change, for this class of materials) with the application of a lower field, which results in a larger reversibility of the low-field entropy change (|Δ S rev | = 6.9 J kg −1 K for Δ μ 0 H = 2 T) at the TP.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135769282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f2
Jens Nissen, Max Schrievers, Johannes Frieder Huber, Jan N. Schwämmlein, Florian Henkel, Walter Theodor Czarnetzki, Markus Hölzle
The local current density distribution of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) can be distorted by various error states. Differences in current density distributions (CDDs) of adjacent cells in a stack are equilibrized by in-plane currents within the sandwiched bipolar plates. Degradation stressors such as detrimental differences in local cell voltage and current density maxima can thus be generated. A novel method was therefore developed to intentionally manipulate CDD profiles by integrating local artificial starvation into only one fuel cell in an assembly. This technique is applied to automotive-sized PEMFCs single cells as well as in 20 cell short-stack to analyze such voltage and current redistribution phenomena. A drastic distortion of local cell voltage is only observed for stacks, which is explained by a supplementary simulation. The local voltage distribution of an electrically coupled fuel cell is therefore calculated by combining CDD measurements with a spatially resolved polarization curve model. The capabilities and limits of a multipoint cell voltage monitoring measurement device are discussed on this basis. The inspected correlation between these two independent online measurement techniques allows to localize such error states with considerable accuracy during operation of automotive sized PEMFC stacks.
{"title":"Interaction phenomena of electrically coupled cells under local reactant starvation in automotive PEMFC stacks","authors":"Jens Nissen, Max Schrievers, Johannes Frieder Huber, Jan N. Schwämmlein, Florian Henkel, Walter Theodor Czarnetzki, Markus Hölzle","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f2","url":null,"abstract":"The local current density distribution of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) can be distorted by various error states. Differences in current density distributions (CDDs) of adjacent cells in a stack are equilibrized by in-plane currents within the sandwiched bipolar plates. Degradation stressors such as detrimental differences in local cell voltage and current density maxima can thus be generated. A novel method was therefore developed to intentionally manipulate CDD profiles by integrating local artificial starvation into only one fuel cell in an assembly. This technique is applied to automotive-sized PEMFCs single cells as well as in 20 cell short-stack to analyze such voltage and current redistribution phenomena. A drastic distortion of local cell voltage is only observed for stacks, which is explained by a supplementary simulation. The local voltage distribution of an electrically coupled fuel cell is therefore calculated by combining CDD measurements with a spatially resolved polarization curve model. The capabilities and limits of a multipoint cell voltage monitoring measurement device are discussed on this basis. The inspected correlation between these two independent online measurement techniques allows to localize such error states with considerable accuracy during operation of automotive sized PEMFC stacks.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45872693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-08DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f1
Olivia E Baxter, Amit Kumar, J. M. Gregg, R. McQuaid
Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is emerging as a powerful atomic force microscope based platform for mapping dynamic temperature distributions on the nanoscale. To date, however, spatial imaging of temperature changes in electrocaloric (EC) materials using this technique has been very limited. We build on the prior works of Kar-Narayan et al (2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 032903) and Shan et al (2020 Nano Energy 67 104203) to show that SThM can be used to spatially map EC temperature changes on microscopic length scales, here demonstrated in a commercially obtained multilayer ceramic capacitor. In our approach, the EC response is measured at discrete locations with point-to-point separation as small as 125 nm, allowing for reconstruction of spatial maps of heating and cooling, as well as their temporal evolution. This technique offers a means to investigate EC responses at sub-micron length scales, which cannot easily be accessed by the more commonly used infrared thermal imaging approaches.
扫描热显微镜(SThM)是一种基于原子力显微镜的纳米尺度动态温度分布图的强大平台。然而，到目前为止，使用这种技术对电热(EC)材料的温度变化的空间成像非常有限。我们以Kar-Narayan等人(2013年苹果公司)的先前工作为基础。理论物理。Lett. 102 032903)和Shan等人(2020 Nano Energy 67 104203)表明，SThM可用于在微观长度尺度上对EC温度变化进行空间映射，这在商业上获得的多层陶瓷电容器中得到了证明。在我们的方法中，EC响应是在点对点距离小至125纳米的离散位置测量的，允许重建加热和冷却的空间地图，以及它们的时间演变。该技术提供了一种研究亚微米尺度EC响应的方法，这是更常用的红外热成像方法无法轻易获得的。
{"title":"High resolution spatial mapping of the electrocaloric effect in a multilayer ceramic capacitor using scanning thermal microscopy","authors":"Olivia E Baxter, Amit Kumar, J. M. Gregg, R. McQuaid","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf7f1","url":null,"abstract":"Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is emerging as a powerful atomic force microscope based platform for mapping dynamic temperature distributions on the nanoscale. To date, however, spatial imaging of temperature changes in electrocaloric (EC) materials using this technique has been very limited. We build on the prior works of Kar-Narayan et al (2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 032903) and Shan et al (2020 Nano Energy 67 104203) to show that SThM can be used to spatially map EC temperature changes on microscopic length scales, here demonstrated in a commercially obtained multilayer ceramic capacitor. In our approach, the EC response is measured at discrete locations with point-to-point separation as small as 125 nm, allowing for reconstruction of spatial maps of heating and cooling, as well as their temporal evolution. This technique offers a means to investigate EC responses at sub-micron length scales, which cannot easily be accessed by the more commonly used infrared thermal imaging approaches.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42807432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf688
M. Salem, M. Okil, A. Shaker, Abdullah Albaker, Mansoor Alturki
Investigations into novel device architectures and interfaces that enhance charge transport and collection are necessary to increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells, which have shown great promise as a low-cost and high-efficiency alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The current work uses device simulations to design p-i-n and n-i-p Sb2Se3-based solar cell structures. The n-i-p configuration is investigated by comparing distinct electron transport layer (ETL) materials to get the best performance. While certain ETL materials may yield higher efficiencies, the J–V curve may exhibit S-shaped behavior if there is a misalignment of the bands at the ETL/absorber interface. To address this issue, a proposed double ETL structure is introduced to achieve proper band alignment and conduction band offset for electron transport. A PCE of 20.15% was achieved utilizing (ZnO/ZnSe) as a double ETL and Spiro-OMeTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL). Further, the p-i-n configuration is designed by proposing a double HTL structure to facilitate hole transport and achieve a proper valence band offset. A double HTL consisting of (CuI/CuSCN) is used in conjunction with ETL-free configuration to achieve a PCE of 21.72%. The simulation study is conducted using the SCAPS-1D device simulator and is validated versus a previously fabricated cell based on the configuration FTO/CdS/Sb2Se3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au.
{"title":"Design of n-i-p and p-i-n Sb2Se3 solar cells: role of band alignment","authors":"M. Salem, M. Okil, A. Shaker, Abdullah Albaker, Mansoor Alturki","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf688","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations into novel device architectures and interfaces that enhance charge transport and collection are necessary to increase the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) solar cells, which have shown great promise as a low-cost and high-efficiency alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells. The current work uses device simulations to design p-i-n and n-i-p Sb2Se3-based solar cell structures. The n-i-p configuration is investigated by comparing distinct electron transport layer (ETL) materials to get the best performance. While certain ETL materials may yield higher efficiencies, the J–V curve may exhibit S-shaped behavior if there is a misalignment of the bands at the ETL/absorber interface. To address this issue, a proposed double ETL structure is introduced to achieve proper band alignment and conduction band offset for electron transport. A PCE of 20.15% was achieved utilizing (ZnO/ZnSe) as a double ETL and Spiro-OMeTAD as a hole transport layer (HTL). Further, the p-i-n configuration is designed by proposing a double HTL structure to facilitate hole transport and achieve a proper valence band offset. A double HTL consisting of (CuI/CuSCN) is used in conjunction with ETL-free configuration to achieve a PCE of 21.72%. The simulation study is conducted using the SCAPS-1D device simulator and is validated versus a previously fabricated cell based on the configuration FTO/CdS/Sb2Se3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48385330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf689
Hyung-Joon Kim, Y. Jeon, Wan In Lee, Hui-Seon Kim
Hole transport layers (HTLs) are one of the essential layers of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Generally, 2,2ʹ,7,7ʹ-Tetrakis [N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9ʹ-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) doped by lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is used as the HTL in PSCs. PSCs employing spiro-MeOTAD require an additional aging process to reach an optimized point of photovoltaic performance due to doping and energy alignment. However, LiTFSI is responsible for low thermal stability and has a hygroscopic nature; therefore, Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2) has been reported as an outstanding candidate to replace LiTFSI. Nevertheless, utilization of Zn(TFSI)2 as a dopant for PSCs has rarely been reported, which is likely due to the difficulty in achieving high device performances comparable to that with LiTFSI. Herein, we investigate the effect of Zn(TFSI)2 on the doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD and correlate it with the time-dependent photovoltaic performance of PSCs employing Zn(TFSI)2. Devices with Zn(TFSI)2 require a considerably longer aging time (∼270 h) to reach the optimized performance, while LiTFSI takes only ∼20 h due to the different doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD depending on the dopant. Remarkably, engineering at the interface of the perovskite/HTL can effectively shorten the device aging time by manipulating the recombination rate, leading to a comparable aging time to LiTFSI.
{"title":"Effect of Zn(TFSI)2 on the performance-aging time of perovskite solar cells","authors":"Hyung-Joon Kim, Y. Jeon, Wan In Lee, Hui-Seon Kim","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf689","url":null,"abstract":"Hole transport layers (HTLs) are one of the essential layers of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Generally, 2,2ʹ,7,7ʹ-Tetrakis [N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9ʹ-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) doped by lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is used as the HTL in PSCs. PSCs employing spiro-MeOTAD require an additional aging process to reach an optimized point of photovoltaic performance due to doping and energy alignment. However, LiTFSI is responsible for low thermal stability and has a hygroscopic nature; therefore, Zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Zn(TFSI)2) has been reported as an outstanding candidate to replace LiTFSI. Nevertheless, utilization of Zn(TFSI)2 as a dopant for PSCs has rarely been reported, which is likely due to the difficulty in achieving high device performances comparable to that with LiTFSI. Herein, we investigate the effect of Zn(TFSI)2 on the doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD and correlate it with the time-dependent photovoltaic performance of PSCs employing Zn(TFSI)2. Devices with Zn(TFSI)2 require a considerably longer aging time (∼270 h) to reach the optimized performance, while LiTFSI takes only ∼20 h due to the different doping kinetics of spiro-MeOTAD depending on the dopant. Remarkably, engineering at the interface of the perovskite/HTL can effectively shorten the device aging time by manipulating the recombination rate, leading to a comparable aging time to LiTFSI.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45514515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf687
Steve Jones
Materials needed to achieve designed performance will require formulations and processing methods capable of delivering a compendium of metallic, ceramic and cermet chemistries, which must be finely tuned at source, and tolerant to down-stream thermomechanical adjustment. Structural steels and cermets are continuously being developed by researchers using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments, with oxide dispersion strengthened steel (ODS)-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel (RAFM) steels based on 8%–16% wt.% Cr now being assessed. The combination of SiCf and CuCrZr as a metal matrix composite containing an active coolant would be seen as a major opportunity, furthermore, composite ceramic materials consisting of SiC fibres reinforcing a SiC matrix capable of being joined to metallic structures offer great potential in the development of advanced heat exchangers. Continuing the theme of advanced manufacturing, the use of solid-state processing technologies involving powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering to produce near-net shaped products in metallics, ceramics and cermets are critical manufacturing research themes. Additive manufacturing (AM) to produce metallic and ceramic components is now becoming a feasible manufacturing route, and through the combination of AM and subtractive machining, capability exists to produce efficient fluid carrying structures that could not be manufactured by any other process. Extending this to using electron beam welding and advanced heat treatments to improve homogeneity and provide modularity, a two-pronged solution is now available to improve capability and integrity, whilst concurrently offering increased degrees of freedom for designers.
{"title":"Advanced manufacturing applied to nuclear fusion—challenges and solutions","authors":"Steve Jones","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf687","url":null,"abstract":"Materials needed to achieve designed performance will require formulations and processing methods capable of delivering a compendium of metallic, ceramic and cermet chemistries, which must be finely tuned at source, and tolerant to down-stream thermomechanical adjustment. Structural steels and cermets are continuously being developed by researchers using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments, with oxide dispersion strengthened steel (ODS)-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel (RAFM) steels based on 8%–16% wt.% Cr now being assessed. The combination of SiCf and CuCrZr as a metal matrix composite containing an active coolant would be seen as a major opportunity, furthermore, composite ceramic materials consisting of SiC fibres reinforcing a SiC matrix capable of being joined to metallic structures offer great potential in the development of advanced heat exchangers. Continuing the theme of advanced manufacturing, the use of solid-state processing technologies involving powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering to produce near-net shaped products in metallics, ceramics and cermets are critical manufacturing research themes. Additive manufacturing (AM) to produce metallic and ceramic components is now becoming a feasible manufacturing route, and through the combination of AM and subtractive machining, capability exists to produce efficient fluid carrying structures that could not be manufactured by any other process. Extending this to using electron beam welding and advanced heat treatments to improve homogeneity and provide modularity, a two-pronged solution is now available to improve capability and integrity, whilst concurrently offering increased degrees of freedom for designers.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48223320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf61b
Ankita Sarkar, Matej Šadl, Anze Jazbec, Luka Snoj, S. Drnovsek, T. Rojac, Geoff L Brennecka, H. Uršič, B. Malič
The influence of neutron and gamma irradiation on the low- and high-field dielectric and electrocaloric (EC) properties of Mn-doped 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 (PMN–10PT) ceramic is studied. Upon exposure to neutron fluences of up to 1017 cm−2 and gamma-ray doses of up to 1200 kGy the Mn-doped PMN–10PT exhibits a lower saturated polarization, increased internal bias field and reduced EC temperature change. In comparison, the respective properties of the undoped PMN–10PT remain almost unchanged upon exposure to neutrons and gamma rays. In Mn-doped PMN–10PT, the acceptor-oxygen vacancy defect complexes, introduced via doping, contribute to the lowering of the threshold radiation dose that the material survives without noticeable changes in properties. Radiation-induced degradation of the EC response of Mn-doped PMN–10PT can be partially healed by annealing at 450 °C. The study provides guidance for designing EC ceramic materials for solid-state cooling applications in environments of high ionizing radiation, such as the medical field or space technologies.
{"title":"Influence of neutron and gamma irradiation on the electrocaloric properties of Mn-doped 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 ceramics","authors":"Ankita Sarkar, Matej Šadl, Anze Jazbec, Luka Snoj, S. Drnovsek, T. Rojac, Geoff L Brennecka, H. Uršič, B. Malič","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf61b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf61b","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of neutron and gamma irradiation on the low- and high-field dielectric and electrocaloric (EC) properties of Mn-doped 0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.1PbTiO3 (PMN–10PT) ceramic is studied. Upon exposure to neutron fluences of up to 1017 cm−2 and gamma-ray doses of up to 1200 kGy the Mn-doped PMN–10PT exhibits a lower saturated polarization, increased internal bias field and reduced EC temperature change. In comparison, the respective properties of the undoped PMN–10PT remain almost unchanged upon exposure to neutrons and gamma rays. In Mn-doped PMN–10PT, the acceptor-oxygen vacancy defect complexes, introduced via doping, contribute to the lowering of the threshold radiation dose that the material survives without noticeable changes in properties. Radiation-induced degradation of the EC response of Mn-doped PMN–10PT can be partially healed by annealing at 450 °C. The study provides guidance for designing EC ceramic materials for solid-state cooling applications in environments of high ionizing radiation, such as the medical field or space technologies.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49109570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/acf0ea
D. Črešnar, N. Derets, M. Trček, G. Skačej, A. Rešetič, Marta Lavrič, V. Domenici, B. Zalar, S. Kralj, Z. Kutnjak, B. Rožič
With the increased environmental awareness, the search for environmentally friendlier heat-management techniques has been the topic of many scientific studies. The caloric materials with large caloric effects, such as the electrocaloric (EC) and elastocaloric (eC) effects, have increased interest due to their potential to realize new solid-state refrigeration devices. Recently, caloric properties of soft materials, such as liquid crystals (LCs) and LC elastomers (LCEs), are getting more in the focus of caloric materials investigations, stimulated by large caloric effects observed in these materials. Here, an overview of recent direct measurements of large caloric effects in smectic LC 14CB and main-chain LCEs is given. Specifically, high-resolution thermometric measurements revealed a large EC response in 14CB LC exceeding 8 K. Such a large effect was obtained at a relatively moderate electric field of 30 kV cm−1 compared to solid EC materials. We demonstrate that such a small field can induce the isotropic to smectic A phase transition in 14CB, releasing or absorbing relatively large latent heat that enhances the EC response. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in main-chain LCEs, the character of the nematic to isotropic transition can be tuned from the supercritical towards the first-order regime by decreasing the crosslinkers’ density. Such tuning results in a sharper phase transition and latent heat that enhance the eC response, exceeding 2 K and with the eC responsivity of 24 K MPa−1, about three orders of magnitude larger than the average eC responsivity found in the best shape memory alloys. Significant caloric effects in soft LC-based materials, observed at much smaller fields than in solid caloric materials, demonstrate their ability to play an important role as new cooling elements, thermal diodes, and caloric-active regeneration material in new heat-management devices.
随着环保意识的提高，寻找更环保的热管理技术已成为许多科学研究的主题。具有大热效应的热材料，如电热（EC）和弹性热（EC）效应，由于其实现新型固态制冷设备的潜力，人们对其越来越感兴趣。近年来，在这些材料中观察到的大热量效应的刺激下，液晶（LC）和LC弹性体（LCE）等软材料的热性能越来越成为热材料研究的焦点。本文概述了近晶LC14CB和主链LCE中大热量效应的最新直接测量结果。具体而言，高分辨率测温测量显示，14CB LC的EC响应超过8 K。与固体EC材料相比，在30 kV cm−1的相对中等电场下获得了如此大的效应。我们证明，这样一个小的场可以在14CB中诱导各向同性到近晶a的相变，释放或吸收相对较大的潜热，从而增强EC响应。此外，研究表明，在主链LCE中，通过降低交联剂的密度，可以将向列向各向同性转变的特性从超临界状态调整为一阶状态。这种调谐导致更尖锐的相变和潜热，增强了eC响应，超过2 K，eC响应度为24 K MPa−1，比最佳形状记忆合金中的平均eC响应率大约三个数量级。在软LC基材料中观察到的显著的热效应，在比固体热材料小得多的场下观察到，证明了它们在新的热管理设备中作为新的冷却元件、热二极管和热活性再生材料发挥重要作用的能力。
{"title":"Caloric effects in liquid crystal-based soft materials","authors":"D. Črešnar, N. Derets, M. Trček, G. Skačej, A. Rešetič, Marta Lavrič, V. Domenici, B. Zalar, S. Kralj, Z. Kutnjak, B. Rožič","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/acf0ea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acf0ea","url":null,"abstract":"With the increased environmental awareness, the search for environmentally friendlier heat-management techniques has been the topic of many scientific studies. The caloric materials with large caloric effects, such as the electrocaloric (EC) and elastocaloric (eC) effects, have increased interest due to their potential to realize new solid-state refrigeration devices. Recently, caloric properties of soft materials, such as liquid crystals (LCs) and LC elastomers (LCEs), are getting more in the focus of caloric materials investigations, stimulated by large caloric effects observed in these materials. Here, an overview of recent direct measurements of large caloric effects in smectic LC 14CB and main-chain LCEs is given. Specifically, high-resolution thermometric measurements revealed a large EC response in 14CB LC exceeding 8 K. Such a large effect was obtained at a relatively moderate electric field of 30 kV cm−1 compared to solid EC materials. We demonstrate that such a small field can induce the isotropic to smectic A phase transition in 14CB, releasing or absorbing relatively large latent heat that enhances the EC response. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in main-chain LCEs, the character of the nematic to isotropic transition can be tuned from the supercritical towards the first-order regime by decreasing the crosslinkers’ density. Such tuning results in a sharper phase transition and latent heat that enhance the eC response, exceeding 2 K and with the eC responsivity of 24 K MPa−1, about three orders of magnitude larger than the average eC responsivity found in the best shape memory alloys. Significant caloric effects in soft LC-based materials, observed at much smaller fields than in solid caloric materials, demonstrate their ability to play an important role as new cooling elements, thermal diodes, and caloric-active regeneration material in new heat-management devices.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45295434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/aceeb5
Zheng Xie, I. Jang, Mengzheng Ouyang, A. Hankin, S. Skinner
A composite electrode composed of Pr4Ni3O 10±δ —Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O 2−δ (50 wt.%–50 wt.%) was thoroughly investigated in terms of the electrochemical performance as a function of microstructure. The electrochemical performance was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the microstructures, characterized by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions, were modified by changing the particle size of Pr4Ni3O 10±δ and the electrode thickness. The distribution of relaxation time method was applied to help resolve electrochemical processes occurring in the electrodes. It was found that an appropriate increase in electrode thickness and an appropriate decrease in particle size enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. The lowest area specific resistance obtained in this study at 670 ∘C under pO 2 of 0.21 atm was 0.055 Ω cm2. Finally, a comparison to the Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model was made and the main active site for the ORR was concluded to be triple phase boundaries. A fuel cell made of the composite material as the cathode was fabricated and tested. The peak power density was 1 W cm−2 at 800 ∘C, which demonstrates that this composite material is promising for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.
{"title":"High performance composite Pr4Ni3O 10±δ —Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O 2−δ solid oxide cell air electrode","authors":"Zheng Xie, I. Jang, Mengzheng Ouyang, A. Hankin, S. Skinner","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/aceeb5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/aceeb5","url":null,"abstract":"A composite electrode composed of Pr4Ni3O 10±δ —Ce0.75Gd0.1Pr0.15O 2−δ (50 wt.%–50 wt.%) was thoroughly investigated in terms of the electrochemical performance as a function of microstructure. The electrochemical performance was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the microstructures, characterized by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions, were modified by changing the particle size of Pr4Ni3O 10±δ and the electrode thickness. The distribution of relaxation time method was applied to help resolve electrochemical processes occurring in the electrodes. It was found that an appropriate increase in electrode thickness and an appropriate decrease in particle size enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. The lowest area specific resistance obtained in this study at 670 ∘C under pO 2 of 0.21 atm was 0.055 Ω cm2. Finally, a comparison to the Adler-Lane-Steele (ALS) model was made and the main active site for the ORR was concluded to be triple phase boundaries. A fuel cell made of the composite material as the cathode was fabricated and tested. The peak power density was 1 W cm−2 at 800 ∘C, which demonstrates that this composite material is promising for solid oxide fuel cell cathodes.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47833259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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